童文卿, 王明海, 吳俊國(guó)
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五人民醫(yī)院骨科,上海 200240
·論 著·
前外側(cè)入路雙鋼板固定治療Holstein-Lewis骨折
童文卿, 王明海, 吳俊國(guó)
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五人民醫(yī)院骨科,上海 200240
目的: 探討前外側(cè)入路雙鋼板內(nèi)固定治療Holstein-Lewis骨折的療效。方法: 2003年1月至2015年3月,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五人民醫(yī)院收治45例Holstein-Lewis骨折患者。男32例,女13例,年齡21~52歲,平均36.8歲,均合并橈神經(jīng)損傷。經(jīng)臂部前外側(cè)入路探查橈神經(jīng)后,復(fù)位骨折端,植入3.5 mm加壓鋼板,置于肱骨干前及外側(cè)聯(lián)合固定。橈神經(jīng)根據(jù)損傷程度予以修補(bǔ)或松解。記錄術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,骨折愈合時(shí)間,橈神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間,肩、肘關(guān)節(jié)屈伸范圍。采用UCLA肩關(guān)節(jié)和Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)價(jià)療效。結(jié)果: 本組患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。隨訪8~36個(gè)月,平均15.3個(gè)月。骨折愈合時(shí)間3~6個(gè)月,平均3.9個(gè)月。41例橈神經(jīng)嵌壓水腫及不完全斷裂患者于術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月恢復(fù),平均4.8個(gè)月;4例橈神經(jīng)完全斷裂患者于2年后伸腕、伸指功能完全恢復(fù)。本組患者術(shù)后肩關(guān)節(jié)外展155°~165°,平均160°。肘關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍125°~135°,平均128.5°。根據(jù)加州大學(xué)肩關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(UCLA)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)45例。根據(jù)Mayo評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),肘關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)42例,良3例。結(jié)論: 前外側(cè)入路雙鋼板固定治療Holstein-Lewis骨折,具有內(nèi)固定可靠,肌群損傷小,橈神經(jīng)探查修補(bǔ)便利的特點(diǎn),是一種安全可靠的治療方式。
前外側(cè)入路;雙鋼板固定;橈神經(jīng)損傷;Holstein-Lewis骨折
肱骨干骨折是常見(jiàn)的上肢骨折,占所有骨折的3%~5%[1-2]。肱骨下1/3骨折是指中段以下至肱骨髁上2 cm之間的骨折,由于易損傷此處的干部滋養(yǎng)動(dòng)脈影響斷端血供,故不愈合率為肱骨干骨折最高[3-4]。Holstein-Lewis骨折是指伴橈神經(jīng)嵌壓損傷的肱骨下1/3骨折,臨床多選用手術(shù)治療,其中切開(kāi)復(fù)位鋼板內(nèi)固定為主要手術(shù)方式[5-7]。由于骨折呈長(zhǎng)螺旋形,伴蝶形骨片多見(jiàn),同時(shí)存在橈神經(jīng)嵌壓損傷,內(nèi)固定穩(wěn)定性及手術(shù)入路需仔細(xì)考量。復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五人民醫(yī)院2003年1月至2015年3月收治了45例Holstein-Lewis骨折,采用前外側(cè)入路雙鋼板固定手術(shù)治療,現(xiàn)回顧分析如下。
1.1 選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):肱骨下1/3骨折伴內(nèi)側(cè)柱大塊蝶形骨折片,斷端不穩(wěn)定,需手術(shù)內(nèi)固定;合并橈神經(jīng)損傷,骨折呈長(zhǎng)螺旋形,由外上斜向內(nèi)下,外側(cè)緣骨折端平均高度為髁上9 cm,與橈神經(jīng)穿外側(cè)肌間隔進(jìn)入臂部前方位置接近,易嵌壓損傷,需探查或修補(bǔ)[8-9]。同時(shí)滿足兩點(diǎn)為入選病例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):?jiǎn)渭児钦畚春喜锷窠?jīng)損傷,骨折延伸至遠(yuǎn)端關(guān)節(jié)面,病理性骨折,陳舊性骨折。
1.2 一般資料 本組45例中,男32例,女13例,年齡21~52歲,平均36.8歲。致傷原因:交通傷29例,墜落傷9例,機(jī)器卷傷4例,掰手腕傷3例,均合并橈神經(jīng)損傷。受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間2~5 d,平均3.2 d。
