王寶金,王新月,付喜玲,王蒙蒙,李 霞,羅 真
·論著·
·全科醫(yī)學(xué)技能發(fā)展·
彩色多普勒超聲監(jiān)測子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流與早期先兆流產(chǎn)預(yù)后的關(guān)系
王寶金1*,王新月1,付喜玲1,王蒙蒙1,李 霞1,羅 真2
目的 探討彩色多普勒超聲監(jiān)測早期先兆流產(chǎn)患者子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)與其預(yù)后的關(guān)系。方法 選擇2015年7月—2016年1月在鄭州大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院門診就診的孕5~8周早期先兆流產(chǎn)婦女114例為研究組(A組),選擇同期正常早期宮內(nèi)妊娠婦女63例為對(duì)照組(B組),均行經(jīng)腹彩色多普勒超聲測量子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo):收縮期峰值流速(S)、舒張末期流速(D)、S/D、搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(PI)、阻力指數(shù)(RI)。A組與B組均隨訪至孕16周,A組患者中保胎失敗者歸入A1組(58例),保胎成功者則歸入A2組(56例),B組中排除難免流產(chǎn)者8例后為55例。比較各組子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 3組子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈D、S/D、PI、RI比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其中,A1組子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈D低于A2組和B組,S/D、PI、RI值均高于A2組和B組(P<0.05);A2組子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈PI、RI均高于B組(P<0.05)。3組組內(nèi)雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05)。結(jié)論 子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)與早期先兆流產(chǎn)患者的預(yù)后有一定關(guān)系,可以通過監(jiān)測早期先兆流產(chǎn)患者的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流情況指導(dǎo)保胎治療。
流產(chǎn),先兆;超聲檢查,多普勒,彩色;子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流
王寶金,王新月,付喜玲,等.彩色多普勒超聲監(jiān)測子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流與早期先兆流產(chǎn)預(yù)后的關(guān)系[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(9):1132-1135.[www.chinagp.net]
WANG B J,WANG X Y,FU X L,et al.Relationship between the blood flow of uterine spiral artery monitored by color Doppler ultrasound and the prognosis of early threatened abortion[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(9):1132-1135.
先兆流產(chǎn)在孕婦中的發(fā)病率約為25%[1],其臨床表現(xiàn)為孕婦于妊娠12周前出現(xiàn)陰道流血、陣發(fā)性下腹痛或腰痛等癥狀,而婦科檢查結(jié)果為胎膜完整且宮頸口未開。在出現(xiàn)先兆流產(chǎn)癥狀的孕婦中,約15%發(fā)展成難免流產(chǎn)[2]。先兆流產(chǎn)的發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),妊娠早期胚胎的發(fā)育依賴于子宮的血流灌注,若子宮的血流不足可導(dǎo)致胚胎發(fā)育停止、妊娠期高血壓等不良妊娠結(jié)局[3]。近年來,子宮動(dòng)脈血流在習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)和妊娠中晚期的并發(fā)癥(如妊娠期高血壓、妊娠期糖尿病、羊水過少、胎兒生長受限等)中的研究成為熱點(diǎn)。本研究通過對(duì)早期先兆流產(chǎn)患者子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)與早期妊娠結(jié)局的關(guān)系進(jìn)行深入研究,旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的關(guān)系。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選擇2015年7月—2016年1月在鄭州大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院門診就診的早期先兆流產(chǎn)婦女114例為研究組(A組)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)停經(jīng)5~8周,血人絨毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)陽性;(2)年齡20~36歲,無心肝腎及內(nèi)分泌疾病;(3)有陰道流血(排除宮頸及外陰陰道病變或由此引起的出血)或腹痛,但無妊娠物排出;(4)無子宮肌瘤、子宮腺肌癥、卵巢囊腫、子宮畸形等合并癥。選取同期就診的正常早期宮內(nèi)妊娠婦女63例作為對(duì)照組(B組)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)停經(jīng)5~8周,血HCG陽性;(2)年齡20~36歲,無心肝腎等內(nèi)科疾病、無內(nèi)分泌等全身性疾??;(3)無陰道流血(排除宮頸及外陰陰道病變或損傷引起的出血)及腹痛,無妊娠物排出;(4)無子宮肌瘤、子宮腺肌癥、卵巢囊腫、子宮畸形等合并癥。
A組與B組均隨訪至孕16周,A組患者中保胎失敗者歸入A1組(58例),保胎成功者則歸入A2組(56例),B組中排除難免流產(chǎn)者8例后為55例。
