裴學(xué)海, 王文琛, 王金娟, 楊志翔, 黃克俊, 尹曉剛, 陳治明
(貴州師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)與材料科學(xué)學(xué)院 貴州省功能材料化學(xué)重點實驗室,貴州 貴陽 550001)
·研究論文·
α-羰基二硫縮烯酮的吲哚化反應(yīng)
裴學(xué)海, 王文琛, 王金娟, 楊志翔, 黃克俊, 尹曉剛, 陳治明*
(貴州師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)與材料科學(xué)學(xué)院 貴州省功能材料化學(xué)重點實驗室,貴州 貴陽 550001)
研究了BINOL酸催化α-羰基二硫縮烯酮的吲哚化反應(yīng),合成了12個β-吲哚基-β-乙硫基縮烯酮類化合物(3a~3l),其中3a, 3d~3e, 3g~3k為新化合物,其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR, IR和HR-MS表征。對反應(yīng)條件進行了優(yōu)化。結(jié)果表明:20 mol%BINOL酸為催化劑,3,3-二乙硫基苯丙烯酮與吲哚于85 ℃反應(yīng)2.5 h, 3-吲哚基-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮收率85%。
有機小分子;α-羰基二硫縮烯酮; 3,3-二乙硫基苯丙烯酮; 2-二乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯; BINOL酸; 催化; 吲哚衍生物; 親核取代反應(yīng); 合成
2-吲哚基-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯和β-吲哚基-α,β-不飽和羰基化合物是吲哚的重要衍生物,具有良好的生物活性,是重要的有機合成中間體,部分該類化合物已被用作治療疾病的臨床藥物。該類化合物的合成方法受到研究人員的廣泛關(guān)注。合成β-吲哚基-α,β-不飽和羰基化合物的方法也有相關(guān)文獻報道,通過吲哚衍生物和醛酮進行縮合反應(yīng),以及采用有機金屬催化α,β-不飽和羰基化合物的吲哚化反應(yīng),而這些有機金屬絡(luò)合物催化劑大部分對空氣和水都比較敏感,容易被分解或氧化,因而合成條件比較苛刻或催化劑較昂貴。
Scheme 1
因此,有機合成研究中,開發(fā)實用和有效合成一種結(jié)構(gòu)單一、簡單有效而新穎的β-吲哚基-α,β-不飽和羰基化合物的新方法具有重要意義。
α-羰基二硫縮烯酮類化合物是一種多官能團類化合物,由于烷硫基的電子和羰基的拉電子空間效應(yīng),使得C=C鍵發(fā)生高度極化,α-位容易發(fā)生親核取代反應(yīng),賦予了該化合物化學(xué)反應(yīng)的多樣性,雙鍵端位被烷硫基取代,在有機合成中被廣泛關(guān)注,是一種易于制備、具有多反應(yīng)中心的重要有機合成中間體[1-3],在構(gòu)造芳環(huán)[4-6]、1,4-加成-環(huán)合反應(yīng)、雜環(huán)化合物的合成[7-8]、α-親電取代反應(yīng)、多取代烯烴的合成[9-10]和用作無氣味的代硫醇試劑[11-15]中有廣泛的應(yīng)用。于海豐等[16-17]在三氟乙酸催化作用下合成β-吲哚基-α,β-不飽和羰基化合物方面也做了相關(guān)的研究,有效合成了β-吲哚基-α,β-不飽和酮和β,β-二吲哚基-α,β-不飽和酮衍生物。以上合成方法盡管在合成上具有重大意義,但是該催化劑酸性很強且腐蝕性較大,對環(huán)境造成污染。BINOL酸催化劑廉價易得、無毒易操作、無重金屬殘留,避免了金屬離子的存在,且反應(yīng)條件溫和、環(huán)境友好、被應(yīng)用于有機合成中[18-20],符合原子經(jīng)濟和綠色化學(xué)的要求。因此,對該催化劑的研究越來越備受關(guān)注。
本文研究了BINOL酸催化下3,3-二乙硫基苯丙烯酮(1a)和2-二乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(1g)的吲哚化反應(yīng),合成了12個β-吲哚基-β-乙硫基縮烯酮類化合物(3a~3l),其中3a, 3d~3e, 3g~3k為新化合物(Scheme 1),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR, IR和HR-MS表征。并對反應(yīng)條件進行了優(yōu)化。
1.1 儀器與試劑
X-6型數(shù)字顯微熔點儀;JEOL ECX 400MHz型核磁共振儀(CDCl3為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標);TENSOR27型傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀(KBr壓片);UHR TOF LC/MS maXis型超高分辨飛行時間質(zhì)譜儀。
1, 取代吲哚(2a~2f)[21]和BINOL酸[22-23]參考文獻方法合成;其余所用試劑均為分析純。
1.2 3a~3l的合成(以3a為例)
在25 mL的圓底燒瓶中依次加入1a 63 mg(0.25 mmol),吲哚(2a) 30 mg(0.25 mmol), BINOL酸18.7 mg(0.05 mmol)和二甲亞砜2 mL,攪拌下回流反應(yīng)2.5 h(TLC檢測底物消失)。加入蒸餾水15 mL,用二氯甲烷(3×10 mL)萃取,有機相依次用飽和碳酸鈉溶液(8 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鎂干燥,加入1 g硅膠,旋蒸除去溶劑,經(jīng)硅膠柱層析[洗脫劑:V(石油醚) ∶V(乙酸乙酯)=5 ∶1]純化得3a 65 mg。
用類似方法合成3b~3l。
