By+Jonathan+R+Goodman
It was in 2012 that Major League Baseball1 ran an ad showing generations of parents sharing the beloved American pastime with their kids. But it was already too late: in 2012, the average price for tickets to the World Series was nearly $1,000—compared with just $2 for the same seats in 1963. Cost for two to attend even a run-of-themill2 baseball game in 2016 is nearly $80, what with $6 per beer, almost $5 for a hot dog, and $16 to park the car.
Using baseballs cultural status to exploit fans is part of a long, dark trend: the tendency to milk the masses for what ostensibly belongs to everyone.3 In the Middle Ages, quaestores (pardoners) granted followers of the Catholic Church indulgences,4 which were believed to lessen the punishments of ones sins. At first, indulgences were given for acts of piety and prayer but, over time, were sold by members of the Church for money. This practice became so common, and the prices so extreme, that the Protestant Reformation was, in part, galvanised by Martin Luthers outrage at this industry of the Church.5
The unaffordability of salvation continues to this day. One hefty toll can be seen in the price of food.6 We pay for belief: Kosher7 meat costs 20 per cent more than non-Kosher meat. We pay for health: exposure to pesticides can increase the risk of developing cancers such as multiple myeloma—yet organic foods are substantially marked-up,8 sometimes to twice as much or more than non-organic varieties. We pay for ethics: in the European Union, eggs are marked so we know when they come from caged hens (abusive), semi-free-range hens(better), or free-range (where they can roam, mostly free). Organic, free-range eggs are the most costly of all.
Cultural, religious and culinary monopolies can be found in any country.9 Construction workers for the 2016 Olympics in Brazil complained that they couldnt afford tickets to any of the games events. Yet the owners of sports teams can make hundreds of millions in profits each year.
Tickets to The Museum of Modern Art in New York cost $25 for adults, which, as Michael Rushton—a lecturer in arts administration at Indiana University in Bloomington argues—is far less expensive than a night at the New York Philharmonic or the Metropolitan Opera.10 Yet the comparison reveals only the blindness of the elite: yes, the opera is expensive, but does that mean that $50 is an affordable way for two college students, or two baristas,11 to spend an afternoon?
In London, some of the most impressive museums in the world are free for everyone. Public Theaters “Shakespeare in the Park” series puts on the worlds greatest plays for nothing in New Yorks Central Park. Without constant vigilance12, culture drifts from us slowly: in 1972, The Museum of Modern Art in New York was free, though you could donate what you wished.
