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胰腺實性假乳頭狀腫瘤臨床病理特征及LEF-1在其診斷中的應(yīng)用價值

2017-04-24 01:50胡蓉蕾鄧露露蔣慧鄭建明
中華胰腺病雜志 2017年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:乳頭狀實性胰腺

胡蓉蕾 鄧露露 蔣慧 鄭建明

·論著·

胰腺實性假乳頭狀腫瘤臨床病理特征及LEF-1在其診斷中的應(yīng)用價值

胡蓉蕾 鄧露露 蔣慧 鄭建明

目的 探討胰腺實性假乳頭狀腫瘤(SPN)的臨床病理特征及淋巴細胞增強因子1(LEF-1)表達在其診斷中的應(yīng)用價值。方法 收集并分析長海醫(yī)院2000年1月至2015年12月間病理確診為SPN的227例患者的臨床病理資料,采用免疫組織化學(xué)方法檢測132例SPN中LEF-1的表達,并與診斷SPN最常用的標志物β-catenin等的表達進行比較。結(jié)果 81.9%(186/227)的SPN發(fā)生于女性,發(fā)病平均年齡34歲;腫瘤平均直徑為5.4 cm;48.5% SPN位于胰體尾部,33.0%位于胰頭部;46.3%的腫瘤呈囊實性,42.3%呈實性,11.4%呈囊性。鏡下觀察有2例(0.9%)出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,15例(6.6%)有脈管癌栓,14例(6.2%)有神經(jīng)侵犯,13例(5.7%)侵犯鄰近臟器。免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果顯示,132例SPN中130例LEF-1呈核強陽性表達,陽性率為98.5%,而周圍正常胰腺組織及胰腺其他腫瘤均未見LEF-1表達,特異性為100%。SPN的β-catenin陽性率為96.6%(144/149),但有1例腺泡細胞癌呈陽性表達,特異性降低。165例術(shù)后平均隨訪51個月,截止至2016年10月31日,162例(98.2%)存活,5例出現(xiàn)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移,1例復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論 SPN好發(fā)于年輕女性,臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性。LEF-1可作為SPN診斷和鑒別診斷的特異性標志物之一,且較β-catenin更為準確。

胰腺腫瘤; 疾病特征; 免疫組織化學(xué); LEF-1

Fund program:Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning,Key Denveloping Disciplines(2015ZB0202)

胰腺實性假乳頭狀腫瘤(solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas,SPN)是一種罕見的具有低度惡性潛能的胰腺腫瘤[1],好發(fā)于年輕女性,常因腹部不適或體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)腫塊而就診,腫瘤完全切除后預(yù)后較好。因其臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,影像學(xué)檢查常與其他胰腺腫瘤有重疊[2],所以SPN的術(shù)前診斷較困難。SPN組織學(xué)形態(tài)表現(xiàn)以實性或乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)為主,其腫瘤標志物目前以β-catenin研究較多,陽性率較高。淋巴細胞增強因子1(lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1,LEF-1)是Wnt信號通路上與β-catenin在胞核內(nèi)結(jié)合的因子,該因子目前主要用于淋巴瘤的研究。本研究在分析SPN臨床病理特征的基礎(chǔ)上,檢測LEF-1在SPN中的表達,并與其他腫瘤標志物進行比較,探討LEF-1診斷SPN的臨床應(yīng)用價值。

材料與方法

一、材料

收集第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長海醫(yī)院病理科2000年1月至2015年12月間確診為SPN的患者227例,所有切片均由有經(jīng)驗的病理醫(yī)師根據(jù)2010版WHO SPN診斷標準重新復(fù)核。同時收集胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤、導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤各20例,腺泡細胞癌11例,胰母細胞瘤1例作為對照。

