趙 巖,鄭 炫※,陳學(xué)庚,牛 琪,紀(jì) 超,周敦興
·綜合研究·關(guān)鍵技術(shù)·
CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)
趙 巖1,鄭 炫1※,陳學(xué)庚1,牛 琪2,紀(jì) 超1,周敦興3
(1. 新疆農(nóng)墾科學(xué)院機(jī)械裝備研究所,石河子 832000;2. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)工學(xué)院,北京 100083;3. 新疆科神農(nóng)業(yè)裝備科技開發(fā)股份有限公司,石河子 832000)
為降低殘膜儲(chǔ)運(yùn)成本,提高機(jī)收殘膜回收利用率,研究設(shè)計(jì)了CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)。機(jī)具主要由撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)、脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)、打包機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、地輪、機(jī)架等組成,可同時(shí)完成集條殘膜的自動(dòng)撿拾、雜質(zhì)分離與打包成型作業(yè)。根據(jù)撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)特征與作業(yè)原理,建立撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)與物料對(duì)象動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,分析獲得了核心彈齒最佳空間排布形式與優(yōu)選安裝傾角45°。為降低殘膜物料土壤摻雜量,基于殘膜與雜質(zhì)尺寸密度及纏繞特性差異,開發(fā)了離心分離與振動(dòng)分離相結(jié)合的多級(jí)膜土分離系統(tǒng),提高了撿拾物料壓縮比,減小打包作業(yè)壓縮阻力。設(shè)計(jì)了液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)式電控打包機(jī)構(gòu),殘膜經(jīng)打包機(jī)構(gòu)壓縮成型,以方包形式卸料,利于裝載運(yùn)輸。2015年10月于兵團(tuán)第六師共青團(tuán)農(nóng)場(chǎng),對(duì)殘膜撿拾打包機(jī)進(jìn)行了40 hm2實(shí)地田間作業(yè)性能測(cè)試,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:機(jī)具殘膜撿拾凈率達(dá)92.8%,打包成捆率高于94%,單包成型耗時(shí)58 s,殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)作業(yè)效果良好的、系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定,具有較高的應(yīng)用推廣價(jià)值。
農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械;設(shè)計(jì);試驗(yàn);殘膜;撿拾;清理;打包;聯(lián)合作業(yè)
地膜覆蓋技術(shù)因其良好的增產(chǎn)保墑效果被廣泛應(yīng)用于中國(guó)糧食、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植作業(yè)中,現(xiàn)全國(guó)覆膜種植面積已達(dá)2 000萬hm2。在常年覆膜種植的地區(qū),農(nóng)田土壤中殘膜累積量逐年遞增,其帶來的白色污染已嚴(yán)重影響到作物正常生長(zhǎng),對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展構(gòu)成了極大威脅[1-6]。針對(duì)該問題,一是人工撿拾較大片的地表殘膜,但效率低、強(qiáng)度大、成本高;二是機(jī)械回收。國(guó)內(nèi)研發(fā)的殘膜回收機(jī)械類型諸多,主要有勾耙式、彈齒式、伸縮桿齒式、鏟式、卷收式等[7-11]。其中,勾耙式殘膜回收機(jī)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)殘膜聚攏,但不能在回收過程中清理殘茬、土壤等雜質(zhì)[12-14];彈齒式在脫膜過程中需為收膜彈齒配置用于控制工作位置的曲線軌跡滑道,加工難度較大,撿拾過程會(huì)撕裂膜面產(chǎn)生碎膜,纏繞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件[15-19];伸縮桿齒式的撿拾滾筒結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,造價(jià)偏高[20-25];鏟式起茬收膜部件對(duì)土壤的性能有一定要求,且所收殘膜與作物根茬混合難分,膜土分離效果較差,給殘膜的再生利用帶來困難[26-28];苗期回收方式不適宜回收厚度小于0.008 mm的農(nóng)田殘膜[29-32];鏈耙式殘膜回收部件作業(yè)效果較好,但工作效率低、故障率高,整機(jī)可靠性難以保證[33-37]。上述機(jī)具主要以回收殘膜作業(yè)為主,功能較為單一。為提高農(nóng)田耕作效率,開發(fā)可同時(shí)完成收膜、秸稈還田等多種功能的聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)逐漸成為殘膜回收機(jī)具研究的新趨勢(shì)[38-41]。不論單一作業(yè)抑或聯(lián)合作業(yè),經(jīng)機(jī)械回收后的殘膜多以集條或集堆形式置于田間,后續(xù)被焚燒或掩埋處理,不僅污染大氣環(huán)境,而且破壞土壤生態(tài)。隨著人們對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的日益重視,對(duì)回收殘膜進(jìn)行再利用必將成為一種趨勢(shì)[42]。
