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MRI新技術(shù)在評(píng)估結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移中的應(yīng)用

2017-04-11 11:34換,童
腫瘤影像學(xué) 2017年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:肝膽特異性直腸癌

張 換,童 彤

復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放射科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032

MRI新技術(shù)在評(píng)估結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移中的應(yīng)用

張 換,童 彤

復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放射科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032

童彤,副主任醫(yī)師,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放射診斷科主任助理。 2003年畢業(yè)于復(fù)旦大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)系,2008年獲復(fù)旦大學(xué)影像醫(yī)學(xué)與核醫(yī)學(xué)博士學(xué)位,2014年在美國(guó)斯隆-凱特琳癌癥中心胃腸影像組做訪問(wèn)學(xué)者。以第一責(zé)任人承擔(dān)多項(xiàng)省部級(jí)及局級(jí)科研基金項(xiàng)目研究。在國(guó)內(nèi)外核心期刊發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文20余篇,其中SCI收錄期刊發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文7篇。目前擔(dān)任上海市醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)放射學(xué)專(zhuān)科分會(huì)青年學(xué)組委員,并兼任《放射學(xué)實(shí)踐》雜志審稿專(zhuān)家。

多層螺旋CT是評(píng)估結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移最常用的影像學(xué)技術(shù)。與CT相比,MRI具有較高的軟組織對(duì)比度,特別是引入擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像、動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)、肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑等成像新技術(shù)后,MRI在肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶評(píng)價(jià)中的優(yōu)勢(shì)愈加明顯。該文綜述了MRI新技術(shù)的基本原理、主要功能學(xué)參數(shù)及其在結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移評(píng)價(jià)中的應(yīng)用。

結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移;磁共振成像;擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像;動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng);肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑

結(jié)直腸癌是常見(jiàn)惡性腫瘤之一。2015年中國(guó)癌癥數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)查顯示,結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生率在男性、女性中分別居第5和第4位,死亡率在所有癌癥相關(guān)死亡中居第5位[1]。Siegel等[2]預(yù)測(cè)2016年結(jié)直腸癌以男女人群中各8%的發(fā)生率位列第三大常見(jiàn)腫瘤。轉(zhuǎn)移是影響患者預(yù)后的不良因素,肝臟則是結(jié)直腸癌最常發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的器官,超過(guò)一半的患者發(fā)生同時(shí)或異時(shí)性肝轉(zhuǎn)移[3]。肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的手術(shù)切除可顯著提高患者的生存率,但目前只有少數(shù)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者可實(shí)現(xiàn)根治性手術(shù)切除[4-5]。對(duì)于不可切除和廣泛擴(kuò)散的患者來(lái)說(shuō),其主要治療方式是姑息性化療。影像學(xué)技術(shù)可幫助評(píng)價(jià)病灶數(shù)量、大小及位置分布,從而判斷可切除性,評(píng)估治療反應(yīng)及監(jiān)測(cè)復(fù)發(fā),在結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者病情評(píng)估中起著十分重要的作用。

多層螺旋CT是最常用于結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶檢出和評(píng)估的影像學(xué)方法[6]。在肝臟脂肪浸潤(rùn)情況下,CT對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢出很困難,而患者化療后并發(fā)脂肪肝及脂肪性肝炎是其常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)[7-8]。CT平掃和增強(qiáng)圖像上肝實(shí)質(zhì)背景密度取決于脂肪浸潤(rùn)程度而相應(yīng)降低,使少血管肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢出大打折扣[9]。不僅如此,CT所應(yīng)用的傳統(tǒng)實(shí)體瘤評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是基于腫瘤形態(tài)學(xué)變化,并不能良好反映病灶的病理學(xué)反應(yīng)[10],而治療后與患者預(yù)后息息相關(guān)的正是轉(zhuǎn)移灶中殘活腫瘤細(xì)胞的存在[11]。

MRI技術(shù)可多參數(shù)、多序列、多方位成像,具有較高的軟組織對(duì)比度和良好的空間分辨率。研究表明,對(duì)于新輔助化療后并發(fā)肝脂肪變時(shí)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢出,MRI以明顯的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異優(yōu)于多層螺旋CT,特別是對(duì)小病灶(≤1 cm)的檢出[9,12]。尤其在引入動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)MRI (dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)和擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)等功能學(xué)成像方式后,MRI在結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移影像學(xué)評(píng)估中的優(yōu)勢(shì)更加明顯[13-15]。