3-吲哚基-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮(3a): 淡黃色固體,收率85%, m.p.90~91 ℃;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 1.01(d,J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 1.32~1.37(m, 2H), 1.46(d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.97(m, 5H), 7.69~7.74(m, 5H), 7.95(s, 1H), 8.72(s, 1H), 10.72(s, 1H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 19.1(1C), 52.8(2C), 114.2(1C), 117.0(1C), 124.0(2C), 124.7(2C), 127.2(1C), 127.5(2C), 127.8(2C), 129.5(2C), 137.2(1C), 164.1(1C), 170.8(1C); FT-IRν: 3 414.40, 2 963.13, 2 925.67, 1 676.17, 1 618.07, 1 457.49, 741.60 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C19H17NOS{[M+H]+} 308.103 1, found 308.103 5。
3-(2-甲基吲哚基)-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮(3b): 淡黃色固體,收率89%, m.p.105~106 ℃;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 0.98(t,J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 1.09(s, 1H), 2.63(m, 5H), 7.35(t,J=8.0 Hz, 6H), 7.45(s, 1H), 7.94~7.96(m, 2H), 8.01(s, 1H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 12.3(1C), 14.4(1C), 37.3(1C), 111.2(1C), 112.3(1C), 118.9(1C), 119.7(1C), 120.3(1C), 122.2(1C), 127.6(2C), 129.2(2C), 132.2(1C), 133.5(1C), 135.4(1C), 139.1(1C), 169.8(1C), 183.7(1C); FT-IRν: 3 309.73, 1 612.73, 1 508.08, 1 489.35, 1 255.26, 743.66 cm-1。
3-(2-苯基吲哚基)-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮(3c): 淡黃色固體,收率86%, m.p. 65~66 ℃;1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 0.97(d,J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 1.07(s, 1H), 1.53(s, 1H), 2.08~2.21(m, 2H), 7.21(t,J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 7.25~7.28(m, 5H), 7.51(d,J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 8.77(s, 1H);13C NMR (100 MHz)δ: 13.9(1C), 26.4(2C), 75.3(2C), 78.2(2C), 112.3(1C), 118.9(1C), 121.7(2C), 124.3(1C), 127.2(2C), 129.3(2C), 129.6(2C), 130.2(1C), 131.5(1C), 134.4(1C), 136.1(2C), 138.1(1C), 184.7(1C); FT-IRν: 3 362.68, 3 341.09, 1 612.22, 1 515.18, 1 244.06, 1 231.27, 747.30, 696.89 cm-1。
3-(1-甲基-2-苯基吲哚基)-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮(3d): 淡黃色固體,收率79%, m.p.135~136 ℃;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 1.14(d,J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 1.26~1.43(m, 5H), 3.39(s, 2H), 3.73(s, 2H), 7.25(s, 1H), 7.18~7.29(m, 5H), 7.52(d,J=8.1 Hz, 6H), 7.87(s, 1H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 13.8(1C), 27.1(2C), 31.1(1C), 76.8(2C), 77.6(2C), 110.2(2C), 119.6(2C), 121.3(1C), 122.6 (1C), 127.0(1C), 128.3(2C), 129.6(1C), 129.8(2C), 130.5(2C), 132.2(1C), 137.1(1C), 139.3(1C); FT-IRv: 3 366.47, 2 973.30, 1 625.09, 1 516.71, 1 226.09, 1 050.64, 752.60, 699.76 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C26H23NOS{[M+H]+} 398.150 0, found 398.150 3。