1.2 儀器、方法及檢測指標(biāo) 采用美國GE公司生產(chǎn)的 voiuson 型三維彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,探頭頻率為5.0 MHz。行經(jīng)腹部超聲檢查以減少對(duì)先兆流產(chǎn)婦女的刺激。對(duì)子宮及雙側(cè)附件區(qū)進(jìn)行多切面掃描及觀察,結(jié)合彩色多普勒超聲檢查并記錄子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo):收縮期峰值流速(S)、舒張末期流速(D)、S/D、搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(PI)、阻力指數(shù)(RI),每項(xiàng)指標(biāo)取3次平均值,以上操作均由同一位技術(shù)熟練的醫(yī)師操作。同時(shí)觀察子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜形態(tài) 。
2.1 3組年齡及子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)比較 3組年齡及子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈S比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05);3組子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈D、S/D、PI、RI比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其中,A1組的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈D低于A2組和B組,S/D、PI、RI值均高于A2組和B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);A2組的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈PI、RI均高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
2.2 組內(nèi)雙側(cè)子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)比較 3組組內(nèi)雙側(cè)子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05,見表2)。
2.3 子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜 早期先兆流產(chǎn)婦女子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流在舒張末期消失(見圖1),在舒張?jiān)缙诔是雄E樣改變(見圖2)。正常早期妊娠的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜表現(xiàn)為寬而低,S上升緩慢,D下降緩慢、平滑、持續(xù)存在,呈“低阻型”頻譜(見圖3)。
Table 1 Comparison of age and uterine spiral artery blood flow indexes in the three groups
組別例數(shù)年齡(歲)S(cm/s)D(cm/s)S/DPIRIA1組5830.1±5.444.2±12.35.9±2.27.8±2.00.9±0.22.8±0.4A2組5629.2±3.944.6±15.19.8±4.5a5.3±4.3a0.8±0.1a2.1±0.7aB組5530.8±4.345.7±16.89.3±3.7a5.1±1.3a0.7±0.1ab1.7±0.5abF值1.6010.31339.25533.21274.043117.035P值0.2050.731<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
注:與A1組比較,aP<0.05;與A2組比較,bP<0.05;S=收縮期峰值流速,D=舒張末期流速,PI=搏動(dòng)指數(shù),RI=阻力指數(shù)
圖1 子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜示早期先兆流產(chǎn)婦女舒張末期血流消失
Figure 1 Uterine spiral artery blood flow spectrum showed that the end diastolic blood flow disappeared in early threatened abortion women
表2 3組雙側(cè)子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)比較
圖2 子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜示早期先兆流產(chǎn)婦女舒張?jiān)缙谇雄E樣改變
Figure 2 Uterine spiral artery blood flow spectrum showed that notch-like change in the early diastolic in early threatened abortion women
圖3 正常早期妊娠婦女的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜
Figure 3 Uterine spiral artery blood flow spectrum in normal early pregnancy
3.1 正常早期妊娠婦女子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變 子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈是母兒血液循環(huán)的終末分支,供給胎兒生長發(fā)育所需要的營養(yǎng)[4]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示,在受精卵著床后,滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞開始侵蝕子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈,致使其管腔擴(kuò)張,血流阻力下降,以適應(yīng)妊娠的需要[5-6]。而國外學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的侵入和子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈的重塑是胎盤形成的重要環(huán)節(jié)[7]。
正常妊娠時(shí),子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈隨孕齡的增長由非妊娠時(shí)的屈曲狀態(tài)逐漸變直、血管變粗、管腔擴(kuò)大,血流速度增快,以低阻高速狀態(tài)來提高子宮血流灌注[8],RI、PI和S/D逐漸降低。許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈的彩色多普勒血流指標(biāo)可能反映內(nèi)膜容受性,進(jìn)而預(yù)測妊娠結(jié)局[9]。
