廖曉霞,古小彬
(四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,四川溫江 611130)
癢螨誘導(dǎo)宿主免疫應(yīng)答研究進(jìn)展
廖曉霞,古小彬*
(四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,四川溫江 611130)
癢螨病普遍存在于世界各地,嚴(yán)重危害著動(dòng)物的健康,也給動(dòng)物養(yǎng)殖業(yè)造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。癢螨在宿主體表的物理活動(dòng)、分泌物及其死亡后的瓦解產(chǎn)物,可激活宿主的一系列復(fù)雜級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),最終導(dǎo)致宿主的局部和系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)及免疫應(yīng)答。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)癢螨的流行病學(xué)、治療等方面研究較多,但在癢螨引起宿主的免疫應(yīng)答方面研究相對(duì)較少。論文就動(dòng)物感染癢螨后其組織和血液內(nèi)炎性細(xì)胞的變化情況及癢螨誘導(dǎo)宿主發(fā)生的免疫應(yīng)答——超敏反應(yīng)、體液免疫應(yīng)答和細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
癢螨;宿主;免疫應(yīng)答
癢螨病是癢螨(Psoroptescommunis) 寄生于哺乳動(dòng)物的皮膚表面,以刺吸宿主的體液、淋巴液和滲出液為營(yíng)養(yǎng),引起宿主動(dòng)物的一種慢性、頑固性、接觸性、傳染性皮膚病。該病流行范圍廣,對(duì)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)造成重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,同時(shí)威脅野生動(dòng)物的生存和發(fā)展[1]。
癢螨在宿主體表的物理活動(dòng)、分泌物及其死亡后的瓦解產(chǎn)物,可激活宿主的一系列復(fù)雜級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),最終導(dǎo)致宿主產(chǎn)生體液免疫、細(xì)胞免疫及局部免疫等全方位的免疫應(yīng)答。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)癢螨的流行病學(xué)、治療等方面研究較多,但在癢螨引起宿主的免疫應(yīng)答研究相對(duì)較少。 本文主要就動(dòng)物感染癢螨后宿主免疫應(yīng)答的相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 皮損組織中炎性細(xì)胞的變化
感染綿羊癢螨(Psoroptesovis)的綿羊皮膚組織中呈現(xiàn)角質(zhì)層嗜酸性膿皰形成及皮膚浸潤(rùn)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞[2]。更詳細(xì)的分析顯示,綿羊在試驗(yàn)條件下感染時(shí)浸潤(rùn)的細(xì)胞主要是嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞并伴隨肥大細(xì)胞的增生,并且嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞在首次感染的第9周達(dá)到峰值約為1 200個(gè)/cm2,而肥大細(xì)胞在首次感染的第3周達(dá)到峰值約為140個(gè)/cm2[3];同時(shí)有明顯的皮膚水腫,增生和退行性表皮變化及局部炎癥反應(yīng)[4-5],以上的變化均發(fā)生在人工感染癢螨后24 h內(nèi)[4]。另外,綿羊皮內(nèi)接種癢螨粗提取物后,24 h~48 h內(nèi)接種部位出現(xiàn)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[6]。自然感染癢螨的綿羊皮損處亦有明顯的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[2]。在自然感染癢螨的赫里福德牛皮損組織的細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)亦與綿羊類(lèi)似,以嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)為主,同時(shí)伴有巨噬細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)及肥大細(xì)胞的增生[7]。
1.2 血液中炎性細(xì)胞的變化
綿羊初次感染癢螨后血液中嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞均增加,其中中性粒細(xì)胞在首次感染的第14周達(dá)到峰值約為4×109/L,而嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞在首次感染的第12周達(dá)到峰值約為2.3×109/L;同時(shí)血紅蛋白濃度于感染的第6周開(kāi)始顯著下降并于第14周達(dá)到最低值約為9.5 g/dL (正常對(duì)照約為12.6 g/dL)[8];亦有初次感染癢螨后綿羊血液中嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的上升報(bào)道[3]。初次感染癢螨的牛血液中嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞也顯著上升[7,9],而再次感染癢螨后嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞顯著增加僅維持了10 d左右[9]。
2.1 超敏反應(yīng)
外寄生蟲(chóng)叮咬宿主或皮內(nèi)注射寄生蟲(chóng)抗原后,常引發(fā)宿主發(fā)生速發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng)(immediate hypersensitivity,IH)和遲發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng)(delayed-type hypersensitivity,DTH)[6],這兩種超敏反應(yīng)在皮內(nèi)注射癢螨提取物的兔和牛體中亦得到證實(shí)[9-11];同時(shí),綿羊經(jīng)初次感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)后,可引起由IgE介導(dǎo)的速發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng)和由細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多的遲發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng)[3,12]。
2.2 體液免疫應(yīng)答