Without public access, a culture becomes dead, an inert shell that serves as a shill for profit, while too rarefied and remote to thrive.13 The quaestores of modern times use health, religion, and access to sports and art just like those of the Middle Ages used salvation to exploit people by pricing what they value too high. Only by exposing these cultural monopolies can we prevent what we cherish from moving out of reach.
2012年,美國職棒大聯(lián)盟發(fā)布了一則廣告,顯示了幾代父母與他們的孩子共享珍貴的美國休閑時光(觀看棒球比賽)的場景,但這為時已晚。2012年,世界大賽的平均票價將近1,000美元,而在1963年,同等座位票價僅為2美元。2016年,兩個人僅是觀看一場普普通通的棒球比賽就要花費近80美元,其中包括一杯啤酒6美元、一個熱狗5美元,還有停車費16美元。
利用棒球的文化地位來剝削粉絲,部分暴露出長久以來的一個不良趨勢——榨取大眾那些本就屬于他們的東西。在中世紀(jì),天主教徒可以從負(fù)責(zé)審理刑事案件的法官(賣贖罪券者)手中獲得贖罪券,并相信能以此減輕對自己罪行的懲罰。起初,贖罪券通過虔誠的行為或禱告就能獲得,然而過了一段時間,教會人員開始利用售賣贖罪券來賺錢。這一現(xiàn)象如此普遍,價格又如此之高,以至于宗教改革爆發(fā)的一部分原因就是馬丁·路德不忿于當(dāng)時教會的這一行當(dāng)。
直到現(xiàn)在,救贖仍是人們買不起的東西,這點從高昂的食品價格中便可見一斑。我們?yōu)樾叛鲑I單:符合猶太教規(guī)的潔凈肉比非潔凈肉價格高出兩成。我們?yōu)榻】蒂I單:噴灑農(nóng)藥會增加患癌幾率,比如多發(fā)性骨髓瘤,但有機(jī)食品一般都會大幅抬價,有時要比非有機(jī)食品貴上一倍甚至更多。我們?yōu)榈赖沦I單:在歐盟國家,雞蛋的不同標(biāo)價能使我們知道它是出自籠養(yǎng)雞(受虐待的)、半散養(yǎng)雞(略好)還是散養(yǎng)雞(雞可以隨意走動)。其中,散養(yǎng)雞下的有機(jī)雞蛋是最貴的。
任何一個國家都存在著文化、宗教和食品壟斷。2016年巴西奧運會的建筑工人曾抱怨說他們根本付不起任何一場比賽的門票。然而,體育團(tuán)隊老板每年卻能獲利數(shù)億。
紐約現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館的成人票價為25美元/人,按照印第安納大學(xué)伯明頓分校藝術(shù)管理課講師邁克爾·拉什頓所言,可比聽一晚上紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)的演奏或是在大都會歌劇院看一晚表演要便宜多了。但這種對比只說明了這位精英人士的不諳世事:是的,歌劇是很貴,但是難道這就意味著兩個大學(xué)生或是兩個咖啡師,花上50美元在現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館待一下午,他們就能負(fù)擔(dān)得起嗎?
在倫敦,一些世界知名的博物館都是免費對外開放的。美國大眾劇院舉辦“公園中的莎士比亞”系列活動,在紐約中央公園為大眾無償表演世界上最偉大的戲劇。如果不時刻保持警惕,文化便會慢慢地離我們遠(yuǎn)去:1972年,紐約現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館還是免費參觀的,當(dāng)然,你也可以自愿捐一些錢出來。
沒有公眾參與,文化便會消亡,只留下以營利為目的空殼,死氣沉沉 ,無人問津,繁榮不再。正如中世紀(jì)那些以救贖之名售賣贖罪券的法官一樣,現(xiàn)代的“法官”則以健康、宗教、觀看體育賽事和藝術(shù)展覽為名,用過分高昂的價格來剝削大眾。只有將這些文化壟斷公之于眾,才能避免那些我們所珍視的東西離我們越來越遠(yuǎn)。
1. Major League Baseball: 美國職業(yè)棒球大聯(lián)盟,簡稱MLB,是北美地區(qū)最高
水平的職業(yè)棒球聯(lián)賽。美國職棒大聯(lián)盟每年10月舉行總冠軍賽,稱為世界大賽(World Series)。
2. run-of-the-mill: 一般的,普通的。
3. milk: 榨??;ostensibly: 顯而易見地。
4. quaestor:(古羅馬審理某些刑事案件的)法官,檢察官;pardoner: 賣贖罪券的人;indulgence: 贖罪券。
5. Protestant Reformation: 宗教改革;galvanise: 激勵;Martin Luther: 馬丁·路德(1483—1546),是16世紀(jì)歐洲宗教改革倡導(dǎo)者,基督教新教路德宗創(chuàng)始人;industry:(有利可圖的)行當(dāng)。
6. hefty: (錢的數(shù)額)超出一般的,可觀的;toll: 費用,代價。
7. Kosher: 符合猶太教教規(guī)的健康、潔凈的食物,普遍音譯為“潔食”,相關(guān)規(guī)定限制了可食用動物的種類、其屠宰及烹調(diào)方式等。
8. pesticide: 農(nóng)藥;multiple myeloma:多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;mark-up: 漲價,標(biāo)高售價。
9. culinary: 烹飪的;monopoly: 壟斷。
10. The Museum of Modern Art: 紐約現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館,簡稱MOMA,位于紐約曼哈頓,是世界上最重要的現(xiàn)當(dāng)代美術(shù)博物館之一;New York Philharmonic: 紐約愛樂樂團(tuán),創(chuàng)建于1842年,是美國最古老的交響樂團(tuán);Metropolitan Opera: 紐約大都會歌劇院,始建于1880年,是紐約具有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的世界級歌劇院。
11. elite: 精英;barista: 咖啡師。
12. vigilance: 警覺,警戒。
13. inert: 無活力的,無生氣的;shill: 雇傭騙子,誘餌;rarefied: 虛無縹緲的,曲高和寡的。