潘 潔
作為醫(yī)學(xué)論文的重要組成部分[1],醫(yī)學(xué)論文的英文摘要在學(xué)術(shù)交流中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。由于論文作者英文水平的參差不齊,加之期刊編輯英文編校的能力有限,導(dǎo)致我國(guó)科技論文英文文題和摘要質(zhì)量不高[2],尤其在基層醫(yī)學(xué)期刊中,問(wèn)題更為突出。近年來(lái),科技論文漢英翻譯方面的報(bào)道很多[3],但其中鮮有針對(duì)基層醫(yī)學(xué)期刊的研究。筆者結(jié)合多年的編輯實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)近年來(lái)《現(xiàn)代診斷與治療》英文文題和摘要中的常見(jiàn)典型錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行了探討分析,以期為基層醫(yī)學(xué)期刊論文英文文題和摘要的質(zhì)量改進(jìn)提供參考。
[例1]中文:東莞市厚街地區(qū)473例正常孕婦不同妊娠期甲狀腺功能變化研究。英文:Studies on Changes in Thyroid Function during Pregnancy Dongguan Region 473 Cases of Normal Pregnant Women.
本例除存在詞序混亂、介詞缺失等語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤外,還有兩處中文和英文不對(duì)應(yīng),一是中文的“厚街地區(qū)”在英文中沒(méi)有譯出,二是“不同妊娠期”英文譯成了“during Pregnancy”(妊娠期)。正確的英文應(yīng)為:Changes of Thyroid Function during Different Pregnancy Period in 473 Cases of Normal Pregnant Women in Houjie Region,Dongguan City。值得一提的是,依照英文文題應(yīng)盡量精煉的原則[4],對(duì)原英文中多余的短語(yǔ)“Studies on”進(jìn)行了刪除。
[例2]中文:中山大學(xué)附屬第六醫(yī)院生殖中心。英文:Sixth reproductive center of the Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University.
本例的中英文存在明顯的句意分歧,英文表述的作者單位是“中山大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院第六生殖中心”,而非中文表述的“中山大學(xué)附屬第六醫(yī)院生殖中心”。正確的英文應(yīng)為:Reproductive Center,the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University。需要注意的是,英文序數(shù)詞的前面一般都要加上定冠詞“the”,且字母大小寫(xiě)格式也應(yīng)規(guī)范。
[例3]中文:對(duì)不同方法學(xué)檢測(cè)乙型肝炎血清標(biāo)志物結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。英文:To evaluate the results of serum markers of hepatitis B in different aspects of the law.
本例英文中“aspects of the law”意為“法律的某些方面”,與“方法學(xué)”(Methodology)是截然不同的兩個(gè)概念,這顯然是照搬某些翻譯軟件或在線翻譯的結(jié)果造成的。應(yīng)改為:To evaluate the results of serum markers of hepatitis B detected by different methods。
[例4]中文:治療過(guò)程中兩組均未發(fā)生明顯的不良反應(yīng)。英文:The course of treatment,the two groups were not significant adverse reactions.
本例有兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,一是作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的“The course of treatment”前面少了一個(gè)介詞“During”;二是作為主語(yǔ)的“the two groups”與作為謂語(yǔ)的系表結(jié)構(gòu)“were not significant adverse reactions”主謂不對(duì)應(yīng)。應(yīng)改為:During the course of treatment,no significant adverse reactions were found in both two groups.
[例5]中文:選取我院2012年1月~2015年1月收治的單側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄患者30例,根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)分為無(wú)癥狀組和癥狀組。英文:In our hospital in January 2012 to 2015 to January of unilateral carotid artery severe stenosis of 30 cases of patients,according to the clinical manifestation is divided into asymptomatic group and symptom group.
本例中,應(yīng)作為主語(yǔ)的“30 cases of patients”在句中變成了時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的一部分,整句缺少主語(yǔ)且詞序混亂,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)用錯(cuò),且“asymptomatic”和“symptom”詞性沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)。全句應(yīng)改為:According to the clinical manifestations,30 cases of patients with unilateral carotid artery severe stenosis treated in our hospital during January 2012 to January 2015 were divided into asymptomatic group and symptomtic group.
[例6]中文:人們通過(guò)對(duì)支氣管哮喘的深入研究,意識(shí)到應(yīng)以防治氣道炎癥為治療重點(diǎn)。英文:People through the in-depth study of bronchial asthma,to the prevention and treatment of airway inflammation should be the focus of treatment.
