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我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性

2017-03-27 03:46趙天璇袁明龍
草業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:異色色斑瓢蟲(chóng)

趙天璇,袁明龍

(草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730020)

動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)層

我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性

趙天璇,袁明龍

(草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730020)

異色瓢蟲(chóng)(Harmoniaaxyridis)是重要的捕食性天敵昆蟲(chóng),具有豐富的翅色型,受到科學(xué)家們的重視。全面了解異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性,是科學(xué)利用其生物防治潛力的重要前提。本文從我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)研究概況出發(fā),全面總結(jié)了我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)生物生態(tài)學(xué)的研究成果,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注其捕食效應(yīng)、翅色型多樣性、人工繁殖及釋放技術(shù)等最新研究進(jìn)展。今后應(yīng)進(jìn)一步深入研究異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性,探究其生態(tài)適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化機(jī)制及翅色型多態(tài)性的遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ),推動(dòng)該蟲(chóng)人工繁殖的“工廠化”和“商業(yè)化”,為異色瓢蟲(chóng)的保護(hù)與利用提供基礎(chǔ)。

鞘翅目;瓢蟲(chóng)科;異色瓢蟲(chóng);生物學(xué)特性;生態(tài)適應(yīng);翅色型;人工繁殖

瓢蟲(chóng)屬鞘翅目(Coleoptera)多食亞目(Polyphaga)扁甲系(Cucujiformia)昆蟲(chóng),原屬扁甲總科(Cucujoidea)的瓢蟲(chóng)科(Coccinellidae),但最近的研究支持其應(yīng)屬瓢蟲(chóng)總科(Coccinelloidea)[1]。目前,全世界共記錄瓢蟲(chóng)6 000余種,我國(guó)記錄種數(shù)達(dá)725種[2]。其中,屬于瓢蟲(chóng)亞科的異色瓢蟲(chóng)(Harmoniaaxyridis)是最重要的天敵昆蟲(chóng)之一。異色瓢蟲(chóng),也叫亞洲瓢蟲(chóng),原產(chǎn)于亞洲,主要分布在中國(guó)、蒙古、朝鮮和日本等國(guó)家[3-4]。在我國(guó),異色瓢蟲(chóng)廣泛分布于南北方,是各種作物、蔬菜及牧草田蚜蟲(chóng)等害蟲(chóng)的重要捕食性天敵[5]。由于異色瓢蟲(chóng)優(yōu)秀的捕食能力,該蟲(chóng)也被引入到歐洲、北美地區(qū)、南美洲及大洋洲等地進(jìn)行害蟲(chóng)防治[3]。引入異色瓢蟲(chóng)會(huì)影響當(dāng)?shù)仄跋x(chóng)的生存[6],因而異色瓢蟲(chóng)已被世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟(IUCN)列入入侵種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(GISD)。

除作為生物防治材料外,異色瓢蟲(chóng)突出的翅色紋變異類(lèi)型引起了科學(xué)家們的廣泛關(guān)注。自二十世紀(jì)三十年代談家楨先生開(kāi)始研究異色瓢蟲(chóng)至今,我國(guó)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性研究取得了一定成績(jī),為充分發(fā)揮異色瓢蟲(chóng)的控害保益作用提供了重要的理論依據(jù)。2007年,王甦等[7]對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)生物生態(tài)學(xué)研究的已有成果進(jìn)行了綜述。近十年有關(guān)異色瓢蟲(chóng)生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性研究逐漸深入,并又有了一些新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。為此,本文進(jìn)一步綜述異色瓢蟲(chóng)生物生態(tài)學(xué)的最新研究進(jìn)展,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食效應(yīng)、翅色型、人工繁殖及釋放技術(shù)等,以期加深對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)生態(tài)適應(yīng)性的認(rèn)識(shí),為該蟲(chóng)科學(xué)、合理的開(kāi)發(fā)與利用提供參考。

1 我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)研究歷史概況

我國(guó)最早開(kāi)展異色瓢蟲(chóng)研究的是著名遺傳學(xué)家談家楨先生。1932年,談家楨先生根據(jù)色斑將異色瓢蟲(chóng)(亞洲瓢蟲(chóng))分為4類(lèi)[8];1934年,采用雜交實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了黃底型與其它黑緣型之間,以及不同黑緣型之間的遺傳關(guān)系,第1次從遺傳學(xué)角度重新認(rèn)識(shí)了瓢蟲(chóng)色斑變異[9];1946年,他系統(tǒng)性地總結(jié)了異色瓢蟲(chóng)鞘翅色斑的遺傳特點(diǎn),提出了著名的“鑲嵌顯性”遺傳理論[10];1942年和1948年,他針對(duì)一定數(shù)目的群體遺傳和進(jìn)化遺傳以瓢蟲(chóng)為材料發(fā)表了相關(guān)論文[11-12];1980年,他與學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)了鞘翅色型的兩個(gè)新等位基因,并進(jìn)一步闡述了鑲嵌顯性遺傳學(xué)說(shuō)[13-14]。