1 DWI在評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移中的應(yīng)用

DWI的顯像原理是基于水分子的自由擴(kuò)散,亦即布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)。但在活體生物組織中,由于細(xì)胞外微體系結(jié)構(gòu)、主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸機(jī)制及微血管循環(huán)等因素,水分子擴(kuò)散得以緩慢進(jìn)行。這種水分子自由擴(kuò)散的限制性合成效應(yīng)在DWI中以表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)來(lái)定量顯示。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的早期ADC值變化可預(yù)測(cè)治療效果[16-17]。其中,治療無(wú)效組較治療有效組有更高的ADC均值,且有效組的治療后ADC值較治療前明顯升高,最早出現(xiàn)于化療3~7 d后,早于瘤體的大小變化。Wagner等[18]進(jìn)一步以結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者治療后的病理學(xué)結(jié)果作為參照,發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移灶外周部位(殘活腫瘤細(xì)胞主要存在部位)的ADC值隨著病理學(xué)反應(yīng)不同而差異很大,絕大部分病理緩解組的均值為1.749,顯著高于局部性病理緩解組(1.346;P=0.013)及病理無(wú)緩解組(1.398;P=0.013)。

組織DWI信號(hào)衰減除取決于水分子擴(kuò)散外,還受微循環(huán)血流灌注的影響,基于隨b值呈線性衰減的DWI模型(即單指數(shù)模型)會(huì)導(dǎo)致組織ADC值偏高[19-21]。因此,DWI單指數(shù)模型過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,不能真實(shí)反映生物組織的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)及其分子的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)雙指數(shù)模型是描述DWI信號(hào)非單指數(shù)衰減最常用的模型。IVIM雙指數(shù)模型基于非高斯擴(kuò)散理論,可描述組織非高斯擴(kuò)散特性,反映擴(kuò)散的兩種成分,即單純水分子擴(kuò)散和灌注相關(guān)擴(kuò)散,較普通單指數(shù)模型能更好地?cái)M合DWI上影像信號(hào)衰減,量化相關(guān)參數(shù),揭示組織異質(zhì)性,反映組織病理生理學(xué)的微觀變化。IVIMDWI通過(guò)較大范圍內(nèi)的多b值相結(jié)合,包括低b值(<200 s/mm2)和高b值(≥200 s/mm2),不僅限于計(jì)算ADC值,更可真實(shí)衡量水分子擴(kuò)散和微循環(huán)灌注的各自影響,并由此衍生出自由水分子擴(kuò)散參數(shù)(D)、灌注參數(shù)(D*)及灌注分?jǐn)?shù)(f)。ADC值較其他參數(shù)更利于對(duì)肝臟病灶進(jìn)行定性[22]。Chiaradia等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的f值明顯小于周?chē)8谓M織(P<0.001),以病理學(xué)作為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶壞死比例與ADC、D值正相關(guān)。Granata等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),灌注參數(shù)f與病灶的血管靶向藥物治療反應(yīng)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)相關(guān)性,提出f值治療前后下降54%可作為評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移治療有效的生物學(xué)指標(biāo),靈敏度和特異度分別為62%和93%。

2 MRI肝膽特異性造影劑在評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移中的應(yīng)用

MRI對(duì)比劑有釓類(lèi)、鐵類(lèi)、錳類(lèi)等,大多通過(guò)腎臟排泄,極少數(shù)可被肝細(xì)胞攝取并通過(guò)肝膽系統(tǒng)排泄。傳統(tǒng)的非特異性細(xì)胞外釓對(duì)比劑如釓噴酸葡胺(gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic,Gd-DTPA)在肝臟分布無(wú)特異性,靜脈注射后迅速分布于全身血管系統(tǒng),隨后彌漫至細(xì)胞外間隙,主要反映組織血液供應(yīng)狀態(tài),通過(guò)多時(shí)相掃描動(dòng)態(tài)觀察肝內(nèi)病灶強(qiáng)化方式的演變過(guò)程。結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶是典型的少血供病灶,在動(dòng)脈期呈等信號(hào)或稍低信號(hào),門(mén)靜脈期病灶顯示最明顯,呈環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化,平衡期對(duì)比劑退出顯示低信號(hào)或中心等信號(hào)[1]。