通過(guò)ELISA檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),綿羊感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)后約3周~4周體內(nèi)抗癢螨抗原的特異性IgG抗體含量上升[13-14],而牛的特異性IgG抗體含量上升時(shí)間則發(fā)生在感染后的1周~5周內(nèi)[14-15]。另外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),首次感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)的綿羊血清中IgG較IgE先增加,IgG于感染后第2周增加而IgE于感染后第7周增加;而再次感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)時(shí),血清中IgE增加但I(xiàn)gG沒(méi)有明顯的上升表達(dá)[3,6]。
早期,F(xiàn)isher W F[14]證實(shí)了牛感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)后,血清中抗癢螨抗原特異性抗體IgG濃度與螨蟲(chóng)數(shù)和結(jié)痂面積呈正相關(guān),其中結(jié)痂和螨蟲(chóng)均在初次感染的第2周開(kāi)始出現(xiàn),并于第7周和第5周分別達(dá)到各自的峰值,同時(shí)血清中抗癢螨抗原特異性抗體IgG 于第3周開(kāi)始出現(xiàn),并于第6周達(dá)到峰值(以上變化均在第7周進(jìn)行藥物治療前發(fā)生,治療后變化無(wú)規(guī)律)。這個(gè)結(jié)果后來(lái)也被Lonneux J F等[15-16]證實(shí)。研究認(rèn)為,螨蟲(chóng)感染后誘導(dǎo)的超敏反應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚出現(xiàn)炎癥,此時(shí)病變的皮膚環(huán)境更有利于螨蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)[7,13],同時(shí)螨蟲(chóng)種群的增加和皮炎的發(fā)展可能會(huì)伴隨抗體滴度的初始上升而變化[13-14]。
此外,雖然嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞或肥大細(xì)胞會(huì)影響IgE與之結(jié)合的免疫功能,但直至感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)后第7周雖然有嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞或肥大細(xì)胞的增加,但未在血清中檢測(cè)到抗癢螨抗原特異性抗體IgE的顯著增加;這表明,IgE介導(dǎo)的Ⅰ型超敏反應(yīng)不會(huì)加速病變的發(fā)展[3]。
2.3 細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答
細(xì)胞免疫過(guò)程通過(guò)感應(yīng)、反應(yīng)、效應(yīng)3個(gè)階段,在反應(yīng)階段致敏淋巴細(xì)胞再次與抗原接觸時(shí),便釋放出多種淋巴因子(轉(zhuǎn)移因子、移動(dòng)抑制因子、激活因子、皮膚反應(yīng)因子、淋巴毒素、干擾素),與巨噬細(xì)胞,殺傷性T細(xì)胞協(xié)同發(fā)揮免疫功能。
綿羊健康皮膚中CD4+/CD8+T細(xì)胞的比例為1.9/1,但感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)后的第7周皮膚中CD4+T細(xì)胞大量增加,此時(shí)皮膚中CD4+/CD8+T細(xì)胞的比例上升至70.5/1。同時(shí)在感染癢螨的綿羊皮膚中也會(huì)浸潤(rùn)大量的γδT細(xì)胞、CD45RA+和CD1b+細(xì)胞;并且嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞與肥大細(xì)胞的大量浸潤(rùn)提示CD4+細(xì)胞表達(dá)Th2型細(xì)胞因子[6,17-19]。而后Mcneilly T N等[20]利用免疫組織化學(xué)技術(shù)驗(yàn)證了綿羊感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)后Foxp3+T細(xì)胞亦會(huì)浸潤(rùn)于其皮膚中,并且Foxp3+T細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)于皮膚的時(shí)機(jī)大致類(lèi)似于免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),包括CD4+T細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞[3,17,20-21]。
為了研究癢螨引起宿主發(fā)生的早期炎癥反應(yīng),國(guó)外學(xué)者們采用微陣列、熒光定量PCR等技術(shù)分析了癢螨在感染宿主48 h內(nèi)的細(xì)胞免疫情況。Watkins C A等[22]將羔羊皮膚表皮的角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)后用綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)抗原刺激角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞,通過(guò)微陣列監(jiān)測(cè)(分別在抗原刺激后1、6 、24、48 h進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè))這些細(xì)胞的mRNA表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)6個(gè)基因表達(dá)上調(diào),其中1個(gè)顯著增加的促炎性細(xì)胞因子為IL-8;同時(shí)利用RT-PCR進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,發(fā)現(xiàn)羔羊的角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞被綿羊癢螨抗原刺激后的1 h時(shí)上調(diào)最大的為IL-8,但刺激后的24 h和48 h均減少至癢螨抗原刺激前的水平。在人工感染綿羊癢螨(P.ovis)的微陣列中發(fā)現(xiàn),綿羊經(jīng)人工感染后24 h內(nèi)(分別在1、3、6 、24 h進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè))有1 522個(gè)基因差異表達(dá)顯著;隨后并通過(guò)RT-PCR進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,發(fā)現(xiàn)許多在過(guò)敏反應(yīng)和炎癥反應(yīng)中有著重要作用的基因,包括促炎性細(xì)胞因子(IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和IL-4)和參與免疫細(xì)胞激活的選擇素,黏附因子及趨化因子(SELE、SELL、SELP、ICAM-1、CSF-2、CSF-3、CCL-2和CXCL-2);其中IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6,SELE、SELP、ICAM-1、CSF-3、CCL-2和CXCL-2均在感染的3 h時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,而IL-4,SELL和CSF-2均在6 h時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,IL-8則在24 h時(shí)才達(dá)到峰值[23]。