我國(guó)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的最初研究,多數(shù)僅限于宏觀方向。1960年羅希成[15]從色斑型入手對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行研究分辨,后劉崇樂(lè)研究了全國(guó)[16]、新疆[17]和嶗山地區(qū)[18]異色瓢蟲(chóng)的重名變種問(wèn)題。二十世紀(jì)六十年代到八十年代,我國(guó)學(xué)者陸續(xù)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的越冬[19]、越冬場(chǎng)所[20]、人工釋放[21]、人工繁殖[22]、防治害蟲(chóng)[23]、生活習(xí)性[24]和人工飼料[25-27]等進(jìn)行了較為廣泛的研究。

我國(guó)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)微觀遺傳學(xué)的研究,始于1979年胡楷對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)“單生雌”性比異常母系遺傳學(xué)的探究[28-29]。1980年,虞鎮(zhèn)城和談家楨提出了異色瓢蟲(chóng)的幾個(gè)遺傳學(xué)問(wèn)題[30],打開(kāi)了我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)遺傳分子的微觀研究思路。1988年到1991年,楊秀芬和宗良炳發(fā)現(xiàn)不同色斑型異色瓢蟲(chóng)的同工酶活性存在差異,并認(rèn)為同工酶電泳技術(shù)可用于異色瓢蟲(chóng)的種下分類(lèi)學(xué)研究[31-32]。2007年,運(yùn)用聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)-單鏈構(gòu)象多態(tài)性(PCR-SSCP)方法對(duì)帽兒山地區(qū)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的線(xiàn)粒體細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶亞基Ⅰ基因(COI)進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同色斑型之間的遺傳關(guān)系中16斑變型和眼斑變型、19斑變型和暗黃變型的親緣關(guān)系最近[33]。近年來(lái),研究了異色瓢蟲(chóng)的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育問(wèn)題[34-38],探究不同色斑型的遺傳多樣性及親緣關(guān)系[33,39-41],分析群體遺傳學(xué)[36,42],利用線(xiàn)粒體COI[33,40-41]分析了不同色斑型間的親緣關(guān)系,克隆了熱休克蛋白HSP70[43]、海藻糖合成酶[44]、過(guò)氧化氫酶[45]和熱休克蛋白HSP67B2等基因的cDNA全序列[46],并制備出一株能夠穩(wěn)定分泌抗異色瓢蟲(chóng)Vn的單克隆抗體[47]。

2 異色瓢蟲(chóng)的世代、年生活史及習(xí)性

2.1 世代及個(gè)體發(fā)育

異色瓢蟲(chóng)屬完全變態(tài)昆蟲(chóng),具有卵、幼蟲(chóng)(4個(gè)齡期)、蛹和成蟲(chóng)等4個(gè)蟲(chóng)態(tài),且在四齡幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育后期至蛹期前有一個(gè)預(yù)備蛹期[7]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育歷期在不同地區(qū)、不同氣候條件下差異較大,各蟲(chóng)態(tài)發(fā)育歷期隨溫度的升高而縮短[48];發(fā)育時(shí)間為卵期<蛹期<幼蟲(chóng)期,且食物對(duì)其歷期具有重要影響[49-50]。以菜蚜蟲(chóng)飼喂異色瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí),卵期2.5 d,幼蟲(chóng)期14.1 d,蛹期4.8 d,產(chǎn)卵前期6.0 d[49],而用豌豆蚜飼喂時(shí),卵期2.8 d,幼蟲(chóng)期10.2 d,蛹期4.5 d[50]。

2.2 年生活史

異色瓢蟲(chóng)各地發(fā)生的代數(shù)隨氣候不同而異,由北向南代數(shù)依次增加。但不論一年發(fā)生幾代,均以成蟲(chóng)越冬。在山西地區(qū),從10月下旬開(kāi)始,異色瓢蟲(chóng)會(huì)群集于山洞、石縫、石塊、土塊、村落房舍以及屋檐下越冬,第2年3月出洞,進(jìn)行取食繁殖[49]。在甘肅省臨夏地區(qū),4月上旬始見(jiàn)越冬成蟲(chóng)。有報(bào)道稱(chēng),異色瓢蟲(chóng)的越冬場(chǎng)所選擇在向陽(yáng)石壁的巖縫中[51],建筑物的向陽(yáng)墻縫中及屋檐下的角落處也是其主要越冬場(chǎng)所[52]。這些越冬場(chǎng)所可最大程度降低低溫和干燥對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)越冬的影響,而溫度和相對(duì)濕度對(duì)越冬異色瓢蟲(chóng)存活有著重要作用[53]。可見(jiàn),異色瓢蟲(chóng)越冬場(chǎng)所的選擇,有利于提高存活率,確定異色瓢蟲(chóng)的越冬場(chǎng)所也有利于人們捕捉其越冬成蟲(chóng)。