二、方法

取石蠟包埋組織,4 μm厚連續(xù)切片,常規(guī)行HE和免疫組織化學(xué)(SP法)染色。β-catenin(克隆號CAT-5H10)及LEF-1抗體(克隆號2029Y)均購自福州邁新生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司;Vimentin(克隆號V9)、CAM5.2(克隆號CAM5.2)及Syn抗體(克隆號SP11)均購自上海杰浩生物技術(shù)有限公司;NSE(克隆號E27)及CgA抗體(克隆號LK2H101+PHE5)均購自上海長島抗體診斷試劑有限公司;Ki-67抗體(克隆號MM1)購自LEICA公司。LEF-1抗體工作濃度1∶50,其余抗體均為1∶100。免疫組織化學(xué)試劑盒購自上海杰浩生物技術(shù)有限公司,按說明書操作。用已知的陽性對照切片作為陽性對照,用PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照。

β-catenin、LEF-1均以細胞核內(nèi)出現(xiàn)棕黃或淺褐色顆粒為陽性表達。每張切片選取10個具有代表性的區(qū)域進行觀察,根據(jù)許良中等[3]的方法進行評分:無陽性細胞為0分,陽性細胞≤25%為1分,26%~50%為2分,51%~75%為3分,>75%為4分;無染色為0分,淡黃色為1分,棕黃色為2分,棕褐色為3分。將兩分相加,0~3分為陰性,4~7分為陽性。

結(jié) 果

一、病理學(xué)特征

227例SPN中男性41例,女性186例,男女比例1∶4.5,年齡9~82歲,平均34歲。大體上,腫瘤體積一般較大,呈圓形、卵圓形,包膜較完整,腫瘤與周圍組織界限較清楚,質(zhì)地稍軟。腫瘤直徑0.5~20.0 cm,平均5.4 cm;75例(33.0%)腫塊位于胰頭,30例(13.2%)位于胰頸,110例(48.5%)位于胰體尾,9例未明確部位,另有3例位于后腹膜。囊實性腫瘤105例(46.3%),完全實性96例(42.3%),完全囊性21例(11.4%),5例未明確(圖1)。部分囊性變腫瘤切面可見大片出血壞死。

圖1 囊實性SPN(1A)及實性SPN(1B)的大體標本

鏡下見腫瘤組織呈實性片狀或乳頭狀排列,腫瘤細胞呈圓形、卵圓形,胞質(zhì)嗜酸性淡粉染或胞質(zhì)透明;間質(zhì)可見玻璃樣變、淀粉樣變;大部分腫瘤內(nèi)可見大量出血壞死,部分腫瘤內(nèi)可見泡沫細胞、含鐵血黃素、鈣化、膽固醇裂隙。106 例(46.7%)見到腫瘤組織浸潤正常胰腺或腫瘤包膜,界限不清。2例見胰周淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,15例見脈管內(nèi)癌栓,14例見神經(jīng)侵犯,13例累及鄰近臟器,其中10例累及十二指腸,1例累及胃壁,1例累及脾臟,1例侵犯腎上腺(圖2)。

圖2 腫瘤組織呈乳頭狀排列(2A ×200);腫瘤侵犯神經(jīng)(2B ×400)、十二指腸肌層(2C ×20)及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(2D ×100)

二、LEF-1及其他腫瘤標志物的表達

各腫瘤標志物在SPN中表達情況見表1、圖3,其中Vimentin、NSE、β-catenin及LEF-1陽性率均超過90%。CAM5.2在胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤、導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤、腺泡細胞癌、胰母細胞瘤中均呈陽性表達;NSE、CgA、Syn在胰腺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤中呈陽性表達,在胰腺其他腫瘤中均為陰性;Vimentin在2例神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤中陽性表達,其余病例中均為陰性;β-catenin在149例SPN檢測中,144例表達陽性,陽性率為96.6%,但在1例腺泡細胞癌中β-catenin呈陽性表達,其余病例中均為陰性。LEF-1在132例SPN檢測中,130例(98.5%)腫瘤組織呈彌漫核強陽性表達,且腫瘤周邊正常胰腺組織及胰腺其他腫瘤均呈陰性表達,特異性為100%。