目前以新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱兵團(tuán))為代表的新疆棉區(qū)普遍采用立桿摟膜機(jī)進(jìn)行秋后回殘膜回收。在進(jìn)行立桿摟膜作業(yè)前,先用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)沿垂直于棉行方向,間隔50 m開出寬3 m的行道,作為卸膜處和殘膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)通道。該方法作業(yè)效率高、產(chǎn)生粉塵少,但回收后的殘膜質(zhì)地松散,占用空間大,易受大風(fēng)天氣影響,人工轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大,不利于殘膜的回收再利用。為解決該問題,研制了CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī),可同時(shí)完成殘膜撿拾、清理與壓縮打包作業(yè),不僅利于回收殘膜的即時(shí)儲(chǔ)運(yùn),并且為開展回收殘膜的集中處理與再利用提供有效的裝備支撐,故具有很好的應(yīng)用前景。
1.1 整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)
CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)主要由撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)、脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)、打包機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、地輪和機(jī)架等組成,如圖1所示。其中,撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)包括彈齒、彈齒固定機(jī)構(gòu)和脫膜滾筒,彈齒固定機(jī)構(gòu)與脫膜滾筒為偏心配置,彈齒脫膜滾筒下部偏前進(jìn)方向伸出長(zhǎng)度達(dá)到最大。脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)由脫膜輥筒、刮板、外罩組成,打包機(jī)構(gòu)包括3個(gè)液壓油缸、液壓系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)、打包箱體。
圖1 整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖Fig.1 Structural diagram of whole machine
1.2 工作原理
機(jī)具作業(yè)由拖拉機(jī)牽引連接機(jī)架的牽引架行進(jìn),旋轉(zhuǎn)的齒釘輥將混有土壤、秸稈和殘膜的物料拋起,撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)將殘膜鉤起,向上輸送至脫膜輥筒下部,彈齒縮進(jìn)脫膜滾筒內(nèi),小脫膜輥與大脫膜輥將輸送的殘膜撥送至后部的打包機(jī)構(gòu)的打包箱體內(nèi),待殘膜儲(chǔ)存到一定量的時(shí)候,啟動(dòng)液壓油缸控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行壓縮,最后在油缸推力作用下推出,掉落到地面。整機(jī)動(dòng)力由拖拉機(jī)后動(dòng)力輸出軸通過萬向節(jié)傳輸給動(dòng)力輸入軸,傳動(dòng)給整機(jī)撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)、脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)和液壓系統(tǒng)。
1.3 主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)
本機(jī)具用于采用摟膜作業(yè)機(jī)具摟膜集條后的農(nóng)田殘膜,一次作業(yè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)撿拾、壓縮和打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)。其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如表1所示。
表1 主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)Table1 Main technical parameters
2.1 撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)
2.1.1 撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)主要結(jié)構(gòu)
直齒型彈齒滾筒機(jī)構(gòu)在殘膜回收機(jī)中得到了較普遍的應(yīng)用[43]。如圖2所示,撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)主要由脫膜滾筒、定位圓盤、方鋼、固定卡和彈齒等部件組成。彈齒安裝在彈齒固定機(jī)構(gòu)上,脫膜滾筒均布長(zhǎng)條孔。作業(yè)時(shí),動(dòng)力由皮帶輪帶動(dòng)彈齒隨彈齒固定機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),彈齒固定機(jī)構(gòu)通過連桿機(jī)構(gòu)帶動(dòng)脫膜滾筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。通過上下調(diào)整拖拉機(jī)下懸掛臂調(diào)節(jié)撿拾彈齒與地面間的距離大小。