3.2 先兆流產(chǎn)患者子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)改變 病理狀態(tài)下,滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞對(duì)胎床螺旋動(dòng)脈的侵蝕受到抑制,子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈保持原狀不擴(kuò)張或輕度擴(kuò)張,母體血流通過子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈時(shí)受到的阻力較正常妊娠時(shí)大,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)注入絨毛間隙的母體血減少,影響胚胎的生長和發(fā)育[10],RI和S/D處于高水平狀態(tài),最終導(dǎo)致胚胎停止發(fā)育。
本研究顯示:A1組子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈S/D、PI、RI均高于A2組和B組。子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流參數(shù)S/D、PI、RI升高者妊娠結(jié)局常不良,發(fā)生難免流產(chǎn)的概率較高,推測原因?yàn)椋?1)子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈的高阻力狀態(tài)直接影響了母體對(duì)胎兒的血供,導(dǎo)致氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)無法正常供應(yīng)胎兒生長發(fā)育,有可能引起胎兒宮內(nèi)缺氧、生長受限等不良妊娠結(jié)局;(2)子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流阻力高造成子宮內(nèi)膜局部血管化程度降低,從而直接影響子宮的血流灌注及母體子宮與胎兒之間的血液循環(huán)狀況[11],導(dǎo)致胎盤局部缺血、血栓的形成,從而影響了胚胎著床后妊娠的維持,最后導(dǎo)致胚胎停止發(fā)育[12]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)A1組的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈D低于A2組和B組,此結(jié)果反映舒張末期子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流流速降低,可導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)胎兒的血流減少,致使氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的供應(yīng)不能滿足胎兒生長發(fā)育的需要,從而不利于胚胎及胎兒的發(fā)育,嚴(yán)重時(shí)導(dǎo)致流產(chǎn)的發(fā)生。
本研究對(duì)A組及B組的左、右雙側(cè)子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流指標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果表明無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,與STEER等[13]的研究結(jié)果一致。
3.3 子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜 在正常妊娠狀態(tài)下,子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜表現(xiàn)為寬而低,S上升緩慢,D下降緩慢、平滑、持續(xù)存在,呈“低阻型”頻譜。而在病理狀態(tài)下,孕婦的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜特征為S快速上升和舒張期峰值流速快速下降,D較低,甚至消失[14-15],本研究子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流頻譜顯示,子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流在舒張末期消失,提示胚胎供血不足,致使氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的供應(yīng)不能滿足胎兒生長發(fā)育的需要,從而不利于胚胎及胎兒的發(fā)育。
本研究尚有不足之處需要完善,如研究對(duì)象數(shù)量偏少,有待于擴(kuò)大樣本數(shù)量進(jìn)行深入研究,以更加精確各指標(biāo)的參考范圍,且應(yīng)該隨孕周增加不斷監(jiān)測其變化趨勢;目前子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流的分析僅停留于臨床觀察階段,需要更多的數(shù)據(jù)及研究來促進(jìn)其在臨床工作中的應(yīng)用和推廣;雖然子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈舒張?jiān)缙谇雄E樣改變有特殊的臨床價(jià)值,但臨床上多將其定義為“有”或“無”,這種描述需要更加量化。
總之,先兆流產(chǎn)婦女的子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈阻力明顯高于正常早期妊娠婦女。彩色多普勒超聲能很好地檢測子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈血流參數(shù),及時(shí)、高效地反映子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈阻力情況,幫助醫(yī)生了解妊娠婦女子宮血流狀況及循環(huán)功能,對(duì)先兆流產(chǎn)婦女的妊娠結(jié)局及預(yù)測保胎成功率提供參考依據(jù),同時(shí)具有一定的臨床指導(dǎo)價(jià)值,比如通過抗凝等治療降低子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈阻力,可以降低不良妊娠結(jié)局,這也是下一步的研究方向。
作者貢獻(xiàn):王新月進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);付喜玲、王蒙蒙、李霞、羅真進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)實(shí)施、評(píng)估、資料收集;王寶金進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
本文無利益沖突。
[1] HERTIG A T,LINGSTONE R G.Spontaneous,threatened and habitual abortion:their pathogenesis and theatment[J].N Engl J Med,2005,230(26):297.DOI:10.1056/NEJM194406292302604.