本例為典型的照搬翻譯軟件,雖然表面上看起來(lái)每個(gè)中文詞語(yǔ)幾乎都譯出來(lái)了,但都是按原中文語(yǔ)序堆在一起,詞序混亂;并且,本應(yīng)作為謂語(yǔ)的“意識(shí)到”在英文中卻莫名丟失了。正確的英文應(yīng)為:Through the in-depth study of bronchial asthma,people realize that the prevention and treatment of airway inflammation should be the focus of the treatment.
[例7]中文:對(duì)照組采用MTA封閉根管上段,治療組采用iRoot BP封閉根管上段。英文:the control group used MTA root canal closed upper treatment group using iRoot BP closed upper root canal.
本例的錯(cuò)誤包括首字母未大寫(xiě)、兩個(gè)并列分句之間缺少逗號(hào)和連結(jié)詞,以及多處時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤(后一個(gè)分句的“using”應(yīng)改為一般過(guò)去式,兩個(gè)分句的過(guò)去分詞形式的“closed”均應(yīng)改為不定式形式)。正確的英文應(yīng)為:The control group used MTA root canal to close the upper root canal,while the treatment group used iRoot BP to close the upper root canal.
[例8]中文:阿托伐他汀聯(lián)合前列地爾治療高血壓腎病的療效及對(duì)腎間質(zhì)纖維化指標(biāo)的影響。英文:The Curative Effect of Atorvastatin Combined with Alprostadil in the Treatment of Hypertensive Nephropathy and Effects on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis
本例中“Effects on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis”(對(duì)腎間質(zhì)纖維化指標(biāo)的影響)是由“阿托伐他汀聯(lián)合前列地爾”施加的,因句中已提到Atorvastatin Combined with Alprostadil,故應(yīng)在“Effects on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis”的前面加上一個(gè)所有格代詞“Its”,并用“Influence”替換“Effect”,以免產(chǎn)生歧義。同時(shí),應(yīng)刪除兩個(gè)定冠詞“the”。修改后的英文為:Curative Effect of Atorvastatin Combined with Alprostadil in Treatment of Hypertensive Nephropathy and Its Influence on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis
[例9]中文:經(jīng)治療后,兩組患者癥狀均有改善,但是觀察組顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。英文:after treatment,symptoms of the two groups of patients were improved,but the observation group was significantly better than that of controls(P<0.05).
本例中,“treatment”“symptoms”和“controls”的前面均應(yīng)加上定冠詞“the”,且“the observation group”和“the controls”作為比較級(jí)的兩個(gè)主體本身是對(duì)應(yīng)的,加上“that of”反而不對(duì)應(yīng)了。全句應(yīng)改為:After the treatment,the symptoms of the two groups of patients were improved,but the observation group was significantly better than the controls (P<0.05).
[例10]中文:重型顱腦損傷后腦脊液S100b蛋白的變化及其與顱內(nèi)壓的相關(guān)性研究。英文:Study on the Correlation of S100b Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Severe Craniocerebral Injury and the Change of Intracranial Pressure
本例的英文直接翻譯成中文的意思是“重型顱腦損傷后腦脊液中S100b蛋白與顱內(nèi)壓變化的相關(guān)性研究”,與原來(lái)的中文的句意存在分歧,這是英文的詞序錯(cuò)誤所致。正確的英文應(yīng)為:Change of S100b Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Severe Craniocerebral Injury and Its Correlation with Intracranial Pressure
[例11]中文:兩組比較具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。英文:compare the two groups was significant difference(P<0.05).
本例為典型的中式英語(yǔ),從語(yǔ)法上來(lái)看,整句缺少主語(yǔ),同時(shí)存在兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞且時(shí)態(tài)不統(tǒng)一。正確的英文應(yīng)為:Comparing the two groups,the difference was statistically significant.
[例12]中文:治療組總有效率明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組牙本質(zhì)表面的牙骨質(zhì)樣組織的沉積率明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。英文:The total effective rate of treatment group was significantly higher than the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); treatment group,the dentin surface deposition of cementum like tissue was significantly higher than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).
本例中存在的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤有三處:一是作為比較級(jí)的兩個(gè)主體的“The total effective rate of treatment group”和“the control group”不對(duì)應(yīng);二是分號(hào)后“treatment group”前面少了一個(gè)介詞“in”;三是為了與加上后的介詞“In”對(duì)應(yīng),“that of the control group”中的“of”應(yīng)替換為“in”。全句應(yīng)改為:The total effective rate of treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).In treatment group,the dentin surface deposition of cementum like tissue was significantly higher than that in the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).