彈齒固定機(jī)構(gòu)與脫膜滾筒為偏心配置,彈齒設(shè)置方向?yàn)閳A周方向,每組彈齒沿軸向直線均布呈發(fā)散狀排列,在滾筒上的長(zhǎng)條孔內(nèi)伸縮,在脫膜滾筒下部伸出,在上部縮進(jìn)其內(nèi)部,實(shí)現(xiàn)殘膜撿拾、輸送和脫膜的作業(yè)過程。設(shè)計(jì)的彈齒安裝有一定傾角,利于彈齒在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中順利將地面殘膜挑起。
圖2 撿拾裝置示意圖Fig.2 Diagram of collecting device
彈齒是材料為65 Mn的圓鋼,直徑為12 mm,長(zhǎng)度為308 mm,頂部處理成45°斜平面,固定端設(shè)計(jì)有螺紋,通過自鎖螺母安裝固定在鉆孔方鋼上。方鋼邊長(zhǎng)30 mm,鉆有為直徑為15 mm的通孔,中心距為110 mm,每4個(gè)方鋼一組,分別有11個(gè)和12個(gè)安裝孔。方鋼由定位卡固定在定位圓盤上,定位圓盤直徑為660 mm,圓周方向均布焊接有8個(gè)安裝卡槽,通過螺栓與定位卡配合將方鋼安裝定位。彈齒傾斜角度由定位圓盤上的安裝卡槽的焊接角度確定。4組有11個(gè)安裝孔的方鋼一端設(shè)計(jì)有軸頭,通過連桿與滾筒法蘭連接。脫膜滾筒壁設(shè)計(jì)有長(zhǎng)條孔,彈齒穿過長(zhǎng)條孔。固定盤與滾筒法蘭安裝到位后呈偏心配置,偏心距為75 mm。
2.1.2 撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)分析
如圖3中所示,固定盤和脫膜滾筒簡(jiǎn)化圓O1和O2的連心線與彈齒尖運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡圓交于D點(diǎn)和M點(diǎn)。分析可知,彈齒在M點(diǎn)伸出距離最長(zhǎng),在D點(diǎn)伸出距離最短。在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中,在偏心裝配的作用下,彈齒在脫膜滾筒上的長(zhǎng)條孔內(nèi)產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。沿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向,由D點(diǎn)到B點(diǎn)過程中,彈齒逐漸伸長(zhǎng),A點(diǎn)距離地面理論距離
200 mm,彈齒開始接觸并鉤掛物料,在脫膜滾筒下部B點(diǎn)處彈齒伸出長(zhǎng)度最大。由B點(diǎn)向D點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中,彈齒鉤掛物料沿脫膜滾筒壁向上輸送,彈齒伸出長(zhǎng)度逐漸變小,從C點(diǎn)開始完全縮進(jìn)滾筒內(nèi)部。圓心角BO2M對(duì)應(yīng)的弧為的彈齒與脫膜滾筒接觸的軌跡,該弧長(zhǎng)為75 mm,為避免作業(yè)過程中彈齒與脫膜滾筒壁發(fā)生剮蹭,滾筒壁上所開長(zhǎng)條孔長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)大于該弧長(zhǎng),寬度應(yīng)大于彈齒直徑??紤]到彈齒安裝間隙、作業(yè)中受力變形等因素,設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)條孔寬25 mm,長(zhǎng)300 mm。
分析可知,當(dāng)O1和O2的偏心坐標(biāo)以及彈齒安裝位置點(diǎn)O確定時(shí),安裝傾角θ越大,BO2與水平線的夾角δ和彈齒尖軌跡圓O2半徑就越小,根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),θ應(yīng)滿足0°≤θ≤90°。分析可知,彈齒上B點(diǎn)物料的運(yùn)動(dòng)可為沿機(jī)具前進(jìn)速度V0、沿彈齒運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度V和繞O2圓周方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)等3個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)疊加的復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)。如圖3所示,以O(shè)2為原點(diǎn)建立平面直角坐標(biāo)系,分析彈齒與脫膜滾筒壁相交處的物料由B點(diǎn)到C點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)過程。V1為彈齒上B點(diǎn)物料繞O2作勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)瞬時(shí)線速度,方向與O2B垂直。若以機(jī)架為參考,物料在繞O2點(diǎn)做圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的同時(shí),在脫膜滾筒壁的作用下,由B點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)到彈齒尖M點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。彈齒由B點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)到C點(diǎn)的同時(shí),物料沿彈齒由B點(diǎn)移動(dòng)到M點(diǎn),二者運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間相等:
圖3 撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)分析Fig.3 Dynamic analysis of collecting mechanism
