李貴忠+滿立波
[摘要] 目的 探討腎積水對(duì)尿結(jié)石患者尿液微生物分布和藥敏結(jié)果的影響。 方法 收集2012年1月~2015年2月于北京積水潭醫(yī)院泌尿外科行經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)尿結(jié)石患者115例,按是否合并腎積水分為腎積水組和無腎積水組,比較兩組患者之間膀胱尿培養(yǎng)、腎盂尿培養(yǎng)和血培養(yǎng)及藥敏結(jié)果之間的差異。 結(jié)果 本組115例患者,92例(80%)患者伴有腎積水,腎盂尿培養(yǎng)陽性在腎積水組與無腎積水組之間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.044)。腎積水組膀胱尿培養(yǎng)陽性患者44例(38%),腎盂尿培養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)陽性21例(18%),系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征31例(27%),血培養(yǎng)陽性5例(4%),在腎積水組,膀胱尿培養(yǎng)和腎盂尿液(k=0.176,P=0.049)以及血培養(yǎng)(k=0.012,P=0.88)培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致性較差;腎盂尿培養(yǎng)與血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致性較好(k=0.467,P=0.002)。無腎積水組,只有1例患者腎盂尿培養(yǎng)陽性,與尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致。腎積水組患者細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)最常見的細(xì)菌是革蘭陰性菌:大腸埃希菌、奇異桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌;在無腎積水組患者尿培養(yǎng)最常見的細(xì)菌是革蘭陽性菌:糞腸球菌和溶血葡萄球菌。在腎積水組和無腎積水組對(duì)革蘭陽性菌株最有效的抗生素萬古霉素、呋喃妥因、利福平。對(duì)革蘭陰性菌株最有效的藥物是美羅培南、哌拉西林他唑巴坦和阿莫西林-克拉維酸。 結(jié)論 在腎積水時(shí)腎盂尿液培養(yǎng)的微生物與膀胱尿液培養(yǎng)的微生物不一致,腎盂尿液培養(yǎng)結(jié)果對(duì)指導(dǎo)抗生素的使用更有意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 結(jié)石;腎積水;經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù);尿培養(yǎng)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R691.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)03(c)-0074-05
Influence of hydronephrosis on microbiological evaluation of patients with calculi
LI Guizhong MAN Libo
Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the influence of hydronephrosis on urine microbiological distribution and drug sensitivity results of patients with urinary calculi. Methods The data of patients with urinary calculi who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy in Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital were collected from January 2012 to February 2015. Based on the results of the imaging examination, patients were categorized as either the cases with hydronephrosis or the cases without hydronephrosis. The results of the culture from midstream urine, renal pelvic urine and blood, and drug sensitivity between the cases with hydronephrosis or the cases without hydronephrosis were compared. Results A total of 115 patients who fulfilled the criteria were recruited. Of these patients 92 patients (80%) had hydronephrosis. There was significant difference between the cases with hydronephrosis and the cases without hydronephrosis with regard to positive renal pelvis urine culture (P = 0.044). In patients with hydronephrosis, 44 cases (38%) had positive midstream urine culture, 21 cases had positive renal pelvic urine culture, 31 cases (27%) had systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 5 cases (4%) had positive blood culture. Pathogens colonizing the bladder urine of the patients seemed to differ from those colonizing the renal pelvis urine (k=0.176, P=0.049) and blood (k=0.012, P=0.88) of the patients with hydronephrosis. The result of renal pelvis urine culture had good consistency with the results of blood culture in patients with hydronephrosis (k=0.467, P=0.002). In patients without hydronephrosis, 1 case had positive renal pelvic urine culture, which was consistent with the result of bladder urine culture. The most frequent pathogens obtained from the urine culture of the patients with hydronephrosis were Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Singular coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most frequent pathogens obtained from the urine culture of the patients without hydronephrosis were Gram-positive bacteria: Enterococcus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. In the two groups, the most effective antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria were Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin and Rifampicin. The most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria were Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid. Conclusion In patients with hydronephrosis, the microorganism cultrued in renal pelvis urine is different form cultrued in bladder urine. The renal pelvis urine culture results have significance in guiding the use of antibiotics.