1.3 手術(shù)方法 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:確診后長(zhǎng)臂支具固定,消腫止痛治療,指導(dǎo)患者肱二頭肌等長(zhǎng)收縮鍛煉及腕、指關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)伸直功能訓(xùn)練。告知患者橈神經(jīng)損傷恢復(fù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),給予心理支持,促進(jìn)術(shù)后康復(fù)。手術(shù)步驟:采用臂叢阻滯麻醉或全麻,患者仰臥位,患肩墊高,稍屈肘,消毒包扎便于牽引復(fù)位。行前外側(cè)入路,自肱肌與肱橈肌間顯露橈神經(jīng),順神經(jīng)向上分離至肱三頭肌與肱肌間。發(fā)現(xiàn)橈神經(jīng)于穿外側(cè)肌間隔處嵌壓于肱骨外側(cè)緣骨折斷端內(nèi),其中完全斷裂4例,部分?jǐn)嗔?例,余皆為水腫表現(xiàn)。保護(hù)神經(jīng)牽開(kāi)后,先處理骨折,適當(dāng)分離外側(cè)緣骨折端骨膜,注意保護(hù)內(nèi)側(cè)蝶形骨塊處骨膜的完整性,復(fù)位后選擇3.5 mm加壓鋼板置于肱骨下段外側(cè)骨嵴及前方骨面平坦處聯(lián)合固定,雙鋼板呈相對(duì)垂直平面放置,提高生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。骨折穩(wěn)定后處理橈神經(jīng),斷端以11-0顯微外科縫線行神經(jīng)鞘膜縫合,水腫嚴(yán)重者予松解。關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面前,注意將修補(bǔ)探查的橈神經(jīng)外置:切開(kāi)肱橈肌膜,將橈神經(jīng)埋入肱橈肌纖維中縫合肌膜,避免與鋼板產(chǎn)生觸面而誘發(fā)粘連刺激癥狀。放置引流,縫合切口。
1.4 術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后24~48 h預(yù)防性使用抗生素,甲鈷胺靜滴促進(jìn)橈神經(jīng)恢復(fù),腫脹明顯者予脫水劑。神經(jīng)斷裂修補(bǔ)者術(shù)后屈肘,伸腕、指位長(zhǎng)臂石膏托固定,余者用頸腕吊帶懸吊保護(hù)患肢,鼓勵(lì)患者早期行肩肘關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉,腕指關(guān)節(jié)背伸功能訓(xùn)練。6周可部分持重物,骨折愈合后完全負(fù)重。術(shù)后2周復(fù)查X線片,出院后每月隨訪,至骨折愈合,如患者有需求可拆除內(nèi)固定。
1.5 療效評(píng)價(jià) 記錄術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,骨折愈合時(shí)間,橈神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間,肩、肘關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍。采用UCLA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]評(píng)價(jià)肩關(guān)節(jié),包括疼痛、功能、前屈功能及力量、滿意度5項(xiàng),共35分,34~35分為優(yōu)。Mayo標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]評(píng)價(jià)肘關(guān)節(jié),包括疼痛、運(yùn)動(dòng)、穩(wěn)定性、日常生活功能4項(xiàng),共100分,90分以上為優(yōu)。
2.1 手術(shù)療效 本組患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。獲隨訪8~36個(gè)月,平均15.3個(gè)月。骨折愈合時(shí)間3~6個(gè)月,平均3.9個(gè)月。41例橈神經(jīng)嵌壓水腫及不完全斷裂患者于術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月恢復(fù),平均4.8個(gè)月;4例橈神經(jīng)完全斷裂患者于2年后伸腕、伸指功能完全恢復(fù)。本組患者術(shù)后肩關(guān)節(jié)外展155°~165°,平均160°。肘關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍125°~135°,平均128.5°。根據(jù)UCLA評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)45例。根據(jù)Mayo評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),肘關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)42例,良3例。
2.2 典型病例 典型患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)及功能位像見(jiàn)圖1。