三、隨訪資料

165例患者手術(shù)完整切除腫瘤后獲得隨訪,隨訪時間10~167個月,平均51個月。隨訪至2016年10月31日,156例患者無瘤生存,5例患者有肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移,1例患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),3例患者死亡。死亡3例中1例為伴肝轉(zhuǎn)移及胃壁浸潤者,1例為伴十二指腸肌層侵犯、脈管癌栓、神經(jīng)侵犯者,1例為術(shù)后2年患骨肉瘤而死亡。

表1 各種腫瘤標志物在SPN中的表達情況

圖3 SPN中β-catenin(3A)及LEF-1(3B)表達 (×400)

討 論

SPN最早由Frantz[4]在1959年報道。該類腫瘤比較罕見,僅占全部胰腺腫瘤的0.2%~2.7%[5]。

87.8%~95.0%的SPN發(fā)生于女性[6-7],平均年齡為28.5歲[7]。Yee等[8]報道1例孕期查出SPN、產(chǎn)后3個月切除的患者。Morales等[9]報道1例孕期SPN腫瘤迅速增大。Rosado等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)促黃體生成素在SPN中陽性表達率達100%(10/10)。這些結(jié)果均提示該腫瘤可能與女性激素分泌有關(guān)。Hirabayashi等[11]報道女性SPN患者的平均年齡低于男性。本研究中女性發(fā)病率為81.9%,平均年齡為33歲,較男性平均年齡40歲小。SPN的臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,常見的癥狀是腹部疼痛或不適,還可以表現(xiàn)為惡心嘔吐、體重減輕或可觸及腹部包塊,但胰腺炎和黃疸少見[6]。本研究只有24.7%的患者術(shù)前疑診為SPN。

胰腺SPN體積較大,最大直徑可達20 cm,呈圓形、卵圓形,包膜較完整,與周圍組織界限較清楚,質(zhì)地較軟。腫瘤以囊實性最多見,體積較大者傾向于囊實性或囊性,腫瘤組織位于囊壁邊緣;體積較小者傾向于實性。這可能因體積大者中央?yún)^(qū)域血供不足,導(dǎo)致遠離血管的腫瘤細胞缺血壞死所致。43.6%~61.0%的腫瘤位于胰腺體尾部,34%~39.8%位于胰頭部[12-13]。SPN還可發(fā)生在胃、十二指腸、大網(wǎng)膜、結(jié)腸、腸系膜、腹膜后、肺、肝臟或卵巢等部位,但都很少見,且關(guān)于它們的起源目前尚未清楚[14-15]。鏡下可見腫瘤組織突破纖維包膜,不規(guī)則地生長入鄰近組織,如十二指腸、胃壁、脾等。Serrano等[16]認為,脈管侵犯、轉(zhuǎn)移和包膜浸潤與腫瘤的惡性行為有關(guān)。

CAM5.2是一種低分子細胞角蛋白,在腺上皮及腺上皮來源的腫瘤中呈陽性表達,在鱗狀上皮來源的腫瘤缺乏特異性。Vimentin是一種中間絲蛋白,特異表達于間葉細胞及間葉組織起源的腫瘤,對鑒別間葉組織和上皮組織來源的腫瘤具有重要作用。神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶即NSE,在神經(jīng)元、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細胞中呈陽性表達,在平滑肌、肌上皮細胞、淋巴細胞等也可有表達。雖然Vimentin、NSE在SPN中陽性率高達95%以上,但均缺乏特異性,對SPN的診斷無太大意義。Syn是一種整合膜糖蛋白,位于神經(jīng)元突觸前囊泡膜中,主要用于神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細胞腫瘤的診斷和鑒別診斷。CgA出現(xiàn)在全身的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細胞中,包括胰島、腎上腺、大腸、小腸,它是神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤較好的標志物。本研究中,Syn和CgA在SPN中的表達陽性率較低。