[Key words] Calculi; Hydronephrosis; Percutaneous neph-rolithotomy; Urine culture
經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)是處理上尿路復(fù)雜結(jié)石經(jīng)典的治療方法[1-2],術(shù)后10%~35%的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)[3-4]。一些腎積水的患者合并感染,往往比較嚴(yán)重,臨床常常根據(jù)膀胱尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果指導(dǎo)治療[5],然而膀胱尿液培養(yǎng)并不總是與腎盂尿液培養(yǎng)結(jié)果相符[6]。之前的研究沒有考慮到腎積水對(duì)結(jié)石患者微生物和經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)術(shù)后感染的影響。本文收集北京積水潭醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)泌尿外科行經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)尿結(jié)石患者,評(píng)價(jià)腎積水對(duì)患者微生物分布和抗生素的治療的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2012年1月~2015年2月于我院行經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)尿結(jié)石患者115例,平均年齡為(54±13)歲,男84例(73%),女31例(27%),所有患者均行泌尿系B型超聲及雙腎泌尿系CT平掃及結(jié)石三維重建,術(shù)前常規(guī)血尿常規(guī)生化檢查,術(shù)后1 d常規(guī)復(fù)查血尿常規(guī)以及肝腎電解質(zhì)生化檢查。采集患者病史以及既往史,排除糖尿病、慢性肝腎功能不全、使用免疫抑制劑以及近2周內(nèi)有急性感染性病史的患者。腎積水以B超和CT顯示腎盂、腎盞擴(kuò)張為準(zhǔn)。按照是否腎積水將患者分為腎積水組和無腎積水組,分析兩組之間年齡、性別、術(shù)前尿培養(yǎng)、術(shù)中腎盂尿培養(yǎng)及血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果的差異。共收集患者115例,其中,腎積水組92例,無腎積水組23例。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會(huì)同意,患者簽署知情同意書。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
患者取截石位,膀胱鏡下腎結(jié)石同側(cè)輸尿管行F6輸尿管導(dǎo)管逆行插管。接著患者取俯臥位,在彩色B型超聲引導(dǎo)下采用美國COOK公司穿刺套裝行18G穿刺針穿刺并擴(kuò)張建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通道。采用4代EMS超聲碎石清石系統(tǒng)清除結(jié)石。
1.3 細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)及藥敏試驗(yàn)
患者術(shù)前1周標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法留取尿液行尿培養(yǎng)及藥敏試驗(yàn)。手術(shù)時(shí)超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮腎臟穿刺時(shí)抽取尿液送檢細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)。按照歐洲臨床微生物學(xué)和感染疾病學(xué)會(huì)規(guī)定尿路感染細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定[7]。所有出現(xiàn)SIRS的患者均行即刻采集肘靜脈血行血培養(yǎng)及藥敏檢查[8-9]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 11.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,兩組之間比較采用Pearson χ2檢驗(yàn)、Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)和Kappa一致性檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 腎積水組和無腎積水組患者差異性比較