3.1 Holsetin-Lewis骨折的特殊性 肱骨下段呈三棱柱型,略前傾,此處骨質(zhì)扁薄,為松質(zhì)骨與密質(zhì)骨的交界處,是應(yīng)力的脆弱點(diǎn)。Holstein-Lewis骨折屬于特殊類型的肱骨下段骨折,骨折端外側(cè)緣平均高度為髁上9 cm,內(nèi)側(cè)緣為6 cm,骨折線呈長(zhǎng)螺旋狀,由外上斜向內(nèi)下,常伴隨內(nèi)側(cè)柱大塊蝶形骨折塊。由于外側(cè)緣骨折端高度與橈神經(jīng)穿外側(cè)肌間隔進(jìn)入臂部前肌間室的位置鄰近,此處橈神經(jīng)較固定,且骨折線斜向內(nèi)下,與橈神經(jīng)下行方向一致,易嵌入損傷[12-13]。
3.2 手術(shù)入路選擇 前外側(cè)入路優(yōu)點(diǎn):Holstein-Lewis骨折外側(cè)緣起自髁上9 cm,此處也是橈神經(jīng)穿行外側(cè)肌間隔的位置,故前外側(cè)手術(shù)切口入路既滿足骨折暴露固定需求,亦達(dá)到探查修補(bǔ)嵌壓橈神經(jīng)的目的[14]。切口遠(yuǎn)端自肱肌與肱橈肌間顯露橈神經(jīng),順神經(jīng)向上分離至肱肌與肱三頭肌間,操作沿肌間隙展開(kāi),對(duì)軟組織損傷小,降低關(guān)節(jié)周圍粘連和骨化性肌炎發(fā)生率。暴露充分,沿切口可直視斷端前、外及后側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu),便于復(fù)位固定,垂直放置雙鋼板于理想位置,增加穩(wěn)定性[15]。鋼板固定于肱骨干前方平坦及外側(cè)骨嵴處,表面肱肌和肱橈肌覆蓋,避免對(duì)肱二、三頭肌的醫(yī)源性損傷,利于術(shù)后功能鍛煉。術(shù)中無(wú)需顯露尺神經(jīng),避免副損傷。
圖1 右側(cè)Holstein-Lewis骨折
3.3 內(nèi)固定的選擇及放置 肱骨為長(zhǎng)管狀骨,適合鋼板內(nèi)固定治療[16]。Livani等[17]采用微創(chuàng)單鋼板前置固定治療肱骨中下段骨折,取得良好療效。但Holstein- Lewis骨折線更低位,接近肘關(guān)節(jié),同時(shí)伴內(nèi)側(cè)大塊蝶形骨折片,單鋼板固定骨折遠(yuǎn)端螺釘少,把持力低,抗扭矩差,影響早期功能鍛煉?!捌叫袖摪寮夹g(shù),拱橋理論”的提出[18],驗(yàn)證了雙鋼板于不同平面行雙柱固定,能為早期活動(dòng)提供最大的穩(wěn)定性,從而成為肱骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的經(jīng)典術(shù)式,但也存在入路波及肱三頭肌及鷹嘴等肘關(guān)節(jié)鄰近結(jié)構(gòu),需探查尺神經(jīng)等缺點(diǎn)。雙加壓鋼板的應(yīng)用,使肱骨骨折遠(yuǎn)、近端均有足夠數(shù)量的螺釘固定,鋼板相互垂直,其合力軸線接近肱骨髓腔中心,使鋼板可以承受來(lái)自各方向的應(yīng)力負(fù)荷[19]。肱骨下段前方骨面平坦,適合放置鋼板,表面有肱肌保護(hù),避免對(duì)肱二頭肌的干擾。肱骨外側(cè)柱較粗大,骨量充分,沿骨嵴可放置另一塊鋼板,通過(guò)鋼板可對(duì)內(nèi)側(cè)柱蝶形骨片復(fù)位固定。雙鋼板前外側(cè)垂直放置,充分提供了固定的穩(wěn)定性,對(duì)伸屈肘裝置干擾小,保證了早期功能鍛煉的執(zhí)行,提高了術(shù)后療效。
3.4 手術(shù)操作體會(huì) Holstein-Lewis骨折存在橈神經(jīng)損傷,前外側(cè)手術(shù)入路取肱肌與肱橈肌間隙進(jìn)入,由遠(yuǎn)及近向上暴露橈神經(jīng)至骨折處損傷段,適當(dāng)游離并保護(hù)斷端或水腫挫傷段,以避免手術(shù)復(fù)位骨折端造成的次生傷,前臂保持旋后位,使向外牽開(kāi)的橈神經(jīng)松弛。前置鋼板需劈開(kāi)肱肌,置于其深面,肱肌為雙重神經(jīng)支配,外側(cè)為橈神經(jīng)支配,內(nèi)側(cè)為肌皮神經(jīng)支配,選擇中外1/3交界處縱向分離肱肌,牽開(kāi)肌肉時(shí)緊靠骨面,避免損傷內(nèi)側(cè)肌皮神經(jīng)。雙鋼板垂直放置,對(duì)于螺釘錯(cuò)開(kāi)分布要求較高。前置鋼板由于肱骨面平坦,較易放置,螺釘選擇空間大;外側(cè)鋼板應(yīng)適當(dāng)塑形,沿骨嵴放置且需同時(shí)兼顧經(jīng)鋼板固定內(nèi)側(cè)蝶形骨折塊, 故需首先放置。螺釘遠(yuǎn)端需位于冠狀窩以上,避免影響肘關(guān)節(jié)周圍韌帶及關(guān)節(jié)囊,減少術(shù)后粘連所致的肘關(guān)節(jié)伸屈障礙。前置鋼板置入近端螺釘時(shí)需外旋臂部,限制鉆頭深度,避免損傷緊貼肱骨中段后側(cè)的橈神經(jīng)。同理外側(cè)鋼板的螺釘鉆孔時(shí)避免損傷內(nèi)側(cè)肱血管及正中神經(jīng)。骨折固定后進(jìn)行橈神經(jīng)損傷處理,應(yīng)在屈肘位神經(jīng)無(wú)張力狀態(tài)下修補(bǔ),斷裂者以11-0顯微外科縫線作鞘膜縫合,水腫嚴(yán)重者予松解。修復(fù)后注意將橈神經(jīng)外置,即切開(kāi)肱橈肌肌膜,將橈神經(jīng)埋入肱橈肌纖維中再縫合肌膜,避免與鋼板產(chǎn)生觸面而誘發(fā)粘連刺激癥狀。術(shù)畢切口內(nèi)放置負(fù)壓引流,充分排出積血,防止血腫形成及骨化性肌炎發(fā)生。術(shù)后進(jìn)行手術(shù)記錄時(shí)詳細(xì)描述神經(jīng)損傷處理步驟及最終放置部位,必要時(shí)畫圖標(biāo)明,以便于日后取內(nèi)固定時(shí)找到橈神經(jīng),避免二次醫(yī)源性損傷。
