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P2X7受體與年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性

2017-05-09 11:22戴樂(lè)舒王詩(shī)惠宋劍濤
中國(guó)中醫(yī)眼科雜志 2017年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:陽(yáng)離子氧化應(yīng)激視網(wǎng)膜

戴樂(lè)舒,王詩(shī)惠,宋劍濤

年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性 (age-related macular degeneration,AMD)是一種以中心視力損害為表現(xiàn)并可導(dǎo)致不可逆性視力嚴(yán)重下降的眼病。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)全世界有3000萬(wàn)~5000萬(wàn)AMD患者[1]。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家AMD患病率在9.1%~20.9%之間,發(fā)展中國(guó)家是3.1%~10.6%[2]。有資料表明在1990年~2010年,AMD是全球第三位致盲原因[3],預(yù)計(jì)到2020年將有1.96億人受到AMD的影響,到2040年數(shù)值將增加到2.88億[4]。AMD的危險(xiǎn)因素包括吸煙、飲酒、高血壓、肥胖等[5],AMD的發(fā)生與多種因素有關(guān),其形成機(jī)制可能與視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮 (retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)的衰老、代謝、光損傷、氧化損傷、免疫炎癥因素、遺傳及基因突變[6-8]等有關(guān),但仍未完全明了。目前的治療方法有光動(dòng)力學(xué)療法和抗血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)藥物等[9],但這主要針對(duì)濕性AMD,且需要重復(fù)治療,治療后脈絡(luò)膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)可能復(fù)發(fā),不能從根本上解決問(wèn)題,因而深入研究AMD有重要意義。我們?cè)?jīng)綜述P2X4受體在視網(wǎng)膜小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及光損傷作用[10],P2X7受體與 P2X4受體為P2X同一亞型,視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)感覺(jué)層及RPE層中均有表達(dá),P2X7受體作為一種非選擇性的陽(yáng)離子通道受體,涉及氧化應(yīng)激、細(xì)胞凋亡、炎癥過(guò)程[6],而這些過(guò)程與AMD的形成密切相關(guān),現(xiàn)將有關(guān)內(nèi)容綜述如下。

1 P2X7受體

P2X7受體(P2X7R)是嘌呤受體的一個(gè)亞型,嘌呤受體是以嘌呤和嘧啶為配體的膜分子。依據(jù)配體的差異,嘌呤受體分為P1和P2兩大類,依據(jù)分子結(jié)構(gòu)和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)方式的差異,P2型受體又分為P2X和P2Y兩類受體,P2X型受體共發(fā)現(xiàn)有7型,即P2X1~P2X7[11]。P2X受體是響應(yīng)于細(xì)胞外腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的結(jié)合而打開(kāi)的膜離子通道,脊椎動(dòng)物中的7個(gè)基因編碼P2X受體亞基,其氨基酸序列中40%~50%相同,每個(gè)亞基具有兩個(gè)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,被細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域(大約280個(gè)氨基酸)隔開(kāi)。P2X受體具有與其他離子通道蛋白家族不同的分子結(jié)構(gòu),具有多種獨(dú)特的功能特性[12],所有的P2X受體對(duì)小的單價(jià)陽(yáng)離子均是可滲透的,一些P2X受體具有顯著的鈣離子或陰離子的滲透性。激活P2X7受體會(huì)使?jié)B透性增加,可滲透較大的有機(jī)陽(yáng)離子,包括一些熒光染料。P2X7受體在多種類型細(xì)胞表達(dá),包括上皮細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞、造血組織等,在這些組織中可見(jiàn)其功能性反應(yīng)[13]。

P2X7受體首先在免疫細(xì)胞中被發(fā)現(xiàn),之后從大鼠大腦中克隆出來(lái),現(xiàn)在已被證實(shí)廣泛表達(dá)于上皮細(xì)胞,包括眼部的上皮細(xì)胞及RPE[14]。人、猴及嚙齒類動(dòng)物的視網(wǎng)膜中均發(fā)現(xiàn)有P2X7受體存在,但分布情況并不相同。人P2X7受體蛋白存在于內(nèi)叢狀層、外叢狀層、Müller細(xì)胞、RPE細(xì)胞,P2X7受體mRNA表達(dá)在內(nèi)層視網(wǎng)膜和節(jié)細(xì)胞,而猴視網(wǎng)膜Müller細(xì)胞、RPE細(xì)胞未發(fā)現(xiàn)有P2X7受體[15-18]。在嚙齒動(dòng)物中,P2X7受體廣泛表達(dá)在內(nèi)層視網(wǎng)膜及外層視網(wǎng)膜,節(jié)細(xì)胞、無(wú)長(zhǎng)突細(xì)胞、水平細(xì)胞、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、光感受器細(xì)胞都表達(dá)有P2X7受體或功能性P2X7受體[19-20]。P2X7受體是由595個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成,包含氨基端(N端)和羧基端(C端),它是一種兩次跨膜的蛋白,其N端和C端均在細(xì)胞內(nèi),在細(xì)胞膜上形成三個(gè)或更多個(gè)同源亞基組成的多聚體[21](分子結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)圖1)。