能通過(guò)肝膽系統(tǒng)代謝的對(duì)比劑即肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑,正在逐步取代傳統(tǒng)性對(duì)比劑,在肝臟腫瘤對(duì)比劑中占主要地位[25]。其一方面具有與Gd-DTPA相似的細(xì)胞外代謝過(guò)程,能提供與前者類(lèi)似的多期動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描圖像,另一方面則優(yōu)先被有功能的肝細(xì)胞攝取并隨后分泌入膽管,在延遲一定時(shí)期后出現(xiàn)肝實(shí)質(zhì)和膽管系統(tǒng)的特異性強(qiáng)化。靜脈注射后,這些對(duì)比劑有雙相增強(qiáng)模式,第一相隨注射立即發(fā)生,延遲相則發(fā)生在10~120 min內(nèi)[26]。病灶對(duì)對(duì)比劑的吸收程度間接反映病灶內(nèi)細(xì)胞學(xué)特性,特別是對(duì)于肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者來(lái)說(shuō),其肝功能多數(shù)是正常的,鑒于肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶對(duì)肝特異性對(duì)比劑的較少攝取,其肝膽特異性增強(qiáng)相的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度會(huì)明顯低于正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)背景信號(hào),十分有利于轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢出[28]。目前,常用的兩種肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑分別是釓塞酸(gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid,Gd-EOB-DTPA)和釓貝葡胺(gadobenate dimeglumine,Gd-BOPTA),均為非特異性對(duì)比劑Gd-DTPA的衍生物[27]。

相比于CT,利用肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑的增強(qiáng)MRI檢測(cè)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶具有更高的靈敏度和特異度[28],尤其是在脂肪肝背景下對(duì)小病灶(≤1 cm)的檢出[29-30]。肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑增強(qiáng)聯(lián)合DWI可顯著提高肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者術(shù)前化療的診斷準(zhǔn)確性[31]。Hosseini-Nik等[32]提出肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑增強(qiáng)聯(lián)合DWI很有希望能檢測(cè)出結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移術(shù)前化療完全緩解,這對(duì)決定術(shù)前化療后患者的后續(xù)手術(shù)方案有重要意義。因此,雖然肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑價(jià)格較貴,但其對(duì)病灶的高檢出率可一定程度上彌補(bǔ)這種缺點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)確的檢出定性可相對(duì)避免后續(xù)更多的放射學(xué)檢查、活檢,甚至手術(shù)切除[26]。

3 DCE-MRI在評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移中的應(yīng)用

DCE-MRI可反映肝臟組織和腫瘤的肝動(dòng)脈、門(mén)靜脈供血情況及對(duì)比劑到達(dá)時(shí)間,量化病灶的血流情況和毛細(xì)血管滲出性,這些直接決定了化療藥物向轉(zhuǎn)移灶的運(yùn)送情況[33-34]。其定量參數(shù)主要包括: ① 傳輸參數(shù)(Ktrans):對(duì)比劑從血管內(nèi)到血管外的速率常數(shù),反映微血管流量及微血管通透性;② 流出速率常數(shù)(Kep):組織間隙對(duì)比劑重吸收回血管的速率常數(shù);③ 血管外細(xì)胞外間隙空間體積比(Ve):血管外細(xì)胞外間隙空間體積比越接近0,表明血管化程度越強(qiáng);④ 血漿體積比(Vp):血漿空間體積比越接近0,表明血管化程度越差[35]。

