賈斌 王長(zhǎng)利 張真發(fā) 蘇延軍
單孔與傳統(tǒng)多孔胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)治療肺癌的臨床對(duì)比分析*
賈斌 王長(zhǎng)利 張真發(fā) 蘇延軍
目的:回顧性分析并比較單孔胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)(single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,SP-VATS)與多孔胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)(multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,MP-VATS)相關(guān)臨床因素,探討兩種術(shù)式差異。方法:分析自2014年1月至2015年12月在天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院行手術(shù)治療的肺癌患者522例,其中SP-VATS為83例,MP-VATS為439例,對(duì)其臨床資料進(jìn)行隨訪。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)與枚數(shù)、術(shù)后24 h疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分量表(vi?sual analog scale,VAS)評(píng)分,術(shù)后24 h胸引量及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。結(jié)果:兩組患者的性別、年齡、是否吸煙、腫瘤直徑、TNM分期、病理類(lèi)型、腫瘤位置及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等因素?zé)o顯著性差異。手術(shù)相關(guān)因素中SP-VATS組手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于MP-VATS組(P<0.01);術(shù)后住院時(shí)間SP-VATS組短于MP-VATS組(P=0.011);SP-VATS組疼痛程度低于MP-VATS組(P=0.041);淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)及枚數(shù)兩組之間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后24 h胸引量?jī)山M之間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:SP-VATS與MP-VATS相比,可以達(dá)到相同的手術(shù)效果,但手術(shù)操作難度較大,手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng);有利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛程度,該術(shù)式具有較大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?/p>
肺癌 單孔胸腔鏡 多孔胸腔鏡 肺葉切除術(shù)
肺癌是嚴(yán)重威脅人類(lèi)健康與生命的惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率和死亡率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),其發(fā)病率及死亡率在我國(guó)居首位[1]。隨診影像學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,各種早期病變及孤立性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷發(fā)現(xiàn)率提高,相應(yīng)肺癌手術(shù)中胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)的使用比率增高,胸腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)胸手術(shù)比較已經(jīng)被證實(shí),可以縮短患者住院時(shí)間,減輕術(shù)后疼痛并且手術(shù)疤痕較?。?-3]。2001年Gonzalez-Rivas等[4]報(bào)道單孔胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)(single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,SP-VATS),該術(shù)式受到廣泛關(guān)注。本研究探討單孔與多孔胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)(multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,MP-VATS)在手術(shù)本身和術(shù)后患者恢復(fù)情況方面的差異。
1.1 病例資料
分析2014年1月至2015年12月在天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院行手術(shù)治療,臨床資料及隨訪資料完整的肺癌患者522例,其中SP-VATS為83例,MPVATS為439例。術(shù)前檢查:142例患者行PT-CT檢查,SP-VATS組17例,MP-VATS組125例,未見(jiàn)縱隔淋巴結(jié)或未見(jiàn)放射性濃聚;380例患者均行胸部+頭部CT、上腹及頸部淋巴結(jié)B超、ECT等檢查,臨床及影像學(xué)除外晚期患者;219例患者行術(shù)前穿刺明確病理診斷,303例患者術(shù)中均現(xiàn)行腫物楔形切除術(shù),冰凍病理回報(bào)惡性病變后再行肺葉切除術(shù)+淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:1)臨床分期:T1~3N0~1M0;2)術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查縱隔淋巴結(jié)最大徑<1 cm;3)所有患者均行肺葉切除術(shù)+系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 SP-VATS 麻醉滿(mǎn)意后,患者取側(cè)臥位,常規(guī)使用腋前線(xiàn)第4肋間行3~4 cm切口,置入30°斜面胸腔鏡鏡頭及手術(shù)器械,探查腫物,使用內(nèi)鏡切割縫合器腫物楔形切除術(shù),冰凍病理回報(bào)肺癌則行肺葉切除術(shù),部分患者術(shù)前穿刺明確肺癌診斷直接行肺葉切除術(shù),使用超聲刀行系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),胸腔徹底止血后于手術(shù)切口放置胸引管1根。
1.2.2 MP-VATS 麻醉滿(mǎn)意后,患者取側(cè)臥位,腋中線(xiàn)第7或8肋間行1 cm切口作為觀察孔,置入鏡頭;腋前線(xiàn)第4肋間行3~4 cm左右切口為操作孔,腋后線(xiàn)第6肋間1 cm切口作為輔助操作孔,置入30°斜面胸腔鏡鏡頭與器械,探查腫物,先行腫物楔形切除術(shù),冰凍病理回報(bào)肺癌則行肺葉切除術(shù),部分患者術(shù)前穿刺明確肺癌診斷直接行肺葉切除術(shù),使用超聲刀行系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),胸腔徹底止血后常規(guī)使用觀察孔放置引流管,若為上葉切除術(shù)需于手術(shù)切口放置上胸引管。術(shù)后疼痛處理:所有患者術(shù)后常規(guī)給予氨酚羥考酮10 mg,3次/d;口服藥物不能有效止痛時(shí)根據(jù)患者情況給予嗎啡肌肉注射止痛。本研究所有患者出院前均拔除胸引管,確定無(wú)感染、發(fā)熱、嚴(yán)重胸悶憋氣等并發(fā)癥后方可出院。
1.3 臨床觀察指標(biāo)
比較兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)及枚數(shù)、術(shù)后24 h疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分量表(visual analog scale,VAS)評(píng)分,術(shù)后24 h胸引量,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間等。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 臨床資料