3-(1,2-二甲基吲哚基)-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮(3e): 淡黃色黏稠液體,收率80%;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 1.02(t,J=8.3 Hz, 5H), 2.47~2.52(m, 6H), 3.85(d,J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 7.16~7.31(m, 5H), 7.53(s, 1H), 7.97(s, 2H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 11.2(1C), 14.3(1C), 27.1(1C), 30.1(1C), 77.3(1C), 77.8(1C), 109.5(1C), 111.8(1C), 118.6 (1C), 119.3(1C), 120.3(1C), 122.1(1C), 126.3(1C), 128.2(2C), 132.1(1C), 135.7(1C), 136.4(1C), 139.4(1C), 158.8(1C), 188.7(1C); FT-IRν: 3 447.51, 1 628.97, 1 521.67, 1 472.13, 1 225.09, 742.26 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C21H21NOS{[M+H]+}336.133 4, found 336.133 6。
3-(1-甲基吲哚基)-3-乙硫基苯丙烯酮(3f): 淡黃色固體,收率89%, m.p.95~96 ℃;1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 1.83(d,J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 1.95(s, 1H), 2.19(t,J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 2.37(s, 1H), 2.55~2.67(m, 3H), 3.73(d,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.45~7.66(m, 5H), 7.54(d, 2H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 13.8(1C), 14.1(1C), 15.3(1C), 19.6(1C), 26.7(1C), 28.0(1C), 33.1(1C), 34.4(1C), 60.7 (1C), 109.2(1C), 116.6(1C), 118.6(1C), 119.8(1C), 120.9(1C), 125.6(1C), 127.3(1C), 129.2(1C), 136.2(1C), 143.8(1C), 167.9(1C); FT-IRν: 3 413.04, 1 617.77, 1 400.27, 1 384.29, 741.61 cm-1。
2-(2-甲基吲哚基)-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(3g): 淡黃色黏稠液體,收率85%;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 1.09~1.22(m, 5H), 1.35~1.42(m, 3H), 1.69(d,J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.52~2.66(m, 6H), 3.91(s, 1H), 4.23(s, 1H), 5.54(s, 1H), 7.16(d,J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.33~7.52(m, 2H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 12.8(1C), 13.6(1C), 14.2(1C), 15.6(1C), 19.9(1C), 26.7(1C), 27.8(1C), 36.7(1C), 60.6(1C), 110.2(1C), 111.9(1C), 118.8(1C), 119.3(1C), 129.3(1C), 132.3(1C), 135.0(1C), 160.1(1C), 169.6(1C); FT-IRν: 3 447.70, 3 143.90, 1 636.80, 1 399.86, 1 384.37 cm-1。
2-吲哚基-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(3h): 淡黃色黏稠液體,收率86%;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 1.27(d,J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 1.29~1.32(m, 6H), 1.35~1.38(m, 2H), 1.36(s, 2H), 1.39~1.43(m, 2H), 2.67(s, 1H), 2.85(q,J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.79(d,J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.33(s, 1H), 7.85(d,J=7.1 Hz, 2H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 13.8(1C), 14.6(1C), 15.6(1C), 19.5(1C), 26.7(1C), 28.0(1C), 34.7(1C), 60.2(1C), 110.9 (1C), 117.8(1C), 119.3(1C), 121.2(1C), 127.3(1C), 130.0(1C), 135.7(1C), 141.8(1C), 168.2(1C); FT-IRν: 3 383.37, 3 158.47, 1 712.92, 1 399.51, 1 384.43, 740.73 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C17H19NO3S{[M+H]+} 318.108 6, found 318.108 9。