β-catenin是一種黏附因子,同時也是一種多功能的蛋白質(zhì),它在介導(dǎo)細胞間黏附及參與基因表達中有較為重要的作用,對SPN的發(fā)生起一定作用[17-18]。但它在腫瘤組織核陽性的基礎(chǔ)上,在正常組織和腫瘤組織中同時會出現(xiàn)胞膜、胞質(zhì)陽性表達,且在極少數(shù)腫瘤組織中以胞質(zhì)陽性表達為主,在一定程度上會造成假陽性,且給SPN的鑒別帶來困難。

LEF-1是T細胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子/淋巴細胞增強因子(TCF/LEF)家族的高遷移轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之一。它是Wnt信號通路的調(diào)控者,當CTNNB1發(fā)生突變,β-catenin轉(zhuǎn)運進入細胞核與LEF-1結(jié)合,此時便能在胞核內(nèi)觀察到LEF-1的表達。在很多惡性腫瘤包括結(jié)直腸癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、口咽癌、白血病和淋巴瘤中均可檢測到LEF-1的過表達[19-24]。Singhi等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),100%的SPN中LEF-1呈核陽性表達(27/27),在胰母細胞瘤中呈少量表達,而在其他胰腺腫瘤包括胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤、腺泡細胞癌中不表達。本研究顯示,LEF-1不僅陽性率高達98.5%,而且在其他胰腺腫瘤中的表達均為陰性,特異性為100%,為SPN的診斷和鑒別診斷提供了很好的依據(jù)。提示在SPN的診斷和鑒別診斷中,LEF-1可以作為一種優(yōu)于β-catenin的腫瘤標記物在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用。

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(本文編輯:屠振興)

The clinicopathological features of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas and the application of LEF-1 in its diagnosis

HuRonglei,DengLulu,JiangHui,ZhengJianming.

DepartmentofPathology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China

ZhengJianming,Email:jmzheng1962@163.com

Objective To analyze the application of clinicopathological features and LEF-1 in the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas (SPN). Methods Clinical and pathological data of 227 cases who were pathologically diagnosed as pancreatic SPN at Changhai Hospital from Jan 2000 to Dec 2015 were collected and analyzed. Immunochemical assay was used to detect the expression of LEF-1 in 132 cases of SPN, and the results were compared with β-catenin, which is most commonly used for diagnosing SPN. Results 81.9% of patients with SPN were female (186/227). Mean age at the onset was 34 years. Mean tumor size was 5.4 cm. 48.5% tumors were localized in the pancreatic tail, and 33% in the head. 46.3% tumors were cystic and solid, 42.3% were solid, and 11.4% were cystic. There were 2 cases of lymph node metastasis (0.9%), 15 cases of vascular tumor thrombus (6.6%), 14 cases of nerve invasion (6.2%), and 13 cases of adjacent organs invasion (5.7%) based on microscopic observations. Immunochemical analysis showed that 130 of 132 cases with SPN expressed LEF-1 with strong nuclear positivity, and the positivity rate was 98.5%. But no obvious expression of LEF-1 can be seen in normal pancreatic tissue and other pancreatic tumors. The specificity was 100%. The positivity of β-catenin expression in SPN was 96.6%(144/149), and β-catenin was positively expressed in only one case of acinar cell carcinoma.Tumors were completely removed by surgery in 165 cases, and the median follow-up was 51 months. By Oct 31, 2016, 162 patients (98.2%) survived, 5 had liver metastasis, and 1 had recurrence.Conclusions SPN is predominantly encountered in young female patients, and the clinical manifestations are not specific. LEF-1 can be used as a specific marker for the diagnosis and differentiation of SPN, which is more accurate than β-catenin.

Pancreatic neoplasms; Disease attributes; Immunohistochemistry; LEF-1

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2017.02.010

200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長海醫(yī)院病理科

鄭建明,Email: jmzheng1962@163.com

上海市衛(wèi)計委薄弱學(xué)科建設(shè)計劃(2015ZB0202)

2016-12-06)

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