2.3 習(xí)性

異色瓢蟲(chóng)的習(xí)性與其世代生活史息息相關(guān)。異色瓢蟲(chóng)具有明顯的聚集行為,這可有效降低其新陳代謝速率,減少能量消耗而利于越冬[54]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)具有遷飛習(xí)性,是其適應(yīng)氣候條件、維持種群繁衍的一種能力。異色瓢蟲(chóng)越冬回遷、春季的遷出時(shí)間在每年的3月中下旬至4月末,秋季的回遷時(shí)間在每年的10月上旬至10月末。遷出、回遷的最高峰均出現(xiàn)在風(fēng)速較低、氣溫較高晴天的13:00-15:00。比較發(fā)現(xiàn),春季遷出,回遷過(guò)程的時(shí)間更集中,回遷速率更高,因?yàn)楫惿跋x(chóng)存在較強(qiáng)的短距離定向行為,隨著溫度上升,回遷速率的升高,定向能力也逐漸加強(qiáng)[51]。此外,異色瓢蟲(chóng)還存在自殘行為、滯育和假死行為等習(xí)性,這些均是異色瓢蟲(chóng)提高生態(tài)適合度的重要策略。自殘行為常見(jiàn)于異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)階段,取食同種卵或異種卵。自殘行為有助于提高幼蟲(chóng)的存活率[55],但不利于種群的繁衍[56]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)境溫度顯著影響異色瓢蟲(chóng)四齡幼蟲(chóng)自殘發(fā)生概率[57]。誘導(dǎo)異色瓢蟲(chóng)滯育的環(huán)境因素主要有光周期[58]、溫度[59]和食物[60],其中光周期是主要誘因。

3 異色瓢蟲(chóng)的翅色多型

異色瓢蟲(chóng)擁有眾多的生態(tài)學(xué)特性,尤其是其豐富的翅色斑變化長(zhǎng)期倍受關(guān)注。早在1931年,Mader就將異色瓢蟲(chóng)分為93個(gè)斑型[61],Korshefsky則將異色瓢蟲(chóng)分為105種[62],1971年Sasaji歸納出異色瓢蟲(chóng)有490屬[63],中國(guó)科學(xué)家談家楨將異色瓢蟲(chóng)分為95個(gè)變形[10]。目前,異色瓢蟲(chóng)翅色型的分類(lèi),主要依據(jù)鞘翅的底色及斑點(diǎn)數(shù)目。根據(jù)前者可以將其分為黃底型(又稱(chēng)非黑底型)與黑底型(表1)。結(jié)合斑點(diǎn)數(shù)目可將其分為4類(lèi):1)黃底型(ss)。鞘翅的底色為黃色(到橘紅色),斑點(diǎn)數(shù)從0到19不等,主要以雙數(shù)斑點(diǎn)類(lèi)型出現(xiàn),同時(shí)有一定的17斑型或19斑型;2)花斑型(SXSX):鞘翅的底色是黑色,上有橙紅色斑點(diǎn),其大小和相連程度有變化,在俄羅斯和日本較為常見(jiàn),我國(guó)較少;3)二窗型(SCSC):鞘翅的底色是黑色,兩翅中上部分均有一個(gè)較大的黃色或紅色斑點(diǎn);4)四窗型(SSSS):鞘翅的底色是黑色,兩翅均有一對(duì)較大的黃色或紅色斑點(diǎn),且前大后小。后3種屬于黑底型范疇,而黑底型還包括許多其它變型,但是數(shù)量較少。近年來(lái)也有研究將橘紅底黑斑與黑底黃斑的類(lèi)型列于4種經(jīng)典類(lèi)型之外,但記名仍以袁榮才等的命名法進(jìn)行[64]。我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)不同地區(qū)異色瓢蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行了廣泛調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)了200多種翅色斑型(表1)[65-75],且非黑底型在我國(guó)大部分地區(qū)占有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

目前,對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)翅色斑型的研究尚未能完全解釋清楚色斑變化的內(nèi)在原因。早期的研究表明,異色瓢蟲(chóng)的色斑遺傳由一系列復(fù)等位基因控制,呈鑲嵌遺傳,且無(wú)法穩(wěn)定遺傳[76]。同工酶研究表明,色斑變異與同工酶的分化之間存在一定的聯(lián)系,不同的色斑型的瓢蟲(chóng)同工酶的帶數(shù)、活性均有差異,而且顯現(xiàn)變種、擬月斑變型和眼斑變型3種斑型瓢蟲(chóng)是異色瓢蟲(chóng)遺傳變異的主線(xiàn)[77-79]。相關(guān)序列擴(kuò)增多態(tài)性SRAP分析表明,帽兒山異色瓢蟲(chóng)的遺傳多樣性較高,親緣關(guān)系的遠(yuǎn)近與色斑型無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,但是部分異色瓢蟲(chóng)的親緣關(guān)系與其底色之間或者色斑形狀之間存在一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性,符合形態(tài)分類(lèi)學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[80]。最近,基于線(xiàn)粒體COI基因的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析表明,我國(guó)16個(gè)地區(qū)的異色瓢蟲(chóng)19斑變型之間在進(jìn)化上具有高度的同源性(云南地區(qū)除外)[41]。13種不同色斑型的異色瓢蟲(chóng),線(xiàn)粒體COI基因和細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶亞基Ⅱ(COⅡ)基因的遺傳距離在0.002 1-0.032 8,表明遺傳分化很小[81]。

異色瓢蟲(chóng)色斑型變化與季節(jié)變化有關(guān)[15],但存在兩種假說(shuō),一是季節(jié)影響不同色斑型的繁殖選擇[75],二是季節(jié)與瓢蟲(chóng)的保護(hù)色有關(guān)[67,82-83]。研究表明,無(wú)論是黑底型還是黃底型,異色瓢蟲(chóng)的過(guò)冷卻點(diǎn)(supercooling point,SCP)均呈現(xiàn)明顯的季節(jié)變化[84]。