DCE-MRI通過(guò)描述病灶的微血管灌注情況可用于評(píng)估抗血管藥物治療效果,其血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)較DCE-CT有更好的再現(xiàn)性,更利于實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化及保證質(zhì)量可靠[36]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基線Ktrans值高的轉(zhuǎn)移灶藥物治療效果較好,治療后Ktrans下降>40%與結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者更好的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期密切相關(guān)[37-38]。Coenegrachts等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶整體Kep值治療有效組明顯高于治療無(wú)效組(Kep=0.098 52、0.078 29),有效組治療6周后Kep值明顯下降,由此提出Kep值可用于治療療效預(yù)測(cè)及早期療效評(píng)價(jià)。Hirashima等[40]通過(guò)多因素分析同樣證實(shí),治療7 d后Ktrans及Kep比例下降(△Ktrans及△Kep)與腫瘤縮小顯著性相關(guān)(△Ktrans:P=0.009;△Kep:P=0.043),△Ktrans還與較長(zhǎng)的疾病進(jìn)展期相關(guān)(P=0.001),從而提出△Ktrans可作為預(yù)測(cè)較好治療效果及疾病進(jìn)展期的一種藥效動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)。

4 功能MRI的優(yōu)勢(shì)及局限

MRI具有較高的軟組織對(duì)比度,脂肪肝背景下較CT能更好地檢出結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶,且不接受電離輻射,可短期多次重復(fù)。MRI功能學(xué)成像方式不僅提供結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的形態(tài)學(xué)和功能學(xué)特征,有利于患者治療方案選擇;治療后功能學(xué)參數(shù)變化還與病理反應(yīng)密切相關(guān),可用于早期治療效果評(píng)估,及時(shí)調(diào)整治療方案,從而影響個(gè)體化治療發(fā)展。

雖然MRI是一種評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的高敏感方法,但其檢查時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),價(jià)格相對(duì)昂貴,并不適用于所有患者?;颊弑仨毮芘浜虾粑噶?,必須嚴(yán)格篩選不兼容的植入設(shè)備,以及幽閉恐怖癥和嚴(yán)重腎臟疾病等禁忌證。

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1.目標(biāo)驅(qū)動(dòng)措施。構(gòu)建“四驅(qū)雙核”服務(wù)型黨支部,要牢牢把握“服務(wù)專(zhuān)業(yè)發(fā)展和學(xué)生培養(yǎng)”這兩個(gè)雙核目標(biāo),認(rèn)真設(shè)計(jì)載體,有效開(kāi)展工作,充分發(fā)揮教工黨支部在雙核目標(biāo)發(fā)展中的推動(dòng)作用。在服務(wù)專(zhuān)業(yè)發(fā)展上的目標(biāo),就是要用教工黨支部中優(yōu)勢(shì)專(zhuān)業(yè)黨員教師的合力,建設(shè)特色專(zhuān)業(yè);用教工黨員所具有的優(yōu)勢(shì)專(zhuān)長(zhǎng),服務(wù)特色專(zhuān)業(yè),建立以首席教師為主的特色專(zhuān)業(yè)群,動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)控專(zhuān)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),逐步形成系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化課程模塊;在服務(wù)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)上的目標(biāo),就是要真正關(guān)心學(xué)生,把解決思想問(wèn)題與實(shí)際問(wèn)題結(jié)合起來(lái),把學(xué)生的政治追求、職業(yè)發(fā)展、個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)、情感交流、生活幫助等需求納入教工黨支部服務(wù)范疇,實(shí)施精細(xì)化、過(guò)程化管理,持續(xù)增強(qiáng)教師黨員在學(xué)生中的影響力。

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Application of new magnetic resonance technologies in assessment of colorectal liver metastases


ZHANG Huan, TONG Tong
(Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)

TONG Tong E-mail: t983352@126.com

Multidetector CT is used to be the most common imaging technology in the evaluation of colorectal liver metastases. The heightened soft-tissue resolution provided by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging makes it a potential problem-solving tool in the assessment of colorectal liver metastases, particularly with the introduction of new imaging technologies, such as diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), hepatocyte-specific contrast-enhanced MR imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and so on. In this paper, their basic principles, main function parameters, and applications in the evaluation of colorectal liver metastases are reviewed.

Colorectal liver metastasis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Diffusion weighted imaging; Dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging; Hepatocyte-specific contrast agent

R445.2

A

1008-617X(2017)01-0007-05

2017-02-01)

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)青年基金(No:81501437)

童彤 E-mail:t983352@126.com

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