在《現(xiàn)代診斷與治療》英文文題和摘要的編輯工作中,最常見(jiàn)的英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤是作者單位中所在科室與醫(yī)院之間、單位名稱與所在省市之間或所在省市與國(guó)家之間缺少逗號(hào)“,”。如下例:
[例13]中文:福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬龍巖第一醫(yī)院,福建 龍巖 364000。英文:Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Longyan 364000 China.
應(yīng)改為:The First Hospital of Longyan,Affiliated to Fujian Medical University,Longyan 364000,China
此外,還有部分英文摘要存在誤用中文的頓號(hào)“、”以及逗號(hào)“,”和分號(hào)“;”的濫用問(wèn)題,如[例12]中,就有兩處逗號(hào)“,”和一處分號(hào)“;”應(yīng)全部改為句號(hào)“.”。
字母大小寫(xiě)誤用大多出現(xiàn)在英文文題和作者單位中。根據(jù)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2],英文文題的最常用的書(shū)寫(xiě)格式是每個(gè)實(shí)詞的首字母大寫(xiě)、3個(gè)或4個(gè)字母以下的虛詞全部小寫(xiě)。而由于部分作者或編輯的英譯專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)不足,造成英文文題常出現(xiàn)字母大小寫(xiě)混亂的問(wèn)題。
[例14]Comparative Study On Efficacy Of Propofol -fentanyl In Target-controlled Intravenous Anesthesia And Intravenous Inhalational Anesthesia(異丙酚復(fù)合芬太尼在靶控靜脈麻醉與靜吸復(fù)合麻醉的療效比較)
本例中“On”“Of”和“And”的首字母均應(yīng)小寫(xiě),而“fentanyl”和“controlled”的首字母應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。正確的格式為:Comparative Study on Efficacy of Propofol-Fentanyl In Target-Controlled Intravenous Anesthesia and Intravenous Inhalational Anesthesia.
[例15]中文:血清IL-12、IL-10及IL-18與肺結(jié)核的相關(guān)性研究。英文:Correlation of Serum IL-12,IL-10 and IL-18 and TB
本例英文中“TB”是“Tuberculosis”的縮寫(xiě),但英文縮略語(yǔ)的使用必須遵循國(guó)際規(guī)則和國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范,一般不在文題中使用且首次出現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)注明全稱[5]。故本例中的“TB”應(yīng)改為“Tuberculosis”。
本文以《現(xiàn)代診斷與治療》英文文題和摘要為例,對(duì)基層醫(yī)學(xué)期刊論文英文文題和摘要的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行了分析探討。
對(duì)于基層醫(yī)學(xué)期刊來(lái)說(shuō),要降低這些錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生率、提高英文文題和摘要的編校質(zhì)量,首先,需提高論文作者對(duì)英文摘要重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)和自身的英文寫(xiě)作水平:作為英文摘要質(zhì)量好壞的直接相關(guān)者,論文作者應(yīng)加強(qiáng)英文寫(xiě)作的學(xué)習(xí)和鍛煉,多閱讀分析英文原文摘要并模仿其寫(xiě)作方法及表達(dá)方式;同時(shí),投稿時(shí)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)英文文題和摘要的校對(duì),盡量減少單詞拼寫(xiě)等明顯錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生。其次,需強(qiáng)化期刊編輯的業(yè)務(wù)水平和英文審校能力:作為英文文題和摘要的把關(guān)人,期刊編輯要及時(shí)掌握國(guó)際科技期刊摘要的撰寫(xiě)要求和寫(xiě)作變化趨勢(shì),多閱讀和模仿英文原文文獻(xiàn)的寫(xiě)作手法;同時(shí),在英文編輯加工中要避免過(guò)度依賴翻譯軟件和中文直譯,確保英文文題和摘要的準(zhǔn)確和規(guī)范。最后,期刊社要重視并做好質(zhì)量控制:應(yīng)針對(duì)英文文題和摘要質(zhì)量控制的內(nèi)容,制訂合理的質(zhì)控流程[6],并把控好質(zhì)控的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),為提高期刊的英文質(zhì)量提供保障;同時(shí),也可聘請(qǐng)母語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)的外籍編委審核英文文題和摘要,為期刊的英文質(zhì)量終審把關(guān)。
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