徐浩欽,蔣登學(xué),高春華,王瑞軍,姜 昊,張 倩,彭寶淦
頸前路椎間盤切除Zero-P椎間融合與鈦板螺釘內(nèi)固定Cage融合治療頸椎病的療效比較
徐浩欽,蔣登學(xué),高春華,王瑞軍,姜 昊,張 倩,彭寶淦
目的 比較頸前路椎間盤切除 Zero-P 椎間融合術(shù)( anterior cervical discectomy intervertebral fusion,ACIF)與鈦板螺釘內(nèi)固定 Cage 融合術(shù)(anterior cervical discectomy with fusion,ACDF)治療頸椎病的臨床效果。 方法 選取2011-06至2014-07武警某三甲醫(yī)院脊柱外科收治的47例單節(jié)段頸椎病患者,其中行ACIF術(shù)18例(ACIF組),行ACDF術(shù)29例(ACDF組)。比較兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后吞咽困難情況、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及臨床療效。吞咽困難采用Bazaz分級(jí)評(píng)估,臨床療效采用疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、日本骨科協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores,JOA)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),并比較兩組VAS、JOA評(píng)分及融合率、椎間高度的變化。 結(jié)果 47例患者獲得平均(21.57±2.45)個(gè)月的隨訪。兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后融合時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后吞咽不適、融合率、椎間高度維持及VAS、JOA評(píng)分在各時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)的組間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;但兩組手術(shù)前后VAS、JOA評(píng)分組內(nèi)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吞咽困難人數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=6.838, P=0.009)。 結(jié)論 ACIF與ACDF兩種術(shù)式在神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)及疼痛改善上都有良好效果,但ACIF具有手術(shù)時(shí)間短,術(shù)中出血少,融合率高,融合節(jié)段椎間高度更好的維持及較少引起患者術(shù)后吞咽不適等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
頸椎??; Cage植骨融合;Zero-P植骨融合;吞咽困難
頸椎病是脊柱方面疾病中較常見的一型,而脊髓型頸椎病又是頸椎病中較嚴(yán)重的一型,因其臨床癥狀多而復(fù)雜,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量,所以一旦確診,手術(shù)治療就顯得十分必要。前路頸椎間盤切除椎間骨融合內(nèi)固定(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, ACDF)是臨床上頸椎前路減壓融合手術(shù)的首選方法,但相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,前路使用的鈦板增加了患者術(shù)后吞咽不適的發(fā)生率[1]。而頸前路零切跡(Zero-Plant,Zero-P)椎間融合固定(anterior cervical intervertebral fusion, ACIF)即是為解決患者術(shù)后吞咽困難而設(shè)計(jì)的一種術(shù)式[2-4],其在過去幾年中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,相關(guān)臨床隨訪也證明應(yīng)用ACIF治療脊髓型頸椎病不僅能獲得與ACDF術(shù)式相當(dāng)?shù)呐R床效果[5],且術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生率較ACDF術(shù)式明顯降低?,F(xiàn)就我科近年對(duì)行ACIF與行ACDF兩術(shù)式患者的相關(guān)臨床資料作對(duì)比,報(bào)道如下。
1.1 對(duì)象 武警某三甲醫(yī)院脊柱外科2011-06至2014-07共收治符合條件患者47例,對(duì)所有患者行頸椎磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)檢查,其中神經(jīng)根型26例,脊髓型21例,其中行ACIF手術(shù)的有18例,為ACIF組,行ACDF手術(shù)的有29例,為ACDF組。術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間18~26個(gè)月,平均(21.57±2.45)個(gè)月。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)影像學(xué)證實(shí)C3-C7任一單節(jié)段椎間隙的癥狀性頸椎病需行前路單節(jié)段頸椎前路減壓植骨融合術(shù)者;(2)經(jīng)3個(gè)月以上規(guī)范保守治療無效;(3)有連續(xù)及完整的隨訪,臨床和影像學(xué)資料完整[6]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)多節(jié)段頸椎間盤病變;(2)后縱韌帶骨化或頸黃韌帶骨化,需行后路手術(shù)者;(3)有嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松、類風(fēng)濕或腫瘤等其他系統(tǒng)疾病者。
1.3 手術(shù)方法