本組115例患者,92例(80%)伴有腎積水。腎積水組與無腎積水組患者腎盂尿培養(yǎng)陽性比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.044);兩組年齡、尿白細(xì)胞陽性、膀胱尿培養(yǎng)陽性、血培養(yǎng)陽性和術(shù)后SIRS比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 患者細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果比較
腎積水組膀胱尿培養(yǎng)和腎盂尿液培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致性較差(k=0.176,P=0.049),膀胱尿培養(yǎng)與血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致性較差(k=0.012,P=0.880),見表2;腎積水組腎盂尿培養(yǎng)與血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致性較好(k=0.467,P=0.002),見表3。無腎積水組,膀胱尿培養(yǎng)陽性8例,只有1例患者腎盂尿培養(yǎng)陽性,與膀胱尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致。
2.3 細(xì)菌菌落分布情況
2.3.1 腎積水組微生物情況 在腎積水組患者中最常見的細(xì)菌是革蘭陰性菌:大腸埃希菌(11株)、奇異桿菌(9株)和銅綠假單胞菌(5株);最常見的革蘭陽性菌是糞腸球菌(9株)、溶血葡萄球菌(7株)和表皮葡萄球菌(5株)。見表4。
2.3.2 無腎積水組微生物分布情況 無腎積水組患者尿培養(yǎng)最常見的細(xì)菌是革蘭陽性菌:糞腸球菌(3株)和溶血葡萄球菌(2株)。相比較而言,無腎積水組患者尿培養(yǎng)中革蘭陰性菌僅是銅綠假單胞菌(2株)和肺炎克雷伯菌(1株)。見表4。
2.4 抗生素敏感試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
腎積水組和無腎積水組對(duì)革蘭陽性菌株最有效的抗生素為萬古霉素(100%)、呋喃妥因(100%)、利福平(80%~100%),對(duì)紅霉素(0)、克林霉素(0)、苯唑西林(0~40%)和甲氧芐胺嘧啶-磺胺甲■唑(17%~40%)敏感性差。見表5。
腎積水組對(duì)革蘭陰性菌株最有效的藥物是美羅培南(100%)、亞胺培南(0~100%)、哌拉西林他唑巴坦(89%~100%)、阿莫西林-克拉維酸(89%~100%)和阿米卡星(44%~100%)。然而,對(duì)甲氧芐胺嘧啶-磺胺甲■唑(0~55%)、阿莫西林(0~36%)、頭孢唑啉(0)、頭孢噻肟(36%~60%)和左氧氟沙星(0~18%)敏感性差。見表6。
3 討論
梗阻使得尿流阻斷,導(dǎo)致泌尿系統(tǒng)自行防御系統(tǒng)受損,尿流停滯使細(xì)菌有機(jī)會(huì)在尿液中繁殖生長和黏附于尿路上皮[10]。發(fā)生梗阻的腎臟難以濃縮和分泌抗生素,導(dǎo)致感染,感染可以迅速破壞腎實(shí)質(zhì)并威脅患者生命[11-12]。輕度的腎盂腎炎如果出現(xiàn)尿路梗阻也常常變得威脅患者生命[13]。
泌尿外科常常遇到腎積水合并感染的情況,常通過尿培養(yǎng)來確定病原微生物[14]。因?yàn)槟蛄鞯淖钄啵蚺囵B(yǎng)結(jié)果是否能夠反映腎盂尿液的情況,目前研究甚少。Stamey用輸尿管導(dǎo)管來定位菌尿的位置,可以將感染定位到膀胱、一側(cè)腎臟和兩側(cè)腎臟,大量菌尿時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)45%僅有膀胱感染,27%為單側(cè)腎菌尿,28%為雙側(cè)腎菌尿[11]。腎結(jié)石患者行經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)時(shí)膀胱尿液尿培養(yǎng)并不總是與腎盂尿液培養(yǎng)結(jié)果相符[6]。Korets等[15]研究表明,在21例腎盂尿培養(yǎng)陽性的患者中7例膀胱尿培養(yǎng)陰性,雖然結(jié)石和膀胱尿培養(yǎng)的一致性達(dá)70%,但是也表明膀胱尿培養(yǎng)并不能很好地反映腎盂尿液和結(jié)石培養(yǎng)的情況。上述研究沒有考慮梗阻的影響,沒有明確腎積水對(duì)微生物評(píng)價(jià)的影響。
