李揚(yáng) 楊淵 高東平
[摘要] 目的 系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)藥物洗脫支架與冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)治療多支冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的效果與安全性。 方法 檢索PubMed、Embase、SinoMed等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于藥物洗脫支架介入治療(DES-PCI)和CABG治療多支病變對(duì)比的臨床研究,采用RevMan 5.2分析,主要結(jié)果為死亡、心肌梗死、腦血管事件等。 結(jié)果 納入12篇文獻(xiàn),31 980例研究對(duì)象,結(jié)果顯示DES-PCI組的病死率(OR = 0.92,95%CI:0.84~1.00,P = 0.06)、心肌梗死率(OR = 1.14,95%CI:0.91~1.44,P = 0.25)與CABG組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但DES-PCI組腦血管事件(OR = 0.52,95%CI:0.38~0.72,P = 0.002)、靶血管血運(yùn)重建(OR = 3.66,95%CI:2.23~5.76,P < 0.000 01)、主要不良心腦血管事件(OR = 1.46,95%CI:1.00~2.14,P = 0.05)顯著增高。 結(jié)論 DES-PCI與CABG在治療多支冠狀動(dòng)脈病變上病死率與心肌梗死率相當(dāng),但使用DES-PCI的患者發(fā)生腦血管事件、靶血管血運(yùn)重建與復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療;冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù);藥物洗脫支架;多支冠狀動(dòng)脈病變;Meta分析;系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R654.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)12(c)-0026-06
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stent implantation and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the treatment of patients with multi-vessel coronary disease systematically. Methods The data including the PubMed, Embase, SinoMed and other database was searched for clinical studies that reported outcomes comparing drug-eluting stent - percutaneous coronary intervention (DES-PCI) with CABG in the treatment of multi-vessel coronary disease. The data was analyzed by RevMan 5.2. The primary outcomes were death, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and so on. Results Total 12 studies were included, involving 31 980 cases, which showed that, there were no significant differences between the DES-PCI group and CABG group in the risk of death (OR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.84-1.00, P = 0.06) and myocardial infarction (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.91-1.44, P = 0.25). The risk of stroke (OR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.38-0.72, P = 0.002), target vascular reconstruction (OR = 3.66, 95%CI: 2.23-5.76, P < 0.000 01) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.00-2.14, P = 0.05) in the DES-PCI group was significantly increased. Conclusion DES-PCI and CABG in the treatment of multi-vessel coronary disease has similar rates on death and myocardial infarction, but the patients taking DES-PCI have higher risk of stroke, target vascular reconstruction and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.
[Key words] Percutaneous coronary intervention; Coronary artery bypass grafting; Drug-eluting stents; Multi-vessel coronary disease; Meta-analysis; Systematic review
冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)曾是多支血管病變和左主干病變首選的治療措施,隨著經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,不斷優(yōu)化再血管化治療策略,藥物洗脫支架介入治療(DES-PCI)的應(yīng)用更好地改善了復(fù)雜冠狀動(dòng)脈病變患者的臨床結(jié)果,擴(kuò)展適應(yīng)證范圍。使用支架解決復(fù)雜冠狀動(dòng)脈病變?cè)絹?lái)越多地應(yīng)用于臨床,但關(guān)于DES-PCI在冠心病多支病變患者的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)資料不是很多,且存在分歧。本文重點(diǎn)對(duì)現(xiàn)有的研究做匯總分析,為臨床冠心病多支病變血運(yùn)重建策略提供決策依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 檢索策略