已知撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)速為60 r/s,可知脫膜滾筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)角速度ω為6.28 rad/s。用作圖法測(cè)定∠BO1C為154°,線段BM長(zhǎng)度為165 mm。將數(shù)據(jù)代入式(1),計(jì)算得出物料沿彈齒運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間為0.43 s,速度V為0.38 m/s。這說明,在撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中,彈齒縮進(jìn)脫膜滾筒壁,該機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)具有將彈齒上的物料脫下的功能。
若以機(jī)架為參考系,則彈齒尖處M點(diǎn)物料運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡為圖中虛線圓。以O(shè)2為原點(diǎn)建立直角坐標(biāo)系,t為機(jī)具作業(yè)時(shí)間,s,建立M點(diǎn)物料的坐標(biāo)方程為:
上式中,已知O2M設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)度為475 mm,ω為6.28 rad/s測(cè)定δ為62°,對(duì)應(yīng)弧度為1.08 rad代入(2)、(3),得到如下方程:
已知機(jī)具前進(jìn)速度V0為0.18 m/s,則B點(diǎn)相對(duì)于地面的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡方程為:
利用Matlab軟件繪制彈齒尖部M點(diǎn)物料5 s內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,結(jié)果如圖4。
圖4 彈齒尖運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡Fig.4 Movement track of spring tooth tip
彈齒尖運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡坐標(biāo)系中,x為運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡橫坐標(biāo),y為運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡縱坐標(biāo)。仿真結(jié)果表明,彈齒尖運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡為余擺線,彈齒尖軌跡最低點(diǎn)間距為180 mm。撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為圓周均布2種4組彈齒,說明在實(shí)際作業(yè)過程中,在180 mm范圍內(nèi)彈齒可以完成撿拾殘膜作業(yè)4次,能夠保證較高的拾凈率。
2.1.3 彈齒上物料受力分析
如圖所示,以彈齒尖M點(diǎn)為原點(diǎn),在垂面上沿水平豎直方向建立直角坐標(biāo)系,在撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)作業(yè)過程中,彈齒尖點(diǎn)G處的物料受力情況如圖5所示。
圖5 物料受力分析圖Fig.5 Force diagram of materials
物料隨彈齒運(yùn)動(dòng)條件為:
式中F為物料所受摩擦力,N;FV為物料所受離心力,N。
其中,離心力FV由下式計(jì)算:
式中?為滾筒角速度,rad/s;m為物料質(zhì)量,kg;r為物料運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡圓半徑,m。
摩擦力F由下式計(jì)算:
式中G為物料所受重力,N;μ為物料在彈齒的摩擦系數(shù);N為物料所受彈齒支反力,N。
物料所受支反力N可由下式計(jì)算:
式中β為彈齒與垂線的夾角,(°)。
分析可知,在同等條件下,當(dāng)α一定時(shí),彈齒安裝傾角θ與β正相關(guān),θ越大,物料所受摩擦力F越大。但過大會(huì)影響從脫膜滾筒長(zhǎng)條孔的伸縮通過性能,過小會(huì)影響彈齒挑膜的效果。田間試驗(yàn)證明,當(dāng)θ大于55°時(shí),物料在輸送出現(xiàn)彈齒勾扯殘膜從滾筒長(zhǎng)條孔進(jìn)入滾筒內(nèi)部的現(xiàn)象,物料中土壤和秸稈比例增加,脫膜效果明顯下降,出現(xiàn)卡滯現(xiàn)象,甚至導(dǎo)致彈齒或長(zhǎng)條孔周邊滾筒外壁變形;當(dāng)θ小于30°時(shí),彈齒的撿拾功能降低,地膜殘膜殘留量增加,拾凈率降至70%以下。綜合考慮,取彈齒安裝傾角θ=45°。
2.2 多級(jí)膜土分離機(jī)構(gòu)
摟膜耙集條后的物料中混有約占總質(zhì)量40%的土壤,影響撿拾打包作業(yè),給后期殘膜處理和加工帶來困難。為此,研究設(shè)計(jì)多級(jí)膜土分離機(jī)構(gòu)。如圖6所示,膜土分離系統(tǒng)由齒釘輥、撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)、小脫膜輥、大脫膜輥和外罩構(gòu)成。
圖6 膜土分離系統(tǒng)Fig.6 Separating system of plastic film and soil
機(jī)具作業(yè)時(shí),高速逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)的齒釘輥將物料撿拾、拋起,在離心力作用下,殘膜和土壤實(shí)現(xiàn)一次分離;撿拾滾筒逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn),撿拾彈齒將殘膜撿拾勾扯住沿滾筒壁輸送,泥土在機(jī)具運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)和自身重力作用下掉落,實(shí)現(xiàn)膜土第2次分離;脫膜滾筒順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn),將輸送到滾筒上部的物料沿外罩內(nèi)壁向上輸送,脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的外罩輪廓線采用漸開線設(shè)計(jì),脫膜輥轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中,在離心力的作用下,殘膜中含有的的泥土雜質(zhì)和其他大密度顆粒脫離,甩出通孔或撞到外罩內(nèi)壁掉落,實(shí)現(xiàn)膜土第3次分離。撿拾彈齒軌跡圓直徑為1 090 mm,撿拾滾筒外壁直徑為1 000 mm。齒釘輥軌跡圓直徑為400 mm,與撿拾彈齒軌跡圓的圓心距為1 300 mm。