4 異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食效應(yīng)

異色瓢蟲(chóng)具有較寬的捕食范圍,可捕食蚜蟲(chóng)、螨和介殼蟲(chóng)等同翅目昆蟲(chóng)以及鞘翅目、膜翅目、雙翅目和鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng),主要以捕食蚜蟲(chóng)為主[7]。在自然條件下,異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)沿樹(shù)干或枝葉爬行捕食,咬破獵物后取食體液,而后拋掉其它部分[85]。盡管幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)具有相同的食性和取食方式,但二者的捕食量存在差異。異色瓢蟲(chóng)對(duì)麥蚜和紅蜘蛛的日捕食量表現(xiàn)為四齡幼蟲(chóng)>成蟲(chóng)>三齡幼蟲(chóng)[86],這和最近的兩項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果一致[87-88]。

異色瓢蟲(chóng)對(duì)不同寄主的捕食功能反應(yīng)符合HollingⅡ型[89-92],即捕食量隨獵物密度的增加而增加,當(dāng)獵物密度增加到一定值時(shí),捕食量趨于穩(wěn)定。在一定的空間條件下,異色瓢蟲(chóng)平均捕食率和尋找效應(yīng)隨著自身密度的增加而降低,相互之間的干擾作用隨自身密度增加而上升,如捕食槐蚜(Aphissophoricola)[93]、榆紫葉甲(Ambrostomaquadriimopressum)卵[94]、桃蚜(Myzuspersicae)[92]、云杉長(zhǎng)足大蚜(Cinaraalba)若蟲(chóng)[95]等。當(dāng)自身種群密度過(guò)高或者食物量不足時(shí),異色瓢蟲(chóng)會(huì)自相殘殺,這是其在食物惡劣條件下延續(xù)種群的一種重要策略[56]。

注:*指湄潭、遵義、貴陽(yáng)、黃平、貴定、都勻、羅甸、興義、畢節(jié)、金沙地區(qū);**指香格里拉、元江、東川、昆明地區(qū)。

Note: * Mean Meitan, Zunyi, Guiyang, Huangping, Guiding, Duyun, Luodian, Xingyi, Bijie, Jinsha regions; **mean Xianggelila, Yuanjiang, Dongchuan, Kunming regions.

取食不同的獵物,對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的存活及發(fā)育也具有一定的影響。有研究顯示,饑餓程度對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食行為影響并不大,但不同饑餓程度的異色瓢蟲(chóng)3~4齡幼蟲(chóng)、成蟲(chóng)的捕食量均隨槐蚜密度的增加而增加,且饑餓狀態(tài)下異色瓢蟲(chóng)的壽命最長(zhǎng)[96]。

自然界種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)普遍存在,異色瓢蟲(chóng)在捕食過(guò)程中與其它天敵昆蟲(chóng)存在種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。異色瓢蟲(chóng)和七星瓢蟲(chóng)(Coccinellaseptempunctata)都是桃蚜的重要天敵,單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng)時(shí),異色瓢蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵期短、產(chǎn)卵量大,其種群增長(zhǎng)快于七星瓢蟲(chóng);混合飼養(yǎng)時(shí),七星瓢蟲(chóng)個(gè)體大、行動(dòng)迅速,在獵物相對(duì)充足時(shí)其種群增長(zhǎng)快于異色瓢蟲(chóng),但獵物相對(duì)不足時(shí)七星瓢蟲(chóng)受自身抑制作用而慢于異色瓢蟲(chóng)[97]。

異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食還受氣候、空間異質(zhì)性、性別以及殺蟲(chóng)劑等因素的影響。在不同溫度條件下,異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食量隨溫度的升高而增加,但溫度高于35 ℃時(shí)捕食量趨于下降[98]??臻g異質(zhì)性的復(fù)雜增加了異色瓢蟲(chóng)搜尋獵物過(guò)程中的環(huán)境阻力,捕食效率與空間異質(zhì)性呈顯著的線(xiàn)性負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[99]。殺蟲(chóng)劑亞致死劑量對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)功能反應(yīng)模型結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有改變,但會(huì)影響模型的各項(xiàng)參數(shù),即藥劑處理后,異色瓢蟲(chóng)的最大捕食量下降,處理獵物的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),捕食速率和尋找效應(yīng)也被減弱[100]。

5 生態(tài)因子及農(nóng)藥殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的影響

5.1 溫濕度

目前,關(guān)于溫度對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的影響主要集中在低溫。藥劑處理下,較高的溫度降低異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食效率[101]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)各蟲(chóng)態(tài)發(fā)育歷期隨溫度的升高而縮短[48]。降低溫度影響異色瓢蟲(chóng)的過(guò)冷卻點(diǎn),并導(dǎo)致特定抗寒基因的高表達(dá)[102]。低溫脅迫還會(huì)使異色瓢蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)的幾種特定酶的表達(dá)發(fā)生變化,影響其體內(nèi)代謝產(chǎn)物及離子運(yùn)輸,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的低溫脅迫甚至?xí)鸫x紊亂[103-104]。低溫冷藏會(huì)導(dǎo)致異色瓢蟲(chóng)存活率下降,但對(duì)繁殖、捕食及子代的發(fā)育和捕食有積極的影響[105]。冷馴化降低異色瓢蟲(chóng)的過(guò)冷卻點(diǎn),對(duì)低溫的可塑性反應(yīng)會(huì)影響到下一代,且影響后代適合度[102,106]。在恒溫下,異色瓢蟲(chóng)相關(guān)研究可能過(guò)高或過(guò)低地估計(jì)了許多生命表參數(shù),具有一定程度的誤差而影響試驗(yàn)效果,故宜在變溫條件下開(kāi)展研究[107]。關(guān)于濕度的研究較少,70%~80%的相對(duì)濕度是異色瓢蟲(chóng)越冬的最適濕度,而低于60%或高于90%均不利于其存活[53]。