2-(2-苯基吲哚基)-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(3i): 淡黃色黏稠液體,收率82%;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 0.83~0.99(m, 5H), 1.69(d,J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 2.84(d,J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.95~2.48(m, 2H), 4.21(s, 1H), 4.32(s, 1H), 7.34~7.41(m, 4H), 7.48(d,J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 8.19(s, 1H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 12.2(1C), 14.9(2C), 111.2(1C), 112.6(1C), 118.1(1C), 119.3(2C), 120.3(2C), 121.5(2C), 129.1(2C), 129.5(2C), 132.4(1C), 132.7(2C), 134.6(1C), 138.7(1C), 158.2(1C), 189.4(1C); FT-IRν: 3 302.28, 1 654.12, 1 400.03, 1 384.39, 1 207.63, 1 180.24, 1 136.70 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C23H23NO3S{[M+H]+}394.139 9, found 394.140 2。
2-(1-甲基-2-苯基吲哚基)-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(3j): 淡黃色黏稠液體,收率84%;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 0.93~1.29(m, 4H), 1.27~1.33(m, 5H), 1.69(d,J=8.1 Hz, 3H), 2.32~2.45(m, 4H), 2.72(d,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.09(t,J=4.5 Hz, 3H), 5.44(s, 1H), 7.16~7.21(m, 4H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 12.4(2C), 13.9(2C), 14.1(2C), 28.1(2C), 29.7(2C), 61.2(2C), 109.3(1C), 119.5(1C), 119.9(2C), 120.9(1C), 127.6(1C), 133.1(1C), 136.3(1C), 136.7(1C), 137.6(1C), 142.4(1C), 167.9(1C); FT-IRν: 3 413.69, 2 974.36, 1 636.55, 1 399.67, 1 384.41, 1 048.92
cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C24H25NO3S{[M+H]+}408.155 5, found 408.155 9。
2-(1,2-甲基吲哚基)-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(3k): 淡黃色固體,收率82%, m.p.84~85 ℃;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 1.03(d,J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 1.08~1.25(m, 4H), 1.35~2.05(m,J=7.1 Hz, 5H), 2.78(s, 1H), 3.71~3.78(m, 3H), 3.97(s, 1H), 4.25(s, 1H), 5.93(d,J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24(d,J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.65(s, 1H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 10.9(1C), 13.6(1C), 14.8(1C), 26.3(1C), 30.4(1C), 60.0(1C), 109.2(1C), 111.5(1C), 114.8(1C), 119.2(1C), 120.6(1C), 121.5(1C), 125.5(1C), 134.3(1C), 137.1(1C), 153.5(1C), 155.8(1C), 164.5(1C), 168.9(1C); FT-IRν: 3 474.38, 3 414.03, 1 696.54, 1 571.97, 1 409.15, 1 384.16, 1 163.56 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Cacld for C19H23NO3S{[M+H]+}346.139 9, found 346.140 2。
2-(1-甲基吲哚基)-2-乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(3l): 淡黃色黏稠液體,收率86%;1H NMR(400 MHz)δ: 0.92(s, 1H), 1.27(d,J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.65~2.67(m, 3H), 3.25(t,J=8.1 Hz, 3H), 3.78(d,J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 4.62(s, 1H), 6.61~6.73(m, 2H), 7.13~7.32(m, 4H), 7.16~7.21(m, 3H), 7.69(s, 1H);13C NMR(100 MHz)δ: 32.7(2C), 34.1(1C), 38.2(1C), 64.9(1C), 109.2(2C), 119.2(2C), 120.8(2C), 121.6(2C), 124.2(2C), 125.6(1C), 127.7(1C), 137.1(1C); FT-IRν: 3 547.70, 3 475.02, 3 414.24, 1 617.56, 1 384.37 cm-1。