脫膜滾筒的半徑越大,物料輸送距離越長(zhǎng),在機(jī)具作業(yè)過程中,部件運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和地表高低起伏變化等作用會(huì)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng),由于密度的差異,在重力作用下實(shí)現(xiàn)撿拾殘膜中夾雜的塵土、石塊等物料的清理,減少雜質(zhì)含量,提高撿拾物料壓縮比,減少打包作業(yè)的壓縮阻力。但如果直徑太大將會(huì)影響整機(jī)部件的布局,造成動(dòng)力損耗增加。綜合分析機(jī)具結(jié)構(gòu)空間布局和動(dòng)力匹配的合理性,通過試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,設(shè)計(jì)撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)速為60 r/min,齒釘輥轉(zhuǎn)速為90 r/min。
大脫膜輥設(shè)有多個(gè)刮板,刮板運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡圓與撿拾機(jī)構(gòu)的脫膜滾筒外壁圓連心線約等于兩圓半徑之和,作業(yè)時(shí)刮板與脫膜滾筒接觸,能將脫膜滾筒外壁上撿拾的殘膜順利剝脫,隨后輸送到后部打包機(jī)構(gòu)喂料口。大脫膜輥設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)速為300 r/min,運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡圓直徑為650 mm。小脫膜輥設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)速為900 r/min,軌跡圓直徑為120 mm。弧形外罩輪廓線為漸開線設(shè)計(jì),向后方向?yàn)槌?,后壁均布直徑?0 mm的通孔,殘膜中含的塵土雜質(zhì)可以從中甩出。
2.3 打包機(jī)構(gòu)
打包機(jī)構(gòu)位于脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的后方,其結(jié)構(gòu)包含進(jìn)料口、側(cè)壓油缸、上壓液壓油缸、推包油缸,預(yù)緊油缸等部分組成,在打包箱體上方設(shè)有進(jìn)料口,后部設(shè)有出料口。通過PLC程序控制電磁閥的開關(guān)狀態(tài),控制3個(gè)液壓油缸依次作業(yè)。打包作業(yè)的控制模式有自動(dòng)、半自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)3種。自動(dòng)模式下,打包程序不間斷循環(huán)作業(yè);半自動(dòng)模式下,觸發(fā)1次開關(guān)完成1個(gè)作業(yè)循環(huán);手動(dòng)模式下,點(diǎn)觸開關(guān)控制3個(gè)油缸進(jìn)退。
圖7 打包機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)圖Fig.7 Structural diagram of balling mechanism
打包作業(yè)時(shí),殘膜由進(jìn)料口進(jìn)入打包箱體,側(cè)壓油缸首先啟動(dòng),將打包箱體內(nèi)殘膜壓縮至近出料口一端,壓縮到位后觸發(fā)行程開關(guān),上壓油缸啟動(dòng),將打包箱體內(nèi)壓縮后殘膜向箱底方向壓縮,二次壓縮到位后觸動(dòng)行程開關(guān),推包油缸啟動(dòng),將二次壓縮后的殘膜由殘膜包出口推出,完成打包作業(yè)。推包油缸到位后,觸發(fā)行程開關(guān),推包油缸、上壓油缸和側(cè)壓油缸依次退回,退到位后觸發(fā)行程開關(guān),停止運(yùn)行,完成打包作業(yè)的一個(gè)循環(huán)。
打包作業(yè)單次循環(huán)時(shí)間為58 s,通過系統(tǒng)設(shè)置,2次作業(yè)間隔時(shí)間在0~300 s范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)。箱體內(nèi)物料的質(zhì)量與間隔時(shí)間成正比關(guān)系。通過田間試驗(yàn)測(cè)試,循環(huán)間隔時(shí)間設(shè)定為9 s時(shí),殘膜撿拾較為干凈,打包作業(yè)過程順暢,打包成型后膜包松緊度適中且不會(huì)散開。
圖8 打包機(jī)構(gòu)液壓控制系統(tǒng)Fig.8 Hydraulic control system of balling mechanism
3.1 田間準(zhǔn)備
2015年4月在新疆瑪納斯縣六戶地進(jìn)行了春播前棉田殘膜撿拾打包試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)面積為10 hm2。2015年10月,在兵團(tuán)第六師共青團(tuán)進(jìn)行秋收后田間試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)面積40 hm2。試驗(yàn)田前茬種植作物為棉花,滴灌管帶和滴灌設(shè)備已清理,栽培模式行距為寬窄行配置(660 mm+ 100 mm),棉桿高度750~850 mm,株距95 mm。
秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)沿垂直棉行方向,開出一條3 m寬卸膜道,相鄰卸膜道間距50 m。利用立桿式殘膜回收機(jī)順棉行方向摟膜,將摟好的殘膜以集條形式卸于卸膜道內(nèi)(圖9a),集條寬度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為1 500 mm,供殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)進(jìn)行作業(yè)試驗(yàn)。
圖9 田間試驗(yàn)Fig.9 Field experiment
3.2 結(jié)果與分析
試驗(yàn)機(jī)具在拖拉機(jī)牽引下沿卸膜道行走,同時(shí)完成殘膜撿拾、打捆出包等動(dòng)作。行走速度為3.7 km/h,作業(yè)幅寬1 500 mm,撿拾物料寬度1 300~1 800 mm,物料主要成分為土壤、秸稈和殘膜,鋪放厚度50~150 mm,單次連續(xù)行走距離85 m。
試驗(yàn)證明,機(jī)具各部件運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好,動(dòng)作執(zhí)行順暢,殘膜撿拾干凈、殘余量少(圖9b),成型方包緊實(shí)、不易松散,且能夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保持固定形狀(圖9c),單次打包作業(yè)循環(huán)平均耗時(shí)58 s。
3.2.1 拾凈率
參考《GB/T 25412-2010 殘地膜回收機(jī)》,制定試驗(yàn)測(cè)試方案。機(jī)具在長(zhǎng)度不小于50 m的作業(yè)區(qū)內(nèi)往返測(cè)試10個(gè)行程,每個(gè)行程內(nèi)隨機(jī)選取2段長(zhǎng)度為10 m的試驗(yàn)區(qū)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)樣本采集,5次重復(fù)試驗(yàn)。殘膜取樣清洗晾干后稱質(zhì)量,儀器為JAS5003A電子精密天平秤(精度0.000 1 g),各參數(shù)取平均值。
殘膜拾凈率計(jì)算公式如下:
式中C為殘膜拾凈率,%;W為機(jī)具回收殘膜質(zhì)量,g;W0為地表地膜總質(zhì)量,g。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表2所示。
表2 殘膜撿拾試驗(yàn)結(jié)果Table2 Result of collecting plastic film residue
測(cè)試結(jié)果表明,機(jī)具具有較好的撿拾效果,地表集條殘膜撿拾率約為92.8%。產(chǎn)生殘膜撿拾遺漏的主要原因,一是撿拾彈齒設(shè)計(jì)間距略寬,部分長(zhǎng)度小于60 mm的殘膜在隨彈齒提升過程中從彈齒縫隙中掉落;二是拖拉機(jī)行走路線偏出鋪放中心線,導(dǎo)致某一側(cè)邊100~200 mm范圍內(nèi)殘膜漏撿。
3.2.2 成捆率
參考《GBT14290-1993 圓草捆打捆機(jī)試驗(yàn)方法》試驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選擇機(jī)具持續(xù)作業(yè)面積不低于5 hm2的測(cè)試區(qū)5個(gè),每個(gè)測(cè)試區(qū)選取連續(xù)卸料的10個(gè)殘膜包作為檢測(cè)對(duì)象,計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)采用各測(cè)試區(qū)測(cè)試值的總和[23]。
成捆率計(jì)算公式如下:
式中D為成捆率,%;M為成型包總數(shù);M0為打包總數(shù)。
試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,整機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中未出現(xiàn)打捆系統(tǒng)卡滯現(xiàn)象,成型方包緊實(shí)、不易松散,所收成捆率達(dá)94%,表3所示。造成殘膜未能打包成捆的原因主要有:一是部分地段集條殘膜量少,導(dǎo)致喂入量不足,成型方包密度不達(dá)標(biāo);二是所摻塵土等雜質(zhì)過多,降低殘膜壓縮后的相互吸附力,使成型方包易松散。試驗(yàn)中還發(fā)現(xiàn):長(zhǎng)度大于50 mm的殘膜打捆成形的效果較差;摻雜有適量長(zhǎng)度小于50 mm的秸稈時(shí),成形的物料捆緊實(shí)度較大,且形狀保持時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。
表3 殘膜打包試驗(yàn)結(jié)果Table3 Result of balling plastic film residue
3.3 田間使用情況
CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)進(jìn)行了生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn),2014年10月在兵團(tuán)第八師145團(tuán)7連和149團(tuán)7連,兵團(tuán)第七師130團(tuán)6連,2015年4月和10月,在兵團(tuán)第八師145團(tuán)北泉鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)場(chǎng),第六師共青團(tuán)農(nóng)場(chǎng)等地,累計(jì)作業(yè)面積約為150 hm2。田間生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明,研制的CMJY-1 500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)撿拾和打包功能,將農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾作業(yè)與打包作業(yè)相結(jié)合的農(nóng)藝措施可行,可以提升殘膜回收作業(yè)效率,能有效壓縮殘膜存儲(chǔ)體積,便于田間轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),減少污染。
