李建高

縱觀近年來全國(guó)各地區(qū)中考英語試題，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，中考對(duì)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的考查主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面：

一、考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)的概念和構(gòu)成

解答被動(dòng)語態(tài)題目，首先要判斷主語和動(dòng)作的關(guān)系。如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（二者是主謂關(guān)系），就用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者（二者是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系），就用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：助動(dòng)詞be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。

【真題鏈接】（2016年廣安卷） —You speak Chinese very well， Sam.

—Thanks. Chinese is very popular. It _____ widely in the world.

A. speak B. is spoke

C. was spoken D. is spoken

【解析】選D。句意為：——山姆，你漢語說得很好。——謝謝。漢語很流行。它在世界上應(yīng)用得廣泛。主語it（Chinese）是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者，應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)is spoken。

二、考查各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

被動(dòng)語態(tài)試題對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)考查的熱點(diǎn)主要集中在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)上。

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：am / is / are + done （動(dòng)詞的過去分詞）。常用now，today，every day， often， usually， always， seldom， never等做時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志詞。

【真題鏈接1】（2016年臨沂卷） Now all Chinese couple _____ to have two children.

A. allow B. allowed

C. are allowed D. were allowed

【解析】選C。句意為：現(xiàn)在所有的中國(guó)夫婦可以生兩個(gè)孩子。由now（現(xiàn)在）以及主語all Chinese couple和動(dòng)詞allow之間的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系可知，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

【真題鏈接2】（2016年成都卷） You are not supposed to go to a family party unless you _____ to in the USA.

A. are not invited B. are invited

C. will be invited

【解析】選B。句意為：在美國(guó)如果你沒有被邀請(qǐng)，就不能參加家庭聚會(huì)。unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，如果主句為一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來；主語you與動(dòng)詞invite之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

2. 一般過去時(shí)

一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示過去某一時(shí)刻的被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：was / were + done。常用yesterday，last year / month / week， ten years ago等時(shí)間狀語做時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志詞。

【真題鏈接3】（2016年陜西卷） Football _____ to our school subjects last year.

A. is added B. adds

C. was added D. added

【解析】選C。句意為：去年，足球被加進(jìn)了我們學(xué)校的科目。主語football與動(dòng)詞 add之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而且動(dòng)作發(fā)生在last year，所以要用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

【真題鏈接4】（2016年淮安卷） —Aunt Li， who is the pretty girl in red in the picture？

—Its my daughter. The picture _____ 10 years ago.

A. took B. is taken

C. has taken D. was taken

【解析】選D。句意為：——李阿姨，照片中穿紅衣服的那個(gè)漂亮女孩是誰？——那是我的女兒。這張照片是十年前拍的。主語the picture與動(dòng)詞take之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，所以要用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

3. 一般將來時(shí)

一般將來時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示將來某一時(shí)刻的被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作，常用表示將來的tomorrow，next year / month / week， in a few years time等時(shí)間狀語做時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志詞，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：shall / will be + done；am / is / are going to be + done。

【真題鏈接5】（2016年南京卷） Its reported that Jiangsu Grand Theater _____ in September this year.

A. completes B. is completed

C. will complete D. will be completed

【解析】選D。句意為：據(jù)報(bào)道江蘇大劇院將于今年九月份竣工。in September this year是表示將來的時(shí)間狀語，主語Jiangsu Grand Theater與動(dòng)詞complete之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

【真題鏈接6】（2016年北京卷） A new road _____ near my school next year.

A. builds B. will build

C. is built D. will be built

【解析】選D。句意為：明年在我的學(xué)校附近將建成一條新路。主語a new road與動(dòng)詞build之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，時(shí)間狀語為next year，應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示到目前為止已經(jīng)完成的某個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：have / has been + done。句中常出現(xiàn)already，so far，up to now，“since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)”等時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志詞。

【真題鏈接7】（2015年泰安卷） —Lily， will you go to Jennys birthday party this Saturday？

—Im not sure. Because I _____ so far.

A. havent invited

B. wasnt invited

C. havent been invited

D. will be invited

【解析】選C。句意為：——莉莉，這個(gè)星期六你將要去參加珍妮的生日聚會(huì)嗎？ ——我不能確定。因?yàn)榈侥壳盀橹刮疫€沒有被邀請(qǐng)。主語I與動(dòng)詞invite之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語so far為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志，所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

三、考查含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常表示具有特定感情色彩的被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can， may， must， should等）+ be + done，表示“能夠/可以/必須/應(yīng)該被……”。

【真題鏈接1】（2016年賀州卷） —The traffic is too heavy. We have to drive slowly.

—I think more new roads _____ in our city.

A. should be built B. should built

C. have built D. build

【解析】選A。句意為：——交通很繁忙。我們不得不緩慢行駛?！艺J(rèn)為在我們城市應(yīng)該新建更多公路。主語more new roads與動(dòng)詞build之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：should + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。

【真題鏈接2】（2016年西寧卷） —I want to borrow the book， but I dont know how long it may _____.

—For two weeks.

A. borrow B. be borrowed

C. keep D. be kept

【解析】選D。句意為：——我想借這本書，但我不知道可以借多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?！獌蓚€(gè)星期。主語it與動(dòng)詞keep之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：may + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。

【真題鏈接3】（2015年孝感卷） —How often do I need to feed the dog？

—It _____ food every day， or it will be hungry.