1.3.1 ACIF術(shù) 正常全身麻醉,留置導(dǎo)尿,取仰臥位,頸部自然后伸,用醫(yī)用膠布進(jìn)行拉肩并固定頭部,使預(yù)定的切口皮膚保持一定的張力,方便手術(shù),消毒鋪巾后作頸前右側(cè)橫切口。逐層暴露至病變椎間隙上下椎體(術(shù)前通過解剖標(biāo)志估計(jì),術(shù)中C臂透視確定),避免對(duì)上下椎體節(jié)段血管的破壞,在合適的位置擰入椎體釘,安裝Caspar撐開器,將病變椎間隙撐開。常規(guī)進(jìn)行減壓,用刮匙及髓核鉗配合清除髓核組織、纖維環(huán)和軟骨終板(注意保留終板軟骨下皮質(zhì)骨,以防止植入物沉入椎體)。用小刮匙對(duì)椎體后緣作潛行擴(kuò)大減壓,必要時(shí)結(jié)合使用超薄型槍鉗去除椎體后緣的骨性及增生肥厚的纖維性致壓物,使受壓脊髓和神經(jīng)根充分減壓。常規(guī)切開后縱韌帶,探查取出致壓物,以確保減壓徹底。進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)Caspar撐開器,使頸椎生理前凸及椎間隙高度得以恢復(fù),并使用深部撐開器撐開椎體后緣。根據(jù)撐開后椎間高度選擇Zero-P假體試模,確定植入椎間融合器的大小,將暴露及減壓時(shí)咬出的松質(zhì)骨填塞入融合器中空部,再將融合器使用瞄準(zhǔn)器或內(nèi)植物夾持器置入減壓后的椎問隙內(nèi)(融合器前緣與椎體前緣相平)。置人第1枚螺釘,X線透視確定融合器位置正確。置入其余3枚螺釘,再次透視確認(rèn)融合器及螺釘位置及長(zhǎng)度合適,鎖緊螺釘,見圖1。
1.3.2 ACDF術(shù) 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備及椎間隙減壓方法同ACIF組。徹底減壓后選用Cage模具試模,將填充大小合適自體骨的Cage假體嵌入減壓的椎間隙,并放置長(zhǎng)度合適的頸前路鈦板進(jìn)行內(nèi)固定。X線透視確定內(nèi)固定位置良好后鎖緊螺釘,見圖2。
圖1 ACIF術(shù)后X線頸椎正側(cè)位片
圖2 ACDF術(shù)后X線頸椎正側(cè)位片
1.4 術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后視術(shù)中出血量選擇常規(guī)放置引流條或引流管,術(shù)后24 h拔除引流管后,頸托保護(hù)下地活動(dòng),術(shù)后均頸托進(jìn)行頸部制動(dòng)6~8周。47例患者獲得18~26個(gè)月,平均(21.57±2.45)個(gè)月隨訪。
1.5 療效評(píng)定 記錄兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后融合時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥、疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及日本骨科協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores, JOA) (術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后12個(gè)月),術(shù)后椎間高度和融合率,以及術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吞咽困難情況。椎間融合判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)動(dòng)力位X線片融合節(jié)段無活動(dòng)度;(2)在終板和植骨塊之間存在骨橋;(3)融合器及螺釘周圍無透亮帶[7,8]。融合節(jié)段椎間高度測(cè)量采用Emery法:分別在融合節(jié)段上位椎體下緣及下位椎體上緣作一橫線,確定上下終板的中點(diǎn),兩中點(diǎn)的距離即融合節(jié)段高度[9]。VAS評(píng)分:0~1分為優(yōu),癥狀基本消失,能從事正常工作和勞動(dòng);2~4分為良,大部分癥狀消失,能從事正常工作和勞動(dòng);5~7分為差,癥狀減輕,生活能夠自理;8~10分為無效,癥狀無改善。JOA評(píng)分采用日本骨科學(xué)會(huì)評(píng)分法[10,11]。Bazaz吞咽困難分級(jí)判斷患者吞咽困難發(fā)生的基本情況并計(jì)算其發(fā)生率。且其分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:無是從未有吞咽不適感覺;輕度是很少出現(xiàn),自我感覺輕微;中度是有時(shí)在吞咽某些食物時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn);重度是吞咽大部分食物時(shí)都經(jīng)常感到困難[12]。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以x ±s表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不同時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS、JOA、椎間高度及融合率比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)均調(diào)整為0.05/3,以P<0.017為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率檢驗(yàn),以雙側(cè)P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組術(shù)中及術(shù)后一般情況比較 兩組年齡、性別、病變節(jié)段比較,均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組具有可比性,見表1。ACIF組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、融合時(shí)間及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率在一定程度上均低于ACDF組,但統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)結(jié)果顯示均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(表2)。
表1 兩組患者性別、年齡及病變節(jié)段情況比較
2.2 兩組術(shù)前及術(shù)后VAS和JOA評(píng)分比較 兩組術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后12個(gè)月VAS、JOA評(píng)分與同組術(shù)前比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組間在術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后12個(gè)月三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的VAS、JOA評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表3)。