1)從便于回收殘膜再利用的角度出發(fā),將殘膜回收與打包技術(shù)結(jié)合,研制了CMJY-1 500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)。能夠一次完成摟后集條殘膜的撿拾、清理、打包作業(yè)。
2)在偏心彈齒式殘膜撿拾滾筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)作業(yè)過程中,殘膜被彈齒挑起,在離心力作用下實(shí)現(xiàn)膜土分離,經(jīng)脫膜輥剝離后送入打包箱體。通過殘膜撿拾清理機(jī)構(gòu)作業(yè),殘膜拾凈率達(dá)92.8%。
3)殘膜打包機(jī)構(gòu)通過液壓油缸驅(qū)動(dòng),可實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)行程控制,殘膜進(jìn)入打包箱體后,被壓縮成型并以方捆形式卸料,單包成型僅耗時(shí)58 s,成捆率可達(dá)94%。
殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)田間試驗(yàn)證明,機(jī)具各部件運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好,動(dòng)作執(zhí)行順暢,殘膜撿拾干凈、殘余量少,成型方包外形規(guī)整,物料包緊實(shí)不易松散,成捆質(zhì)量滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。
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Design and test of CMJY-1500 type plastic film residue collecting and balling machine
Zhao Yan1, Zheng Xuan1※, Chen Xuegeng1, Niu Qi2, Ji Chao1, Zhou Dunxing3
(1. Mechanical Equipment Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture And Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China; 2. College of Mechanical Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing, 100083, China; 3. Xinjiang KeShen Agriculture Equipment Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shihezi, 832000, China)
Plastic film cultivation technology has been used around the world, and it is widely recognized that plastic film cultivation technology can make a valuable contribution to agriculture. Under the principle of maximizing the interests of farmers and factories, plastic film mulch used in field is too thin to be collected completely. Year after year, more and more residual plastic film has been left in the field, which damages the physical and chemical structure of soil and even causes farmland to become uncultivable. Lots of residual plastic film collectors have been designed to address “how to collect” in recent years, however, the problem of “after collecting” is often overlooked. Usually, collected residual film is separated and gathered by manual work, and transported by the simplest container pulled by tractors. It would be buried or burned somewhere. If accumulated residual film is not well handled, it will cause new environmental pollution. So far, there is little study on the transfer facility of collected residual plastic film. In order to reduce the storage and transportation cost, and increase the recovery utilization rate of plastic film collected by machine, the CMJY-1500 type combine machine was developed. It has a mechanical structure composed of film collecting device, film removing device, film balling device, driving system, ground wheel, frame, and so on. According to the structural characteristics and main working principle of the film collection mechanism, the