2.1 反應(yīng)條件優(yōu)化
以1a和2a反應(yīng)合成3a為例,對反應(yīng)條件進行篩選,考察了反應(yīng)溫度、溶劑、反應(yīng)時間及催化劑用量對收率的影響,結(jié)果見表1。從表1可以看出,反應(yīng)溫度、時間和催化劑用量對3a收率均有明顯影響,當BINOL酸用量為25 mol%時,除了反應(yīng)溫度對反應(yīng)時間有影響之外,幾乎對生成3a收率無明顯提高(Entry 2~3);在回流條件下,當BINOL酸用量由25 mol%降至20 mol%時,3a收率高達85%(Entry 5),但隨著反應(yīng)時間的延長,3a收率有所降低(Entry 6)。當BINOL酸用量降至15 mol%時,3a收率明顯降低(Entry 7),因此控制催化劑用量和反應(yīng)時間是該反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵。若選取p-TsOH或水楊酸為催化劑時,同樣的反應(yīng)條件下雖能進行,但3a收率下降(Entry 8~9)。以四氫呋喃為溶劑時,基于上述實驗結(jié)果,即便延長反應(yīng)時間、提高反應(yīng)溫度、增大催化劑用量,反應(yīng)均無法進行(Entry 10)。
表1 反應(yīng)條件優(yōu)化a
aReaction conditions:1a 0.25 mmol, 2a 0.25 mmol, solvent 2 mL。
因此,從催化劑和反應(yīng)溫度、反應(yīng)時間三方面綜合考慮,1a和2a與BINOL酸反應(yīng)生成3a的最佳反應(yīng)條件為:在回流的條件下,反應(yīng)時間為2.5 h, BINOL酸用量為20 mol%(Entry 5)。
2.2 底物適應(yīng)性
在優(yōu)化條件下,考察了不同吲哚對3a和3g收率的影響。結(jié)果表明2-甲基吲哚的收率最高(89%, 3b), 1-甲基-2-苯基吲哚的收率最低(79%, 3d),可見吲哚環(huán)上有取代基時空間位阻對收率有影響。3,3-二乙硫基丙烯酮(1a)通過質(zhì)子化作用(H+)極化碳碳雙鍵,形成比較穩(wěn)定的碳正離子中間體,然后與吲哚作用下脫去乙硫醇后得3a。
2.3 反應(yīng)機理
在酸性條件下,1a通過質(zhì)子化作用極化碳碳雙鍵,形成比較穩(wěn)定的碳正離子中間體,然后與2a作用下脫去乙硫醇后得到3a,反應(yīng)機理見Scheme 2[24-25]所示。
Scheme 2
研究了BINOL酸催化3,3-二乙硫基苯丙烯酮和2-二乙硫基亞甲基-3-羰基丁酸乙酯的吲哚化反應(yīng),合成了12個β-吲哚基-β-乙硫基縮烯酮類化合物,其中8個為新化合物。對反應(yīng)條件進行了優(yōu)化,對反應(yīng)機理進行了探討。該合成反應(yīng)具有催化劑經(jīng)濟易得用量少、反應(yīng)條件溫和、環(huán)境友好和操作簡單等優(yōu)點。
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Indolylation ofα-Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals
PEI Xue-hai, WANG Wen-chen, WANG Jin-juan, YANG Zhi-xiang, HUANG Ke-jun, YIN Xiao-gang, CHEN Zhi-ming*
(Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China)
The binaphthol acid controlled indolylation reaction ofα-oxo ketene dithioacetals was studied. Twelveβ-indolyl-β-ethylthio acetal compounds(3a~3l) were synthesized, among them 3a, 3d~3e, 3g~3k were novel compounds. The structures were characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR, IR and HR-MS. The reaction conditions were optimized. The results showed that the alkylation of 3,3-bis(ethylthio) acrylophenone with indole in the presence of BINOL acid(20 mol%) at 85 ℃ for 2.5 h, affording 3-(3-indolyl)-3-(ethylthio) acrylophenone in the yield of 85%.
small organic molecule;α-oxo ketene dithioacetal; 3,3-bis(ethylthio) acrylophenone; 2-[bis(ethylthio)methylene]-3-carbonylbutanoate; BINOL acid; catalysis; indole derivative; necleophilic substitution; synthesis
2016-08-29;
2017-02-15
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(21362006); 貴州省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(黔科合J字[2009]2021)
裴學(xué)海(1989-),男,漢族,甘肅張掖人,碩士研究生,主要從事有機合成研究。 E-mail: 546565457@qq.com
陳治明,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師, E-mail: czm000219@163.com
O621.3; O626
A
10.15952/j.cnki.cjsc.1005-1511.2017.04.16219