表2 兩組單節(jié)段頸椎病患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后一般情況比較
表3 兩組單節(jié)段頸椎病患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后VAS和JOA評(píng)分比較
表4 兩組單節(jié)段頸椎病患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后椎間高度、融合率比較
2.3 兩組術(shù)前及術(shù)后椎間高度、融合率比較 由表4可知,兩組椎間高度在術(shù)前及術(shù)后3個(gè)月比較,均無明顯差異;與術(shù)前比較,術(shù)后(3個(gè)月、術(shù)后12個(gè)月)椎間高度,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后12個(gè)月椎間高度比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.67,P=0.01);兩組在術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的融合率無明顯差異(P>0.017)。
2.4 兩組單階段頸椎病患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吞咽困難情況比較 ACDF組有16例(55.17%)出現(xiàn)吞咽困難,其中輕度有10例(34.48%),中度4例(13.79%),重度2例(6.9%);ACIF組僅3例(16.66%)出現(xiàn)吞咽困難,輕度2例(11.11%),中度1例(5.56%),兩組間吞咽困難發(fā)生情況比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=6.838, P=0.009)。
ACDF已是治療頸椎病前路融合術(shù)中的經(jīng)典術(shù)式,該術(shù)式不僅能達(dá)到較好的臨床效果,Cage融合器也具有支撐且誘導(dǎo)骨愈合的作用,鈦板螺釘內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)可以加固及維持手術(shù)節(jié)段的穩(wěn)定,防止融合器脫出或移位,但同時(shí)該術(shù)式也增加了術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吞咽困難的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13,14]。本研究ACDF組,有16例出現(xiàn)或輕或重的吞咽困難癥狀。ACIF從治療效果來看,與傳統(tǒng)的ACDF術(shù)式相似,都有較好的治療效果,對(duì)于手術(shù)節(jié)段的支撐也是較好的,對(duì)食管的刺激也較小,ACIF組,術(shù)后僅有3例出現(xiàn)吞咽困難。
雖然,ACDF與ACIF從治療效果上是相近的,但ACDF相比ACIF術(shù)式其抗?fàn)繌埛€(wěn)定性較差,術(shù)后發(fā)生內(nèi)固定器沉降可能性大,從而導(dǎo)致融合節(jié)段椎間高度的丟失;同時(shí),對(duì)食管的刺激也較大,增加了術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吞咽困難的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。ACIF有效避免了ACDF的這些不足。筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)研究對(duì)ACDF組和ACIF組患者臨床效果和神經(jīng)功能改善進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示兩組術(shù)后相對(duì)術(shù)前都有明顯改善,說明ACIF術(shù)式與ACDF術(shù)式都可獲得滿意的臨床效果和神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。ACDF組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)1例感染,經(jīng)積極抗感染治療后治愈,1例腦脊液漏,行腰大池穿刺引流及加壓包扎處理后治愈;ACIF出現(xiàn)1例感染亦經(jīng)積極處理后治愈。
筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)研究對(duì)ACIF組和ACDF組患者植骨融合率及融合節(jié)段椎間高度進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組融合率在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但各組術(shù)后第12個(gè)月與術(shù)前椎間高度對(duì)比在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。根據(jù)Vanek等[15]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Zero-P系統(tǒng)與傳統(tǒng)Cage鋼板系統(tǒng)融合節(jié)段椎間高度在術(shù)后6周及3個(gè)月的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這與筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)研究結(jié)果相似,可能是由于Zero-P系統(tǒng)是鋼板與螺釘?shù)恼w系統(tǒng),其消除了傳統(tǒng)Cage鋼板系統(tǒng)的組裝缺點(diǎn),從而避免椎間融合器移位及下沉。相關(guān)研究報(bào)道了術(shù)后吞咽困難的原因,但其詳細(xì)機(jī)制仍不清楚,目前認(rèn)為是綜合因素導(dǎo)致,而國(guó)外研究者認(rèn)為鋼板的采用及其厚度是其原因之一[16-19],本研究結(jié)果也顯示不采用鋼板的ACIF組術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率明顯低于采用鋼板的ACDF組。另外筆者認(rèn)為,術(shù)中全麻插管及手術(shù)過程刺激頸前軟組織,也是術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吞咽困難的原因之一,但此癥狀大部分在術(shù)后1周后逐漸消退,與內(nèi)固定因素產(chǎn)生的吞咽困難存在差異。生理曲度的改變和椎間隙高度的減低,通常與頸椎退行性改變相伴隨。故術(shù)后椎間隙高度的恢復(fù)與頸椎生理曲度的維持意義重大[20]。