dynamic models of collecting device and film object were established. After model analysis, the optimal space aligning was confined and the best installation inclination was set as 45°. With the aim to reduce the content of soil doping of residual membrane material, based on the difference of density, size and twisting characteristic between the residual plastic film and the impurity, multi-stage membrane separation system with the combination of centrifugal and vibration separation was developed. This system consists of toothed roller, film collection mechanism, film removal rollers, and cover whose contour line adopts an involute design, and it can increase the compression ratio of collecting material and reduce the packaging compression resistance. The hydraulic drive type electronic packaging mechanism was designed, and therefore the plastic film was compressed as square package to upload by 3 sets of cylinders, which was beneficial to load and transport. The field performance test of this plastic film residue baller was carried out in the Gongqingtuan Farm of Xinjiang Corps in October, 2015, and the test area was about 40 hm2. The results showed that the residual film collection rate was 92.8%, the successful rate of packaging was higher than 94%, and the average cycle time of single packing operation was 58 s. The operation effect is good and the system is stable, and this plastic film residue baller has the high application promotion value. This research result has both economic and social benefit.
agricultural machinery; design; experiments; plastic films; collection; cleaning; balling; combined operation
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.05.001
S223.5
A
1002-6819(2017)-05-0001-09
趙 巖,鄭 炫,陳學(xué)庚,牛 琪,紀(jì) 超,周敦興. CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(5):1-9.
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.05.001 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhao Yan, Zheng Xuan, Chen Xuegeng, Niu Qi, Ji Chao, Zhou Dunxing. Design and test of CMJY-1500 type plastic film residue collecting and balling machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(5): 1-9. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.05.001 http://www.tcsae.org
2016-10-30
2017-02-13
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201503105);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(31560336);中國(guó)博士后科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2015M572666XB);兵團(tuán)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(2015BD002)
趙 巖,男,河南永城人,副研究員,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化工程研究。石河子 新疆農(nóng)墾科學(xué)院機(jī)械裝備研究所,832000。
Email:xjnkkxy_zy@126.com
※通信作者:鄭 炫,女,江蘇徐州人,研究員,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化工程研究。石河子 新疆農(nóng)墾科學(xué)院機(jī)械裝備研究所,832000。
Email:jiazhengxuan@sohu.com