5.2 光照

與七星瓢蟲(chóng)相比,異色瓢蟲(chóng)對(duì)光周期的變化更為敏感;相同溫度不同光周期的變化情況下,異色瓢蟲(chóng)雌性成蟲(chóng)的滯育率變化非常明顯[59]。光周期變化對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)滯育的影響,還體現(xiàn)在不同的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育階段;成蟲(chóng)對(duì)光周期最為敏感,發(fā)育歷期在長(zhǎng)日照下相比于短日照明顯延長(zhǎng),且羽化后1~4 d內(nèi)對(duì)短光照敏感性較高,說(shuō)明異色瓢蟲(chóng)是一種短日照滯育型昆蟲(chóng)[58]。光照還會(huì)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的交配行為產(chǎn)生影響,即異色瓢蟲(chóng)在光照時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的條件下表現(xiàn)出較高的交配求偶欲望,交配持續(xù)時(shí)間及交配間隔時(shí)間隨光照時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而縮短,其累積產(chǎn)卵量和幼蟲(chóng)孵化率均隨光照時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而顯著增加,但其求偶行為并不受光照或環(huán)境顏色的影響[108]。

5.3 寄主植物

異色瓢蟲(chóng)作為許多農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲(chóng)的天敵昆蟲(chóng),其行為也在一定程度上受到寄主植物及獵物的影響。異色瓢蟲(chóng)的寄主植物與獵物會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)起到引誘作用,并建立一定的聯(lián)系[109-110]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),貼梗海棠(Chaenomelesspeciosa)、毛白楊(Populustomentosa)、柳樹(shù)(Salixbabylonica)等在正常狀態(tài)下不會(huì)產(chǎn)生可吸引瓢蟲(chóng)的物質(zhì),僅在受到蚜蟲(chóng)侵害時(shí)才產(chǎn)生可吸引異色瓢蟲(chóng)的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),但紫藤(Wisteviasinensis)在受到侵害后產(chǎn)生排斥異色瓢蟲(chóng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)[111-112]。

5.4 激素類(lèi)物質(zhì)

激素類(lèi)物質(zhì)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的影響,主要集中在其對(duì)酶活性和基因表達(dá)的影響。當(dāng)β-蛻皮激素的濃度低于1 mg·L-1時(shí),可用于田間害蟲(chóng)防治[113]。相似的研究還有很多,但多集中在如何控制試劑用量,以期在田間殺滅害蟲(chóng)的同時(shí)保證異色瓢蟲(chóng)不受害,如苦參堿和20-羥基蛻皮甾酮(20 E)等[114]。一定量保幼激素類(lèi)似物能夠促進(jìn)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的捕食,但對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)有較強(qiáng)的毒殺作用,故使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意避開(kāi)敏感時(shí)期[115]。

5.5 SO2

SO2對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的影響,近年來(lái)受到了一定的關(guān)注。不同濃度的SO2處理均可以促進(jìn)異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育,提高其體重和平均增長(zhǎng)率, 降低死亡率;對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育歷期無(wú)明顯影響,但對(duì)成蟲(chóng)保護(hù)酶有顯著影響[116]。SO2處理能夠提高異色瓢蟲(chóng)3齡幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)捕食桃粉大尾蚜(Hyalopterusamygdali)的能力[117]。

5.6 殺蟲(chóng)劑

農(nóng)藥使用對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的影響一直是研究熱點(diǎn),主要涉及農(nóng)藥對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)死亡率、取食量、卵孵化率、搜索行為和酶活性的影響等方面。高效氯氰菊酯(beta cypermethrin)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)、苦參堿(matrine)對(duì)成蟲(chóng)的致死率都在80%以上,而吡蟲(chóng)啉(imidacloprid)對(duì)成蟲(chóng)比較安全[118]。烯啶蟲(chóng)胺(nitenpyram)施用初期能降低異色瓢蟲(chóng)的取食量,對(duì)下一代的初產(chǎn)卵、幼蟲(chóng)及蛹的歷期、幼蟲(chóng)存活率和蛹羽化率無(wú)顯著影響,但孵化率明顯降低[119]。煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑不會(huì)影響異色瓢蟲(chóng)的搜索行為[120],30%毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)和25 g·L-1溴氰菊酯(deltamethyrin,DM)也幾乎不會(huì)影響異色瓢蟲(chóng)的搜索行為,30%啶蟲(chóng)脒(acetamiprid)會(huì)顯著降低異色瓢蟲(chóng)對(duì)獵物的選擇率,20%吡蟲(chóng)啉和1.8%阿維菌素(avermectins)則明顯有利于異色瓢蟲(chóng)尋找獵物的行為[121]。菊酯類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)毒力較高,煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑高效低毒,相對(duì)安全[122]。植物源殺蟲(chóng)劑除蟲(chóng)菊素-苦參堿對(duì)煙蚜和異色瓢蟲(chóng)有較高的選擇性,適宜與異色瓢蟲(chóng)交替組合使用防治煙蚜[123]。