檢索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Science Director及中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)CBM、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于兩種治療方法對(duì)比的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(RCT)和觀察性研究,英文文獻(xiàn)檢索詞為“multivessel coronary disease、multi-vessel coronary artery disease、CABG、coronary artery bypass grafting、surgical revascularization、DES-PCI、drug-eluting stent”,中文文獻(xiàn)檢索詞為“多支冠狀動(dòng)脈病變、冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)、藥物洗脫支架”,均分別作關(guān)鍵詞、自由詞、主題詞檢索。檢索時(shí)限為建庫(kù)到2014年11月。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
研究類型為RCT(無(wú)論是否采用盲法)和前瞻性隊(duì)列研究;研究對(duì)象為冠脈多支病變;干預(yù)措施為試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組分別給予CABG與DES-PCI治療。隨訪≥12個(gè)月,失訪率≤20%。結(jié)局指標(biāo):至少有一個(gè)相關(guān)臨床終點(diǎn):死亡、心肌梗死(MI)、腦血管事件(Stroke)、靶血管血運(yùn)重建(TVR)和主要不良心腦血管事件(MACCE)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):?jiǎn)为?dú)使用裸金屬支架或者裸金屬支架聯(lián)合DES-PCI但未對(duì)DES-PCI和CABG進(jìn)行比較的研究;患者病變部位包括左主干病變。
1.3 納入研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)和資料提取
RCT研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)采用Jadad評(píng)分,隊(duì)列研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)采用NOS量表[1]。兩位研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)并提取資料。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用RevMan 5.2分析,利用χ2進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),P > 0.1,I2 < 50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型;反之先進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析和處理??紤]異質(zhì)性來(lái)源于某個(gè)研究時(shí),剔除該研究進(jìn)行敏感性分析,觀察剩余研究合并效應(yīng)量的變化,若仍無(wú)法消除異質(zhì)性,且異質(zhì)性較小時(shí),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析。二分類變量采用優(yōu)勢(shì)比(OR)為療效分析統(tǒng)計(jì)量,潛在的發(fā)表偏倚用漏斗圖示分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 納入研究的一般資料
初檢文獻(xiàn)417篇,排除重復(fù)及不符合要求文獻(xiàn)后,進(jìn)一步閱讀最終納入12篇[2-13],包括3個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)與9個(gè)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,共31 980例研究對(duì)象,其中DES-PCI 17 389例,CABG 14 591例。納入文獻(xiàn)概況及研究質(zhì)量評(píng)分見(jiàn)表1,患者基線資料見(jiàn)表2。漏斗圖評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 全因病死率分析
全部12項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行全因病死率分析,I2 = 72%,OR為1.01(95%CI:0.82~1.25),敏感性分析I2 = 56%,結(jié)果顯示病死率OR為0.92(95%CI:0.84~1.00),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)圖2。分層進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),隨訪3~5年,亞組、糖尿病亞組、3支病變亞組、亞洲亞組中無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(I2 = 0%、28%、0%、0%),隨訪3~5年,亞洲人群亞組中,DES-PCI組病死率較CABG組顯著降低(OR = 0.76,95%CI:0.64~0.90;OR = 0.76,95%CI:0.63~0.92),糖尿病亞組中,DES-PCI組病死率較CABG組顯著增高(OR = 1.58,95%CI:1.25~1.99)。
2.3 MI分析
10項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行心肌梗死率分析,I2 = 68%,OR為1.30(95%CI:0.88~1.92),敏感性分析I2 = 0%,結(jié)果顯示心肌梗死率OR為1.14(95%CI:0.91~1.44),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)圖3。分層進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),隨訪3~5年,亞組、亞洲亞組、歐美亞組中無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(I2 = 0%、14%、0%),隨訪3~5年,歐洲人群組中,心肌梗死率OR分別為1.14(95%CI:0.91~1.44)、1.21(95%CI:0.89~1.64)。
