張曉雯,崔世紅
(鄭州大學第三附屬醫(yī)院婦產科,河南 鄭州 450000)
子癇前期是一個以蛋白尿及高血壓為特征的綜合征,是孕產婦和圍產兒高死亡率的重要原因之一,在所有妊娠孕婦中其發(fā)病率大約為2%~8%[1]。低劑量阿司匹林可以選擇性的降低血栓素A2的水平而不會干擾內皮細胞前列腺環(huán)素的生成,同時其可以有效的降低血小板的激活與聚集,最終維持血管收縮與舒張平衡,使得血管血流量增加,有效改善胎盤功能[2]。目前低劑量阿司匹林(75mg/d)已經被世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦為高危孕婦預防子癇前期的常規(guī)劑量。Xu[3]等的Meta分析提示,低劑量阿司匹林可以有效降低子癇前期及早產等的發(fā)生率。但是到目前為止,沒有相關Meta分析來探討低劑量阿司匹林對不同種族高危孕婦的療效,而這對于臨床來說很重要。已有文獻報道,阿司匹林對亞洲人群的作用存在差異性是由于環(huán)氧化酶1、糖蛋白IIIa、嘌呤能受體P2Y等基因多態(tài)性所致[4]。因此,該研究旨在利用meta分析系統(tǒng)性評價低劑量阿司匹林對亞洲及非亞洲子癇前期高危孕婦妊娠結局的影響。
以“子癇前期”、“低劑量阿司匹林”、“aspirin”等為關鍵詞在中英文數(shù)據庫檢索。
納入標準:(1)研究類型:均為隨機對照試驗。(2)研究對象:子癇前期高危孕婦,高危孕婦指符合①側翻試驗陽性②子宮動脈多普勒超聲異常③血管緊張試驗陽性④有子癇前期病史、初孕等PE高危因素4項中任一項的孕婦。(3)干預措施:阿司匹林組口服阿司匹林50~100mg/d。對照組行安慰劑、空白對照等處理。(4)結局指標包括子癇前期、早產及圍產兒死亡等。排除標準:(1)統(tǒng)計學方法錯誤文獻。(2)重復發(fā)表文獻或文獻中數(shù)據存在重復。(3)可能有嚴重偏倚或阿司匹林組與對照組納入例數(shù)差別較大的文獻。
由兩位研究者對文獻進行質量評價,并提取文獻一般資料。對納入研究按照Jadad Scale量表進行評估。
采用SPSS20.00統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析,計數(shù)資料以“±s”表示,采用x2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
對上述1980年1月~2017年1月時間內文獻進行檢索,共檢索到文獻1752篇,經過其他手段檢索到文獻2篇,合計1754篇,最終納入文獻36篇。文獻質量評分均高于5分。
2.2.1 子癇前期及早產發(fā)生率比較32篇[5-36]文獻報道子癇前期及22篇[5-10,12-14,19,21,23-25,29-31,33-37]文獻報道早產例數(shù)。異質性檢驗示用隨機效應模型。與對照組比,阿司匹林組子癇前期及早產發(fā)生率降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。亞組分析示:與非LDA相比,LDA能夠降低亞洲和非亞洲孕婦子癇前期及早產發(fā)生率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
2.2.2 圍產兒死亡率及胎盤早剝發(fā)生率比較 17篇[7-10,12,14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 32-36, 40]文獻報道圍產兒死亡及 14篇[8-10, 12, 16, 21, 23,24,31,33-36,40]文獻報道胎盤早剝例數(shù)。異質性檢驗分析示用固定效應模型。LDA能降低圍產兒死亡率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),LDA不能降低胎盤早剝發(fā)生率,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。亞組分析示:LDA不能降低亞洲圍產兒死亡率及胎盤早剝發(fā)生率,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),LDA不能降低非亞洲胎盤早剝發(fā)生率,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),LDA可以降低非亞洲圍產兒死亡率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
2.2.3 妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率比較 14篇[5,8,17-20,29-31,33,34,37-39]文獻報道妊娠期高血壓例數(shù)。異質性檢驗示用隨機效應模型。與對照組相比,阿司匹林組妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率減低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。亞組分析示:LDA不能降低非亞洲孕婦妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),可以降低亞洲孕婦妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
本研究評估了低劑量阿司匹林對亞洲與非亞洲子癇前期高危孕婦的療效,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)LDA能夠顯著降低亞洲與非亞洲高危孕婦患子癇前期的風險、同時也能降低早產及胎兒宮內生長受限發(fā)生率,更重的是,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)LDA不能降低亞洲高危孕婦圍產兒死亡率,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),但可以降低非亞洲高危孕婦的圍產兒死亡率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);早期口服阿司匹林不能降低非亞洲高危孕婦妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),但可以降低亞洲高危孕婦的妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。說明LDA可以有效的降低亞洲與非亞洲高危孕婦子癇前期及早產等的發(fā)生率,并且在圍產兒死亡及妊娠期高血壓方面,LDA對不同種族有不同的效果。
盡管目前阿司匹林的作用機制尚不完全清楚,但其可抑制血栓烷A2介導的血管收縮,從而有效的防止胎盤血管的收縮,避免胎盤血流不足。盡管之前有文獻報道在中國人群中阿司匹林的作用較弱,但與以前的一些meta分析結果報道一致[41,42],我們的研究證實低劑量阿司匹林可以顯著降低亞洲和非亞洲孕婦早產發(fā)生率,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。然而值得注意的是,本研究中阿司匹林在圍產兒死亡率及妊娠期高血壓發(fā)生率方面有不同的療效。
本研究存在一定局限性:①亞洲相關研究報道有限,在我們的薈萃分析中僅納入5篇中文隨機對照研究;②由于納入病例數(shù)有限,難以對妊娠期進行更多亞組分析;③隨訪的差異可能影響我們對meta分析的評價;④亞洲和非亞洲人群在飲食習慣、生活環(huán)境、運動保健等方面的不同可能對結果產生一定影響。
總之,低劑量阿司匹林可以降低亞洲與非亞洲高危孕婦子癇前期、早產的風險,不能降低胎盤早剝發(fā)生率,而且在圍產兒死亡及妊娠期高血壓指標上,低劑量阿司匹林對亞洲與非亞洲孕婦有著不同的療效。
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