6 人工繁殖與釋放

6.1 人工飼料

對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的人工飼料的研究,早在1958年國(guó)外已有報(bào)道,而我國(guó)對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)人工飼料的研究則始于二十世紀(jì)七十年代末。異色瓢蟲(chóng)的人工飼料可分為化學(xué)規(guī)定飼料和實(shí)用飼料兩大類(lèi),實(shí)用飼料又可分為昆蟲(chóng)源人工飼料和非昆蟲(chóng)源人工飼料。化學(xué)規(guī)定飼料的研究到目前為止,我國(guó)研究成果很少。王良衍[124]用蜜蜂雄蜂幼蟲(chóng)(蛹)或豬肝、蜂蜜、啤酒酵母粉、維生素C、尼泊金的配方飼養(yǎng)成蟲(chóng),取得良好的效果。

有關(guān)實(shí)用飼料方面的研究,科學(xué)家們通過(guò)使用蜂蜜鮮豬肝勻漿[22]、肝蛋糖蜜配方[25]、在代飼料中加入榨蠶蛹粉[26]、豬肝蜂蜜啤酒酵母粉[125]、蜜蜂雄蜂幼蟲(chóng)(蛹)[124]、桃蚜[126]、雄峰蛹[127]、白菜蚜蟲(chóng)[128]、甜菜夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)[129]飼養(yǎng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)均取得成功。在異色瓢蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)期,可以適當(dāng)用赤眼蜂蛹[126]、人工卵赤眼蜂蛹[130]、白揚(yáng)毛蚜[131]、家蠶幼蟲(chóng)[132]、蠅蛆[133]等飼喂。張巖等[134]發(fā)現(xiàn),菜縊管蚜(Lipaphiserysimi)是飼養(yǎng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)最為理想的食物。

人工飼料在一定程度上會(huì)改變異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生理特性。用蛋糖液或蛹糖液喂養(yǎng)異色瓢蟲(chóng),可顯著提高越冬瓢蟲(chóng)成活率并延長(zhǎng)成蟲(chóng)的壽命[27]。低溫貯藏結(jié)合人工飼料喂養(yǎng),可有效延長(zhǎng)瓢蟲(chóng)的壽命[135]。取食人工飼料對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)蛻皮率、化蛹率和羽化率沒(méi)有顯著的影響,但導(dǎo)致異色瓢蟲(chóng)蛹期的發(fā)育時(shí)間顯著降低[131]。在室內(nèi)人工連續(xù)傳代飼養(yǎng)5代的異色瓢蟲(chóng)的適合度不會(huì)減退,但累代繁殖是否退化有待觀察[136]。人工飼料也對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的飼養(yǎng)有負(fù)面影響,主要表現(xiàn)為產(chǎn)卵前期延長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)卵量少、孵化率低等[127,132,137],且不同飼料對(duì)卵黃發(fā)生也有影響[138]。

飼料的外部形態(tài),也影響著人工飼養(yǎng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的質(zhì)量。韓瑞興等[139]在1977-1979年試驗(yàn)中,先后配制了4個(gè)劑型(糊劑、液劑、膠胨劑、粉劑)50多種配方對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行飼喂篩選,結(jié)果顯示:對(duì)糊劑飼料而言,雖然成、幼蟲(chóng)均喜食且便于取食,但易變質(zhì)不易保存,且有可能導(dǎo)致幼蟲(chóng)溺亡;而膠胨劑雖然便于飼喂不淹沒(méi)蟲(chóng)體,但也不是最理想形式;粉劑則飼喂簡(jiǎn)便、不易變質(zhì),常溫保存時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),加水即成糊狀,是人工飼料飼喂和保存的良好形式。

6.2 飼養(yǎng)條件

異色瓢蟲(chóng)更喜歡在甘藍(lán)(Brassicaoleracea)葉片和折疊紙片上產(chǎn)卵。卵商品化時(shí),由于紙條不會(huì)出現(xiàn)枯萎現(xiàn)象,可制成卵卡作為產(chǎn)卵載體,而蠶豆(Viciafaba)苗葉片和甘藍(lán)葉片可作為保留蟲(chóng)源或繁殖時(shí)的產(chǎn)卵載體[140]。研究異色瓢蟲(chóng)的飼養(yǎng)條件是確保人工飼養(yǎng)成功的關(guān)鍵,主要涉及飼養(yǎng)器具、飼養(yǎng)密度、飼養(yǎng)溫度、飼養(yǎng)濕度、飼養(yǎng)光周期等方面。低齡幼蟲(chóng)飼養(yǎng)器具以密閉型為好,可減少水分的蒸發(fā),高齡幼蟲(chóng)的飼養(yǎng)器具以透氣型為好,有利于幼蟲(chóng)后期的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,用紙扇作為飼養(yǎng)阻隔物,可促進(jìn)高齡幼蟲(chóng)化蛹,縮短幼蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育歷期[141]。野外采回越冬代異色瓢蟲(chóng)后,可放入事先裝滿(mǎn)爆米花并扎有透氣孔的礦泉水瓶中保存[142]。不同飼養(yǎng)密度下,異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)種群成育率隨著飼養(yǎng)密度增加而逐漸下降,成蟲(chóng)種群雌蟲(chóng)平均產(chǎn)卵量隨著飼養(yǎng)密度的增加而減少,但總產(chǎn)卵量隨飼養(yǎng)密度的增加而增多[125]。