A. must give B. must be give

C. must gave D. must be given

【解析】選D。句意為：——我需要多久喂一次這只狗？——必須每天給它喂食，否則它會(huì)餓的。答語中，主語it（the dog）和動(dòng)詞give之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must 的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：must + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。

四、考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

1. 某些感官動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞后面跟形容詞時(shí)可以表示被動(dòng)含義，像look，smell，taste，feel，sound等。如：

Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy. 她的臥室看起來非常干凈、整潔。

The mixture tastes terrible. 這種混合物嘗起來味道很差。

2. 某些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示被動(dòng)含義，像cook，make，pack，build等。如：

The meat is cooking. 肉正在煮著。

3. 表示主語某種屬性（用途）的動(dòng)詞，其主動(dòng)形式可以表示被動(dòng)含義，像sell，wash，write，wear，read等。如：

The book sells very well. 這本書賣得很好。

The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆很好寫。

4. be worth后的動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

This book about movies is worth reading. 這本關(guān)于電影的書值得一讀。

5. 在 need，want，require等少數(shù)表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

The plants want watering every day. 這些花草得天天澆水。

Your hair requires cutting. 你的頭發(fā)需要剪了。

6. 動(dòng)詞see，make，feel，watch，hear，notice，have等在主動(dòng)句中，用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，應(yīng)省略不定式符號(hào)to；但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)則要加上to。如：

I heard him sing next door. 我聽見他在隔壁唱歌。

He was heard to sing next door. 有人聽見他在隔壁唱歌。

【真題鏈接1】（2016年濟(jì)南卷） —Do you like the songs by Taylor？

—Yes. Country music _____ nice and full of feelings.

A. sounds B. listens

C. hears D. looks

【解析】選A。句意為：——你喜歡泰勒的歌曲嗎？——是的，鄉(xiāng)村音樂聽上去優(yōu)美且富有感情。sound意為“聽起來”；listen意為“聽（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）”；hear意為“聽見（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）”；look意為“看起來”。根據(jù)語境，不難確定空白處應(yīng)填sounds，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

【真題鏈接2】（2016年南京卷） —Have you read the book Jane Eyre？

—Yes. Its a famous book and really worth _____.

A. to read B. reading

C. to be read D. read

【解析】選B。句意為：——你讀過《簡(jiǎn)·愛》這本書嗎？——讀過。它是本名著，而且確實(shí)值得一看。固定句型be worth doing sth. 意為“值得做某事”，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

強(qiáng)化練習(xí)：

一、從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

1. —How clean and tidy your bedroom is！

—Thank you. It _____ every day.

A. is cleaned B. was cleaned

C. was cleaning D. is cleaning

2. —Who is the little girl in the photo？

—Its me. The picture _____ 5 years ago.

A. took B. is taken

C. has taken D. was taken

3. A talk on teenage problems _____ in our school next Monday.

A. will give B. will be given

C. has given D. has been given

4. —What should we do first if we want to develop our village？

—A lot of new roads _____， I think.

A. have to build B. must build

C. must be built D. have been built

5. Quite a lot of money _____ for Project Hope up to now.

A. has been raised

B. has donated

C. have been raised

D. have donated

6. In the old days， the workers _____ in the factory from morning to night.

A. were made work

B. are made work

C. are made to work

D. were made to work

7. In many places of China， old people _____ not only by their family but also by the local governments.

A. are taking good care

B. are taken good care

C. are taking good care of

D. are taken good care of

8. —Excuse me. I want to buy some of Jays CDs.

—Sorry， they are _____. But well get some more next week because they _____.

A. sold well； are on sale

B. selling well； sell well

C. sold out； sell well

D. sold out； were on sale

9. —Will you come to the dinner party？

—I wont come unless I _____.

A. will be invited B. invite

C. invited D. am invited

10. Great changes _____ in my hometown. Many tall buildings _____.

A. have taken place； have set up

B. have taken place； have been set up

C. were taken place； were set up

D. have been taken place； have been set up

二、根據(jù)所給漢語提示，完成下列句子。每空一詞。

1. 這籃花將由我送到他家。

This basket of flowers _____ _____ _____ to his house by me.

2. 當(dāng)凱特講述她的故事時(shí)，她被那些男孩嘲笑了。

When Kate told her story， she _____ _____ _____ by the boys.

3. 你進(jìn)大門前通常要向門衛(wèi)出示你的身份證。

Your ID card _____ usually _____ to the guard before you go into the gate.

4. 去年母親節(jié)，我給媽媽買了一個(gè)手提包。

A handbag _____ _____ for my mother by me on Mothers Day last year.

5. 這件襯衫可以穿很久。

This shirt will _____ _____ _____.

6. 孩子們需要被照顧。

The children _____ _____ after.

7. 在學(xué)校你必須遵守校規(guī)。

School rules _____ _____ _____ at school.

8. 稻谷不應(yīng)該種在山上。

Rice _____ _____ _____ on the hill.

9. 到目前為止，所有街道已經(jīng)被我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生清理干凈了。

All the streets _____ _____ _____ by the students of our school so far.

10. 這塊手表兩天后能修好。

The watch _____ _____ _____ in two days.