本研究將患者分為腎積水組和無腎積水組分別加以比較。腎積水組患者腎盂細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽性例數(shù)明顯多于無腎積水組患者。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),膀胱尿培養(yǎng)與腎盂尿液(k=0.18,P=0.049)以及血培養(yǎng)(k=0.01,P=0.88)結(jié)果一致性較差;腎盂尿培養(yǎng)與血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果一致性較好(k=0.47,P=0.002)??梢娫谀I積水時(shí)腎盂尿培養(yǎng)才能真正反映上尿路細(xì)菌的情況,腎盂尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果與血培養(yǎng)的結(jié)果相符。本研究血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果陽性均為腎積水組患者,細(xì)菌為大腸埃希菌、肺炎桿菌、溶血葡萄球菌和屎腸球菌。因此,在經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS時(shí)腎盂尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果對(duì)于指導(dǎo)抗生素使用更有意義。其他研究也證實(shí),梗阻系統(tǒng)存在感染的情況下膀胱尿培養(yǎng)可以是無菌的[6]。
Eswara等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),膀胱尿液、結(jié)石和血培養(yǎng)最常見的微生物是大腸埃希菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和腸球菌。Dogan等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),膀胱尿液、腎盂尿和結(jié)石培養(yǎng)最常見的病原菌是肺炎克雷伯桿菌、大腸埃希菌和金黃色葡萄球菌。Korets等[15]證實(shí),術(shù)前膀胱尿液、腎盂尿和結(jié)石培養(yǎng)的病原菌最常見的依次為腸球菌、肺炎克雷伯桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌。上述結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)由膀胱尿液、腎盂和結(jié)石培養(yǎng)獲得的病原菌的是不一致的,這些研究也忽略了腎積水對(duì)結(jié)石患者病原菌的影響。Mariappan等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),在伴有腎積水的患者中腎盂尿培養(yǎng)的檢出率更高,但該研究沒有進(jìn)一步區(qū)分腎積水組與無腎積水組之間的差異。本研究表明,腎積水組和無腎積水組患者尿液培養(yǎng)病原微生物明顯不同。腎積水組患者中最常見的細(xì)菌是革蘭陰性菌:大腸埃希菌、奇異桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌,最常見的革蘭陽性菌是糞腸球菌和溶血葡萄球菌;無腎積水組患者尿培養(yǎng)最常見的細(xì)菌是革蘭陽性菌:糞腸球菌和溶血葡萄球菌。相比較而言,在無腎積水組的患者尿培養(yǎng)中革蘭陰性菌僅是銅綠假單胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。
合理的抗生素預(yù)防應(yīng)該耐受性好、效率高,其抗菌譜應(yīng)覆蓋經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)術(shù)后常見的病原菌[17]。由于不同類型的微生物是從膀胱尿液和腎盂尿中分離培養(yǎng),因此經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石術(shù)術(shù)后預(yù)防性抗生素,應(yīng)覆蓋革蘭陰性菌和革蘭陽性菌,應(yīng)該有高腎排泄率[18]。最新的抗生素臨床指南推薦結(jié)石手術(shù)預(yù)防使用抗生素包括:磺胺甲■唑甲氧芐啶,第一、第二和第三代頭孢菌素,氨芐西林,氨基糖苷類+甲硝唑或克林霉素[19-20]。本研究表明,在腎積水組和無腎積水組對(duì)革蘭陽性菌株最有效的抗生素為萬古霉素、呋喃妥因、利福平,對(duì)革蘭陰性菌株最有效的藥物為美羅培南、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、阿莫西林-克拉維酸。
總之,本研究表明腎積水對(duì)于尿路系統(tǒng)微生物的評(píng)價(jià)有影響,在腎積水時(shí)腎盂尿培養(yǎng)的微生物與膀胱尿液培養(yǎng)的微生物不一致,在發(fā)生SIRS時(shí),腎盂尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果對(duì)指導(dǎo)抗生素的使用更有意義,最好根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果使用抗生素,常規(guī)經(jīng)驗(yàn)用藥在有些情況下并不敏感,如果發(fā)生嚴(yán)重感染,碳青霉烯類抗生素和萬古霉素仍然是最有效的抗生素。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-22 本文編輯:程 銘)