綜上所述,經(jīng)前外側(cè)入路雙鋼板固定治療Holstein-Lewis骨折具有內(nèi)固定牢靠,伸屈肌群損傷小,橈神經(jīng)探查修補(bǔ)便利的優(yōu)點(diǎn),是一種安全可靠的治療方式。但此類病種具有特殊性,病例數(shù)較少,二次手術(shù)取出內(nèi)固定后是否容易再骨折及遠(yuǎn)期橈神經(jīng)相關(guān)癥狀,尚需進(jìn)一步觀察明確。
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[本文編輯] 葉 婷, 曉 路
Anterolateral approach for internal fixation of Holstein-Lewis fractures with double plates
TONG Wen-qing, WANG Ming-hai, WU Jun-guo
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
Objective: To explore the effectiveness of the anterolateral approach for internal fixation of Holstein-Lewis fractures with double plates.Methods: From January 2003 to March 2014, 45 patients with Holstein-Lewis fractures were admitted in the hospital.There were 32 males and 13 females with a mean age of 36.8 years(range,21-52 years).They were all associated with radial nerve injury.After the radial nerve exploration and the reduction of the fractures, two straight 3.5mm dynamic compression plates were placed on the anterior and lateral aspects of the humerus.The radial nerve was repaired or loosed according to the damage degree.The postoperative complications, the bone healing time, and the recovery time of the radial nerve functions were recorded.The functions of the affected shoulder and elbow were assessed with UCLA and Mayo elbow performance score system respectively.Results: All incision healed by first intention.The patients were followed up months with an average of 15.3 months.The union of fractures was achieved in 3-6 months (3.9 months on average).The function of the radial nerves recovered completely in 3-6 months (4.8 months on average) in 41 patients with the incomplete rupture or extrusion of the radial nerves.Four patients with the complete rupture of the radial nerves achieved the recovery of the function in 2 years.The abductions of the affected shoulder were 155°-165° (160°on average).The ROM of the elbows were 125°-135° (128.5°on average).All the patients had the excellent results according to the UCLA shoulder score system.Three patients achieved the good result and 42 patients achieved the excellent result according to the Mayo elbow performance score system.Conclusions: With the advantages of rigid fixation, less muscle injury and easier radial nerve exploration, anterolateral approach of double plates osteosynthesis is a safe and reliable method for Holstein-Lewis fractures treatments.
anterolateral approach; double plates; radial nerve injury; Holstein-Lewis fractures
2016-02-03 [接受日期] 2016-11-23
童文卿,主治醫(yī)師.E-mail: losary@126.com
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2017.20150876
R 681.7
A