該分析還強(qiáng)調(diào)了轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB家族和AP-1在早期促炎反應(yīng)中的作用,并表現(xiàn)出朝向Th2型免疫應(yīng)答的趨勢(shì)[23],類(lèi)似的結(jié)果在Burgess S T等[24]的研究中亦得到證實(shí),表明轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB家族和AP-1在該炎癥反應(yīng)中起著重要的作用。
除了以綿羊作為試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的研究外,還通過(guò)ELISA的方法檢測(cè)了家兔自然感染兔癢螨(Psoroptescuniculi)后血清當(dāng)中炎癥因子的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)外周血中各種炎癥細(xì)胞被激活,同時(shí)炎癥細(xì)胞因子如前列腺素E2、IL-6、IL-8和轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1均增加[25]。上調(diào)的促炎性細(xì)胞因子如IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-8、IL-6和增加的選擇素及黏附因子會(huì)參與免疫細(xì)胞遷移至結(jié)痂病變部位的過(guò)程當(dāng)中。這些因子的增加可能進(jìn)一步加劇早期促炎反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致水腫及產(chǎn)生漿液性滲出物,提供螨蟲(chóng)食物的來(lái)源。
另外,通過(guò)熒光定量PCR的方法還研究了比利時(shí)藍(lán)牛和荷斯坦弗里斯蘭牛自然感染綿羊癢螨(Psoropesovis)后宿主的皮膚免疫應(yīng)答及細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答,通過(guò)皮膚中的細(xì)胞因子包括IL-4、IL-13、IL-6和IL-17的表達(dá)情況及血液中單核細(xì)胞的表達(dá)情況顯示出Th2/Th17細(xì)胞混合表達(dá);進(jìn)一步分析得到IL-17的顯著上升與牛皮膚中的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞及其他免疫細(xì)胞的大量浸潤(rùn)有關(guān),并且有可能導(dǎo)致更加嚴(yán)重的癥狀產(chǎn)生[26]。
由此可見(jiàn),一系列炎性細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)及各種炎癥細(xì)胞因子和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的增加均揭示了動(dòng)物癢螨病與免疫性疾病和炎癥反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)。這些結(jié)果可以推進(jìn)我們對(duì)癢螨病發(fā)病機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí),幫助和指導(dǎo)對(duì)這種疾病的有效治療。
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)幾乎完全依賴(lài)化學(xué)方法來(lái)控制癢螨病,致使環(huán)境受到污染并且存在耐藥性、藥物殘留等問(wèn)題,迫使人們不得不探索新的控制該病的方法,而應(yīng)用免疫學(xué)的方法預(yù)防該病是目前廣大學(xué)者認(rèn)為最佳的思路方向。對(duì)癢螨感染的很多基本問(wèn)題的解決有賴(lài)于人們對(duì)癢螨誘導(dǎo)的免疫機(jī)制尤其是免疫效應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制和其他一些免疫學(xué)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行更深入的研究,相信在不久的將來(lái)癢螨病的診斷和防治工作將會(huì)取得突破性進(jìn)展。
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Progress on Immune Responses of Hosts Induced by Psoroptic mites
LIAO Xiao-xia,GU Xiao-bin
(CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Wenjiang,Sichuan,611130,China)
Psoroptic mange is prevalent worldwide and seriously endangers the animal production as well as animal health,causing huge economic losses to the animal industry.The physical activity,excretory and secretory products,collapse products of psoroptic mites on the hosts can activate a series of complex cascade responses of hosts,eventually leading to local and systemic inflammatory responses and immune responses.At present,the domestic and foreign scholars mainly study the epidemiology,treatment and other aspects of psoroptic mites,but the immune responses of the host caused by psoroptic mites are relatively few.This paper summarized the changes of inflammatory cells in infected animal tissues and blood and immune responses of hosts induced by psoroptic mites including hypersensitivity,humoral immune response and cellular immune response.
psoroptic mites; host; immune responses
2016-09-08
四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)科“雙支計(jì)劃”(SC-03571357)
廖曉霞(1991-),女,四川成都人,碩士,主要從事動(dòng)物寄生蟲(chóng)病學(xué)研究。*通訊作者
S852.746
A
1007-5038(2017)02-0094-04