所有患者均行肺葉切除術(shù)+系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù);圍手術(shù)期無(wú)死亡及嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。522例患者中Ⅰ期肺癌469例,其中SP-VATS組72例,MP-VATS組397例,分別占各組86.7%、90.4%;Ⅱ期患者9例,其中SP-VATS組2例、MP-VATS組7例,分別占各組2.4%、1.6%;Ⅲ期患者46例,其中SP-VATS組9例、MP-VATS組35例,分別占各組10.8%、8.0%。腺癌患者439例,其中SP-VATS組62例、MP-VATS組377例,分別占各組74.5%、85.9%;鱗癌患者51例,其中SP-VATS組13例、MP-VATS組38例,分別占各組15.7%、8.7%;其他病理類(lèi)型共32例,包括腺鱗癌、復(fù)合性小細(xì)胞癌、典型類(lèi)癌、大細(xì)胞癌等。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥:肺感染88例,其中SP-VATS組12例,MPVATS組76例;呼吸衰竭13例,其中SP-VATS組2例,MP-VATS組11例;未見(jiàn)術(shù)后支氣管胸膜瘺(表1)。
表1 臨床資料Table 1 Clinical characteristics
2.2 SP-VATS組與MP-VATS組比較
1)SP-VATS組手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于MP-VATS組(P<0.01),術(shù)后住院時(shí)間SP-VATS組短于MP-VATS組(P= 0.011);2)淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)及枚數(shù)兩組之間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;3)疼痛:VAS評(píng)分,SP-VATS組疼痛程度低于MP-VATS組(P=0.041);4)術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后24 h胸引量?jī)山M之間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;5)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率兩組之間比較無(wú)顯著性差異(表2)。
表2 手術(shù)相關(guān)因素比較Table 2 Comparison of factors related to surgery
對(duì)于肺癌患者而言,手術(shù)治療是唯一可以治愈的方法。胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)具有損傷較小,術(shù)后疼痛較輕,患者恢復(fù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)等特點(diǎn)。隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展及人們對(duì)常規(guī)體檢的重視,越來(lái)越多的早期病變被發(fā)現(xiàn),入組患者中Ⅰ期患者整體比例在SP-VATS及MP-VATS組中分別占86.7%及90.4%。胸腔鏡下肺葉切除術(shù)在肺癌治療中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛。有研究提示,SP-VATS與MP-VATS比較是否具有優(yōu)勢(shì)一直存在爭(zhēng)議[5]。SP-VATS最大的特點(diǎn)在于手術(shù)僅在腋前線(xiàn)第4肋間行3~4 cm切口,同時(shí)具備觀察孔及操作孔的功能,對(duì)于胸壁的損傷較小。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SP-VATS組115例,MP-VATS組296例,手術(shù)過(guò)程中肺葉切除時(shí)間SP-VATS組優(yōu)于MP-VATS組(65.7±14.8 vs.81.3±13.6,P<0.001),淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)間MP-VATS組優(yōu)于SP-VATS組(29.6± 16.7 vs.17.4±13.3,P<0.001),但手術(shù)整體時(shí)間無(wú)差別[5-6]。本研究中共83例患者行SP-VATS,完成肺葉切除術(shù)+淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的整體時(shí)間平均為(147.9± 36.15)min,高于MP-VATS組(132.0±36.21)min,兩者之間比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。SP-VATS因觀察孔及操作孔集為一體,手術(shù)器械與腔鏡鏡頭等很難避免相互碰撞,從而影響手術(shù)操作,手術(shù)過(guò)程中需要通過(guò)調(diào)整手術(shù)床的角度輔助暴露;在術(shù)中處理血管,尤其是上葉靜脈,因切口與靜脈幾乎正對(duì),需要反復(fù)調(diào)整器械角度才能安全處理上葉靜脈,減少術(shù)中血管損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);上述因素都會(huì)使手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。MP-VATS可通過(guò)輔助操作孔對(duì)肺葉進(jìn)行牽拉達(dá)到理想的暴露效果,同時(shí)也可以通過(guò)輔助操作孔獲得調(diào)整更大的操作角度,從而減少手術(shù)時(shí)間并提高處理血管的安全性。
SP-VATS清掃淋巴結(jié)過(guò)程中,因手術(shù)切口位置原因,需通過(guò)調(diào)整手術(shù)床的角度輔助暴露,使得清掃難度增加[7]。該研究對(duì)比149例SP-VATS和389例MP-VATS中淋巴結(jié)清掃情況,認(rèn)為SP-VATS組淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)及枚數(shù)均優(yōu)于MP-VATS組[7]。該研究中SP-VATS組與MP-VATS組淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)為(6.58± 1.56)個(gè)與(6.50±2.02)個(gè),兩組之間比較無(wú)顯著性差異(P=0.704),SP-VATS組在淋巴結(jié)清掃方面較MPVATS組并無(wú)優(yōu)勢(shì);系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃包括肺門(mén)及縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),清掃淋巴結(jié)同時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)淋巴結(jié)相關(guān)的小血管、淋巴管、胸膜造成損傷,清掃徹底程度與造成損傷程度呈正比,術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后胸引量與淋巴結(jié)清掃關(guān)系密切[8];對(duì)應(yīng)淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)分析結(jié)果,SP-VATS組與MP-VATS組患者術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后24 h胸引量無(wú)顯著性差異。SP-VATS因無(wú)單獨(dú)觀察孔及輔助操作孔,故手術(shù)胸壁損傷程度及肋間神經(jīng)損傷低于MP-VATS,在術(shù)后恢復(fù)時(shí)間上及術(shù)后疼痛程度降低方面具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì);Dai等[9]研究比較63例SP-VATS及MP-VATS術(shù)后患者的疼痛VAS評(píng)分,SP-VATS組疼痛程度明顯降低,同樣Mier等[10]研究在比較SP-VATS與MP-VATS結(jié)果中均得到同樣的結(jié)果。疼痛減輕可使患者更好地咳痰,利于肺功能的恢復(fù)及減少術(shù)后感染等并發(fā)癥。研究中SP-VATS組術(shù)后住院時(shí)間短于MP-VATS組(P=0.011),且VAS評(píng)分低分MP-VATS組(P=0.041),這與SP-VATS組創(chuàng)傷較小,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生概率較低存在一定關(guān)系。有研究提示SP-VATS組的術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均少于MPVATS組(P<0.01)[7,11]。上述研究結(jié)果均與本研究結(jié)果相似。本研究中SP-VATS組與MP-VATS組術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均高于上述研究,可能與患者例數(shù)差異相關(guān),亟需進(jìn)一步研究分析。