P2X7受體與其他P2X受體的不同在于P2X7受體位于胞內(nèi)的氨基酸有239個(gè),顯著多于其他已知ATP受體亞型羧基端氨基酸的數(shù)量(27~129個(gè)),此結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)決定了P2X7功能的特異性[22]。P2X7受體遇到低劑量ATP刺激,膜通道可逆性打開(kāi),可使小的陽(yáng)離子滲透(如Na+,Ca2+),如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露在高劑量ATP下,會(huì)導(dǎo)致非選擇性滲透大分子(900 Da),這會(huì)引起細(xì)胞凋亡或壞死[23-24]。老化與促炎細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子相關(guān)[25-26],氧化應(yīng)激是衰老標(biāo)志,氧化應(yīng)激與各種年齡相關(guān)疾病有聯(lián)系,如老年癡呆、年齡相關(guān)性黃斑病變等,大量研究顯示,P2X7受體參與了AMD氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)等老化過(guò)程[15,27]。

圖1 P2X7受體(P2X7R)分子結(jié)構(gòu)

2 RPE中的P2X7受體

P2X7受體表達(dá)于RPE中,并隨年齡增長(zhǎng)上調(diào)[28]。在正常的生理?xiàng)l件下,P2X7受體活性維持在低水平,由細(xì)胞外二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子濃度和細(xì)胞外低濃度量ATP維持[29-30]。細(xì)胞外二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子似乎改變了ATP結(jié)合的親和力[31],低濃度ATP不激活P2X7受體,但是在應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,RPE細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)視網(wǎng)膜都能釋放ATP,ATP作用在RPE細(xì)胞及光感受器中P2X受體[32-33]。ATP是一種內(nèi)源性P2X7受體激動(dòng)劑,而苯甲酰苯甲酸ATP[2’,3’-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP,BzATP]是一種合成的、選擇性的 P2X7受體激動(dòng)劑[12],當(dāng)刺激 6 h或 24 h后,ATP和BzATP均可誘導(dǎo)RPE凋亡。P2X7受體經(jīng)ATP或BzATP的活化,打開(kāi)了Ca2+膜通道,可促使RPE細(xì)胞死亡。氧化ATP能明顯地抑制ATP或BzATP誘導(dǎo)Ca2+的流入和RPE的凋亡。BzATP誘導(dǎo)的RPE凋亡可以被P2X7受體的拮抗劑亮藍(lán)G(brilliant blue G,BBG)、1-[N,O-二(5-異喹啉磺?;?-N-甲基-L-型酪氨酸]-4-苯基哌嗪(KN-62)和氧化型ATP(oxidized ATP,oATP)抑制,細(xì)胞外或細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+減少,能明顯抑制或阻斷ATP誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[32]。已有的研究結(jié)果[31-33]提示:P2X7受體和ATP或BzATP誘導(dǎo)的RPE鈣信號(hào)和凋亡有關(guān);因此,鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)失常和激活P2X7受體膜孔形成,是AMD中RPE凋亡的可能原因。

3 P2X7受體在AMD病理過(guò)程中的作用

RPE是維持視網(wǎng)膜光感受器細(xì)胞健康的內(nèi)環(huán)境,組織受到炎癥、損傷、感染等刺激,會(huì)引起細(xì)胞外的ATP釋放增加,P2X7受體激活膜孔形成,鈣離子內(nèi)流,RPE細(xì)胞凋亡,干性AMD發(fā)生;同時(shí)激活P2X7受體,釋放活性氧,刺激慢性氧化應(yīng)激發(fā)生,使RPE細(xì)胞老化,導(dǎo)致AMD發(fā)生[34-35]。另一方面,P2X7受體激活后,也激活p38,p38調(diào)節(jié)白細(xì)胞介素-8(interleukin-1,IL-8)和VEGF,激發(fā)血管生長(zhǎng)形成濕性AMD。氧化應(yīng)激,炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞死亡都與AMD形成相關(guān),這已被廣泛認(rèn)識(shí),P2X7受體參與了AMD氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)等過(guò)程,P2X7受體激活引起鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)失常也是AMD形成的可能原因[36]。

在干性AMD中,RPE首先損傷,進(jìn)一步引起光感受器細(xì)胞、脈絡(luò)膜血管功能損傷。在濕性AMD中,光感受器細(xì)胞損傷,脈絡(luò)膜新生血管形成,伴發(fā)視網(wǎng)膜下出血。Notomi S等[37]從濕性AMD(伴有視網(wǎng)膜下出血)患者中提取玻璃體,檢測(cè)ATP含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)ATP含量明顯增加;在一項(xiàng)體外研究中,Notomi S等用鼠視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)ATP大量釋放,光感受器細(xì)胞凋亡,半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶9(caspases-9)激活,凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子從線粒體移位到細(xì)胞核,表明線粒體細(xì)胞凋亡途徑參與ATP誘導(dǎo)的光感受器細(xì)胞損傷。BBG(brilliant blue G)是一個(gè)選擇性P2X7受體拮抗劑,可以抑制視網(wǎng)膜下出血小鼠模型光感受器細(xì)胞的凋亡。在干性AMD的發(fā)展中,P2X7受體也起了重要作用,在一項(xiàng)體外研究,使用人類RPE細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)P2X7受體表達(dá)在人類RPE細(xì)胞,P2X7受體激活可誘導(dǎo)RPE細(xì)胞凋亡[32]。

4 總結(jié)與展望

綜上所述,表達(dá)于人視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)感覺(jué)層及RPE層中的P2X7受體參與了AMD的病理過(guò)程,P2X7受體被激活導(dǎo)致鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)失常、RPE損傷細(xì)胞凋亡等氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。在過(guò)去的十幾年里,人們對(duì)P2X7受體的研究已經(jīng)取得了較大進(jìn)展,但是要闡明P2X7受體在AMD中的病理生理作用及其對(duì)AMD進(jìn)程的調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程,仍需要進(jìn)一步深入研究,這對(duì)于探索新的治療AMD的方法可能起到重要的指導(dǎo)作用。

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