綜上所述,由于Zero-P 系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)獨(dú)特的設(shè)計(jì)與構(gòu)造,ACIF與ACDF術(shù)比較,在獲得滿意臨床效果及神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)的同時(shí),還可以減少術(shù)中的出血量及手術(shù)時(shí)間,并降低術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生率、減少融合節(jié)段椎間高度丟失,是一種值得臨床醫(yī)師采納的術(shù)式。
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(2017-03-13收稿 2017-04-11修回)
(本文編輯 孫秀明)
Comparison between anterior cervical discectomy Zero-P intervertebral fusion and anterior cervical discectomy with Cage fusion in treatment of cervical spondylosis
XU Haoqin, JIANG Denxue, GAO Chunhua, WANG Ruijun, JIANG Hao, ZHANG Qian, and PENG Baogan. Department of Spine Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing 100039, China
PENG Baogan, E-mail: pengbaogan@163.com
Objective This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) and anterior fusion fixation system (ACIF) in the treatment of single-level cervical spondylopathy. Methods A total of sample of 47 patients with single-level cervical spondylopathy enrolled in the spinal surgery department of a third-grade class-A PAP hospital from June 2011 to July 2014 were selected, of which 29 cases
ACDF (ACDF group) and 18 cases received ACIF (ACIF group). The operation time, amount of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative dysphagia, postoperative complications, and clinical effect were compared between the two groups. Postoperative dysphagia was assessed by Bazaz-Yoody dysphagia score. The surgical effect was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score (JOA), and the scores of VAS, JOA and the changes of fusion rate and intervertebral height were compared between the two groups. Results 47 cases of patients were followed up at an average of (21.57±2.45)months. The difference between the two groups in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative fusion time, complication, postoperative dysphagia, fusion rate, intervertebral height maintenance and the scores of VAS and JOA was not statistically significant. However, the scores of VAS and JOA of the two groups were compared before and after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The difference between the two groups in the number of patients with postoperative dysphagia was statistically significant (χ2=6.838, P=0.009). Conclusions Both ACIF and ACDF have a good effect on neurological recovery and pain improvement, but ACIF has shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, higher fusion rate, better intervertebral height maintenance, and less incidence of postoperative dysphagia.
cervical spondylopathy; Cage fusion; Zero-P fusion; dysphagia
R681.5
10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2017.05.007
100039 北京,武警總醫(yī)院脊柱外科
彭寶淦,E-mail: pengbaogan@163.com