綜上所述,SP-VATS與MP-VATS相比,可以達(dá)到相同的手術(shù)效果,在術(shù)中出血量、淋巴結(jié)清掃站數(shù)與枚數(shù)及術(shù)后24 h胸引量均無(wú)明顯差異;但手術(shù)操作難度較大,對(duì)術(shù)者及扶鏡助手的要求較高,手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng);因手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較小,利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛程度,同時(shí)在一定程度上減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。SP-VATS正式開(kāi)展時(shí)間較短,很多研究仍存在爭(zhēng)議,亟需進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大研究范圍及手術(shù)例數(shù);該術(shù)式目前仍在開(kāi)展,SP-VATS、袖狀切除術(shù)及動(dòng)脈血管成形術(shù)[12-14]已經(jīng)逐漸開(kāi)展并成功完成,提示SP-VATS具有很大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?/p>
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(2016-10-12收稿)
(2017-03-19修回)
(編輯:楊紅欣 校對(duì):張亻 抿)
Clinical analysis of single-and multiple-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer
Bin JIA,Changli WANG,Zhenfa ZHANG,Yanjun SU
Changli WANG;E-mail:wangchangli@medmail.com.cn Department of Lung Cancer,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital;National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin;Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Tianjin 300060,China This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.8150101489)
Objective:The clinical factors of single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(SP-VATS)were compared with those of multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(MP-VATS).The differences between the two surgical methods and their respective postoperative recoveries were also discussed.Methods:A total of 522 patients who underwent surgical treatment for lung cancer in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institate and Hospital from January,2014 to December,2015 were retrospectively reviewed.Of these cases,83 underwent SP-VATS and 439 underwent MP-VATS.The two surgical methods were then compared in terms of operative time,operative bleeding,number of lymph node and lymph node cleaning station,pain degree,24 h postoperative chest drainage,and in-hospital time after operation.Results:The differences between the patients who underwent SP-VATs and those who underwent MP-VATS in term of gender,age,smoking,tumor diameter,TNM stage,pathological type,and tumor location were not statistically significant.The operative time in SP-VATS group was longer than that in the MP-VATS group(P<0.01),whereas in-hospital time after operation in the former group was shorter than that in the latter(P=0.011).Furthermore,pain degree in the SP-VATS group is lower than that in the MP-VATS group(P=0.041).The differences between the two groups in terms of operative bleeding,number of lymph node and lymph node cleaning station,and 24 h postoperative chest drainage were not statistically significant.Conclusion:SP-VATS can achieve a surgical effect similar to that of MP-VATS but has a prolonged operation time.SP-VATS is beneficial to postoperative recovery and reduces the degree of pain.Thus,it has great potential for development.
lung cancer,single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,thoracoscopic surgery
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.09.190
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院肺部腫瘤科,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津市惡性腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(天津市300060)
*本文課題受?chē)?guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):8150101489)資助
王長(zhǎng)利 wangchangli@medmail.com.cn
賈斌 專(zhuān)業(yè)方向?yàn)槟[瘤外科學(xué)。
E-mail:jiabin15_2006@163.com