25 ℃是異色瓢蟲(chóng)最佳產(chǎn)卵溫度[128],卵在10 ℃條件下可冷藏15 d左右[143];蛹的最適宜貯存條件為溫度10~12 ℃、濕度70%~90%,但9 d后蛹存活率急劇下降[144]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)在5~8 ℃較適宜冷藏保存,其中8 ℃冷藏條件保存效果最好且更有利于幼蟲(chóng)的恢復(fù)[135,143]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)1、2齡幼蟲(chóng)較為適宜貯存條件為溫度10 ℃、濕度70%~90%[144],而3齡和4齡[7]幼蟲(chóng)較為適宜貯存條件為溫度10~12 ℃和濕度70%~90%[144]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)較適宜冷藏的齡期為3齡[135,143]。異色瓢蟲(chóng)剛羽化,成蟲(chóng)較適合的保存溫度是10 ℃[143]。誘導(dǎo)異色瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)滯育較為適宜的溫度為14~16 ℃,較為適宜的光周期為(4 L/20 D)~(8 L/16 D),已進(jìn)入滯育狀態(tài)的異色瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng),8~10 ℃是較為理想的長(zhǎng)期冷藏保存溫度,12 ℃適宜短期冷藏保存[135,143]。

6.3 田間釋放

田間釋放技術(shù)主要涉及蟲(chóng)情監(jiān)測(cè)、釋放蟲(chóng)量、蟲(chóng)態(tài)選擇和后期管理4個(gè)方面[145]。瓢蟲(chóng)的釋放量與目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)的發(fā)生量息息相關(guān)[146]。釋放蟲(chóng)量可參考兩方面:瓢蚜比例和以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)[145]。當(dāng)瓢蚜比例控制為1∶100時(shí),可有效防治甘藍(lán)蚜[147]。而蟲(chóng)態(tài)選擇在卵、幼蟲(chóng)、成蟲(chóng)均有研究。最后在后期繼續(xù)跟蹤,了解釋放成效,及時(shí)收集反饋信息,進(jìn)而確定是否適合釋放及改進(jìn)策略。

和化學(xué)防治相比,人工釋放異色瓢蟲(chóng)速效性較差,但持效性好[147-148]。釋放異色瓢蟲(chóng)和不防治棉田蚜蟲(chóng)數(shù)量均呈先上升后下降趨勢(shì),化學(xué)防治棉田蚜蟲(chóng)數(shù)量一直保持較低,每2 d釋放一次在短期內(nèi)效果較好,每3 d釋放一次在較長(zhǎng)期內(nèi)效果較好[148]。

6.4 工廠化繁殖生產(chǎn)

異色瓢蟲(chóng)的人工飼喂雖然仍存在一些問(wèn)題,但是對(duì)其大規(guī)模工廠化繁殖的研究卻已在興起和發(fā)展。研究表明,人工飼料飼養(yǎng)的異色瓢蟲(chóng),在室內(nèi)連續(xù)繁殖5~10代后,異色瓢蟲(chóng)并不改變其捕食害蟲(chóng)的能力[124,136]。對(duì)于大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)來(lái)說(shuō),大量、穩(wěn)定地提供蚜蟲(chóng)本身就是一個(gè)難于解決的問(wèn)題,尋找其它合適的替代飼料是問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。利用自動(dòng)控溫大棚可周年種植白菜,培育白菜蚜蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行異色瓢蟲(chóng)養(yǎng)殖[128]。條件為溫度(25±5) ℃、濕度50%~70%、光照周期16 L/8 D的人工飼養(yǎng)室可投入生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用[149]。利用批量生產(chǎn)的甜菜夜蛾(Spodopteraexigua)低齡幼蟲(chóng)可以大量、穩(wěn)定地生產(chǎn)異色瓢蟲(chóng)各蟲(chóng)態(tài),基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了異色瓢蟲(chóng)的工廠化生產(chǎn)[129]。

7 展望

異色瓢蟲(chóng)是重要的天敵昆蟲(chóng),分布廣泛且捕食范圍寬,具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。此外,異色瓢蟲(chóng)具有豐富的翅色型,是研究遺傳變異的極佳材料。盡管截至目前人們對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的基礎(chǔ)生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性進(jìn)行了較為廣泛的研究,但仍存在些實(shí)際問(wèn)題亟待解決。在全球氣候變化和作物布局調(diào)整的大背景下,需進(jìn)一步深入研究異色瓢蟲(chóng)生物生態(tài)特性的變化規(guī)律,探究其適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化。特別是要加強(qiáng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)本地種群與引入地種群生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性的比較研究,揭示其異同,為異色瓢蟲(chóng)的科學(xué)利用與減輕危害提供依據(jù)。