[2] 錢敏,張丹.彩色多普勒對(duì)先兆流產(chǎn)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變分析[J].中國超生診斷雜志,2003,4(11):868-870. QIAN M,ZHANG D.The analysis of hemodynamics changes to threatened abortion by color Doppler flow imaging[J].Chinese Journal of Ultrasound Diagnosis,2003,4(11):868-870.
[3] 李紳,王美,耿順玲,等.早孕前、后子宮動(dòng)脈血流與妊娠結(jié)局的相關(guān)性研究[J].中華臨床醫(yī)師雜志(電子版),2015,9(2):218-222.DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2015.02.009. LI S,WANG M,GENG S L,et al.Relevance on the correlation of pregnant outcome and uterine artery flow in before and after early pregnancy[J].Chin J Clinicians(Electronic Edition),2015,9(2):218-222.DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2015.02.009.
[4] 田寧,于松.子宮動(dòng)脈超聲多普勒血流監(jiān)測在妊娠期高血壓疾病管理中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].中國婦幼保健,2012,27(35):5811-5814. TIAN N,YU S.Application of Doppler ultrasound blood flow monitoring in the management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy[J].Maternal and Child Health Care of China,2012,27(35):5811-5814.
[5] PAPAGEORGHIOU A T,YU C K,NICOLAIDES K H.The role of uterine artery Doppler in predicting adverse pregnancy outcome[J].Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,2004,18(3):383-396.
[6] LYALL F.Priming and remodelling of human placental bed spiral arteries during pregnancy:a review[J].Placenta,2005,26(Suppl A):31-36.DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2005.02.010.
[7] POLAT B,TUFAN H,DANISMAN N.Vasorelaxant effect of levcromakalim on isolated umbilical arteries of preeclamptic women[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2007,134(2):169-173.DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.09.015.
[8] GUEDES-MARTINS L,CUNHA A,SARAIVA J,et al.Internal iliac and uterine arteries Doppler ultrasound inthe assessment of normotensive and chronic hypertensive pregnant women[J].Sci Rep,2014,21(4):3785.DOI:10.1038/srep03785.
[9] 王珺,馬志紅,劉彩霞,等.正常及復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)絨毛組織中血管生成相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[J].生殖與避孕,2009,29(2):79-81. WANG J,MA Z H,LIU C X,et al.Expression of angiogenesis related genes in normal and recurrent spontaneous villus tissues[J].Reproduction and Contraception,2009,29(2):79-81.
[10] HOLLIS B,PREFUMO F,BHIDE A,et al.First‐trimester uterine artery blood flow and birth weight[J].Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology,2003,22(4):373-376.
[11] JAMAL A,ABBASALIZADEH F,VAFAEI H,et al.Multicenter screening for adverse pregnancy outcomes by uterine artery Doppler in the second and third trimester of pregnancy[J].Medical Ultrasonography,2013,15(2):95-100.