2.4 Stroke分析
7項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行Stroke率分析,I2 = 0%,結(jié)果顯示Stroke率OR為0.52(95%CI:0.38~0.72),DES-PCI組Stroke率較CABG組顯著降低,見(jiàn)圖4。分層進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在隨訪3~5年組、糖尿病亞組中無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(I2 = 0%、0%),隨訪3~5年及糖尿病患者亞組中,DES-PCI組Stroke發(fā)生率較CABG組顯著降低(OR = 0.55,95%CI:0.39~0.76;OR = 0.58,95%CI:0.36~0.96)。
2.5 TVR分析
9項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行TVR分析,I2 = 87%,敏感性分析I2 = 88%,隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析結(jié)果顯示TVR率OR為3.66(95%CI:2.23~5.76),DES-PCI組TVR率較CABG組顯著增高見(jiàn)圖5。分層進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)隨訪3~5年亞組無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(I2 = 34%),DES-PCI組TVR率較CABG組顯著增高(OR = 2.69,95%CI:2.28~3.16);糖尿病組、亞洲組均存在明顯異質(zhì)性,結(jié)果顯示亞洲組OR = 6.10,95%CI:2.69~13.81,糖尿病組OR = 1.84,95%CI:0.57~5.94。歐洲組I2 = 0%,OR = 2.24,95%CI:1.90~2.89,DES-PCI組TVR率較CABG組顯著增高。
2.6 MACCE分析
5項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行MACCE分析,I2 = 64%,存在異質(zhì)性,敏感性分析I2 = 70%,隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析結(jié)果顯示MACCE率OR為1.46(95%CI:1.00~2.14),DES-PCI組MACCE率較CABG組顯著增高,見(jiàn)圖6。分層進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,歐洲組I2 = 42%,OR = 1.40,95%CI:1.01~1.96。
3 討論
3.1 對(duì)于DES-PCI與CABG治療冠心病多支病變患者
既往研究提示兩種策略治療多支血管病變患者在病死率、MI、Stroke等方面無(wú)明顯差異[14-15],F(xiàn)REEDOM研究5年隨訪結(jié)果顯示,DES-PCI的使用發(fā)生病死率及MI比率更高,但能降低Stroke發(fā)生率;研究認(rèn)為,PCI與CABG術(shù)后病死率無(wú)區(qū)別[16]。對(duì)于不存在危險(xiǎn)因素的多支血管病變甚至左主干病變,CABG或PCI治療對(duì)患者的生存率、MACCE方面存在著分歧;但對(duì)于高危冠脈患者,特別是合并糖尿病的患者,CABG是公認(rèn)有效的血運(yùn)重建治療方案,長(zhǎng)期效果要優(yōu)于PCI治療。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CABG組和DEI-PCI組在全因死亡比較中沒(méi)有顯著性差異,可能是大量藥物支架的使用改善了預(yù)后。分層分析結(jié)果從遠(yuǎn)期療效看,CABG組病死率高于DES-PCI組,可能與研究納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排除了冠脈左主干病變有關(guān)。多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為,CABG降低再次血運(yùn)重建率,卻明顯提高腦血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),本研究也進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn),DES-PCI組在復(fù)雜冠心病患者的血運(yùn)重建中有著較高的靶血管血運(yùn)重建率,考慮主要與PCI術(shù)后血管支架內(nèi)再狹窄及支架內(nèi)血栓形成有關(guān)。
3.2 對(duì)于糖尿病多支病變患者
需要血運(yùn)重建的患者中,15%~25%為糖尿病患者[17],冠脈多支病變合并糖尿病患者的冠脈條件較差,無(wú)論選擇PCI還是CABG,糖尿病患者有較差的預(yù)后。既往研究對(duì)于合并有糖尿病、左主干病變患者等屬于冠心病的高?;颊?,CABG治療的結(jié)果要優(yōu)于PCI治療[18]。也有研究指出DES-PCI的高再次血運(yùn)重建率給患者帶來(lái)的是較差的預(yù)后,限制其在冠脈多支病變合并糖尿病患者的應(yīng)用[5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),西羅莫司藥物洗脫支架有著較高的再狹窄風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。TAXUS-Ⅳ研究證實(shí)在糖尿病患者使用紫杉醇藥物洗脫支架的血運(yùn)重建中,糖尿病為TVR的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素(OR = 1.54,95%CI:1.04~2.27)。本研究從糖尿病亞組看,與DES-PCI組比較,CABG組可顯著降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)也增加了發(fā)生Stroke的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但在MI與TVR上存在爭(zhēng)議,可能是使用亞組數(shù)據(jù)分析,弱化了研究強(qiáng)度,也可能是大量藥物支架的使用改善了預(yù)后。
3.3 研究的局限性
①隊(duì)列研究存設(shè)計(jì)偏倚、選擇偏倚、治療偏倚等固有缺陷;②納入的研究大部分使用第一代藥物支架,在新一代藥物支架時(shí)代無(wú)法確定CABG是否繼續(xù)保持優(yōu)勢(shì);③文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量有限,未對(duì)短期結(jié)局分析,無(wú)法更全面地了解兩種治療策略的安全性及療效。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-03 本文編輯:張瑜杰)