[12] 王磊,洪向麗,鮑時(shí)華,等.復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)患者子宮動(dòng)脈血流的超聲多普勒變化[J].生殖與避孕,2014,34(6):471-475.DOI:10.7669/j.issn.0253-357X.2014.06.0471. WANG L,HONG X L,BAO S H,et al.Doppler assessment of uterine blood flow in recurrent spontaneous abortions[J].Reproduction & Contraception,2014,34(6):471-475.DOI:10.7669/j.issn.0253-357X.2014.06.0471.
[13] STEER C V,TAN A L,MASON B A,et al.Midluteal-phase vaginal color Doppler assessment of uterine arteryimpedance in a subfertile population[J].Fertil Steril,1994,61(1):53-68.
[14] 王燕,王英華.彩超監(jiān)測臍動(dòng)脈與子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈對(duì)高危妊娠的研究[J].中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué),2014,4(7):21-24,34. WANG Y,WANG Y H.Study of color Doppler ultrasound used in monitoring umbilical artery and uterinespiral artery in high risk pregnancy[J].China Medicine and Pharmacy,2014,4(7):21-24,34.
[15] DICKEY R P.Doppler ultrasound investigation of uterine and ovarian blood flow in infertility and early pregnancy[J].Hum Reprod Update,1997,3(5):467-503.
(本文編輯:趙躍翠)
Relationship between the Blood Flow of Uterine Spiral Artery Monitored by Color Doppler Ultrasound and the Prognosis of Early Threatened Abortion
WANGBao-jin1,WANGXin-yue1,FUXi-ling1,WANGMeng-meng1,LIXia1,LUOZhen2
1.TheThirdAffiliatedHospitalofZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou450000,China2.HenanProvincialHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Zhengzhou450052,China
*Correspondingauthor:WANGBao-jin,Associateprofessor,Associatechiefphysician;E-mail:307797362@qq.com
Objective To explore the relationship between parameter values of blood flow of uterine spiral artery monitored by color Doppler ultrasound and the prognosis of patients with early threatened abortion.Methods A total of 114 women with early threatened abortion,who were in 5 to 8 weeks pregnancy and admitted to the outpatient of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from July 2015 to January 2016,were selected as the research group(group A),and 63 pregnant women with normal uterine pregnancy in early stage during the same period were selected as the control group(group B).The abdominal color Doppler ultrasonography was conducted to measure the blood flow indexes of uterine spiral artery,including systolic velocity(S),end diastolic velocity(D),S/D,pulsatility index(PI),and resistance index(RI).A group and B group were both followed up until the 16th week of pregnancy,patients failed in fetus protection in A group were included into group A1(58 cases),and those successes in fetus protection were included into group A2(56 cases),55 cases were finally in group B after excluding 8 cases of inevitable abortion.The blood flow indexes of uterine spiral artery index of each group was compared.Results There were significant differences in D,S/D,PI and RI of uterine spiral arteries in the three groups(P<0.05).The D value of uterine spiral arteries in group A1 was significantly lower than that in group A2 and group B,while their values of S/D,PI and RI of uterine spiral arteries were significantly higher than those in group A2 and group B(P<0.05).The value of PI and RI of uterine spiral arteries in group A2 was significantly higher than that in group B.The blood flow parameters of bilateral uterine spiral arteries were not significantly different in the three groups(P0.05).Conclusion The blood flow indexes of uterine spiral arteries have certain relation to the prognosis of patients with early threatened abortion.The blood flow status of uterine spiral arteries of patients with early threatened abortion can be monitored to guide the fetus protection.
Abortion,threatened;Ultrasonography,Doppler,color;Uterine spiral artery blood flow
河南省教育廳自然科學(xué)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2011B320018)
R 445.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.09.021
2016-11-10;
2017-01-25)
1.450000河南省鄭州市,鄭州大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院
2.450052河南省鄭州市,河南省中醫(yī)院
*通信作者:王寶金,副教授,副主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:307797362@qq.com