針對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)翅色型的調(diào)查研究,已有研究集中在我國(guó)東北、華北、華中和西南等地,而對(duì)于我國(guó)西北、東南等地的研究尚且欠缺。后續(xù)研究可針對(duì)我國(guó)青藏高原、黃土高原、河西走廊和內(nèi)蒙古草原等內(nèi)陸地區(qū)以及廣東、福建、江蘇和海南等沿海地域開(kāi)展。目前,雖有研究表明不同色斑型間交配選擇和繁殖能力受色斑型影響,但異色瓢蟲(chóng)色斑型對(duì)捕食效率影響的研究尚且欠缺,需加強(qiáng)探索。此外,國(guó)外對(duì)蝴蝶(Rhopalocera)色斑型在遺傳分子發(fā)育方面,已有科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)Distal-less基因影響蝴蝶眼斑紋生成[150-151],WntA可以控制蝴蝶的黑色素圖案[152]。1953年Alan Turing提出“圖靈圖案”的相關(guān)理論,從數(shù)學(xué)的角度闡述了空間定態(tài)圖紋的產(chǎn)生[153],目前雖然異色瓢蟲(chóng)的翅色型分類(lèi)體系已建立,但對(duì)其翅色型多態(tài)性的生態(tài)學(xué)意義及其分子機(jī)制還不明確,異色瓢蟲(chóng)的翅色型多樣性是否符合圖靈理論有待探索。

現(xiàn)階段人工飼養(yǎng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí),仍主要依賴(lài)蚜蟲(chóng)。大多數(shù)有關(guān)異色瓢蟲(chóng)人工飼料方面的研究,主要關(guān)注蚜蟲(chóng)的替代昆蟲(chóng),而對(duì)元素配方飼料涉及甚少。蚜蟲(chóng)作為農(nóng)牧業(yè)的重要害蟲(chóng)[5,154],大量發(fā)生時(shí)具有種群密度高、繁殖快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),故作為異色瓢蟲(chóng)的人工飼料而廣泛使用,但仍無(wú)法完全滿(mǎn)足規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)異色瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí)對(duì)蚜蟲(chóng)的大量需求。研究表明,以其他昆蟲(chóng)飼養(yǎng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的效果好,但該飼料不易保存、成本昂貴,還存在影響異色瓢蟲(chóng)的壽命[130]、發(fā)育[131,134]和繁殖能力[127,132]等諸多不利因素。因此,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)各蟲(chóng)態(tài)化學(xué)配方飼料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)研究,開(kāi)發(fā)科學(xué)、合理、易用的飼料配方。現(xiàn)有研究已明確了異色瓢蟲(chóng)室內(nèi)多代繁殖的穩(wěn)定性、人工飼養(yǎng)的條件及批量生產(chǎn)食源的可能性,這為建立“瓢蟲(chóng)工廠”以大量繁殖異色瓢蟲(chóng)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。但這只是異色瓢蟲(chóng)“商業(yè)化”生產(chǎn)的重要一環(huán),今后還需加強(qiáng)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的保存、運(yùn)輸、地域差異性釋放等技術(shù)研究,力爭(zhēng)形成一套完整、科學(xué)的“繁殖-飼喂-保存-釋放”技術(shù)體系,制定相應(yīng)技術(shù)規(guī)范。與此同時(shí),協(xié)調(diào)化學(xué)防治和生物防治,繼續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)各種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的影響,在充分利用的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)異色瓢蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)保護(hù)。

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(責(zé)任編輯 王芳)

Biological and ecological characteristics ofHarmoniaaxyridisin China

Zhao Tian-xuan, Yuan Ming-long

(State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China)

Harmoniaaxyridis, with its highly diverse wing colour pattern, is one of the most important natural insect enemies that have fascinated biologists. Comprehensively understanding the bio-ecological characteristics ofH.axyridisis a prerequisite to developing effective biological control agents. In this paper, we reviewed the research history of studies onH.axyridis, summarized the results of bio-ecological characterizations ofH.axyridis, and focused on the recent research progress on its predatory actions, wing colour polymorphism, artificial rearing, and field releasing technology. We suggest that further studies of the bio-ecological characteristics ofH.axyridiswould be necessary in future to elucidate the evolutionary mechanism of its ecological adaptation and the genetic basis of its wing colour polymorphism. In addition, further studies would promote the “factory” and “commercialization” of artificial rearing, which would lay the foundation for the conservation and utilization ofH.axyridis.

Coleoptera; Coccinellidae;Harmoniaaxyridis; biological characteristics; ecological adaptation; wing colour; artificial reproduction

Yuan Ming-long E-mail:yuanml@lzu.edu.cn

10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0294

2016-06-02 接受日期:2016-08-14

甘肅省自然科學(xué)基金青年科技基金計(jì)劃(1506RJZA211);教育部長(zhǎng)江學(xué)者和創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃資助(IRT13019);蘭州大學(xué)大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(20161073001001)

趙天璇(1995-),女,陜西安康人,在讀本科生,主要從事草地昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)研究。E-mail: zhaotx13@lzu.edu.cn

袁明龍(1982-),男,甘肅靖遠(yuǎn)人,副教授,博士,主要從事草地昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)及分子生態(tài)學(xué)研究。E-mail: yuanml@lzu.edu.cn

S433.5

A

1001-0629(2017)3-0614-16*

趙天璇,袁明龍.我國(guó)異色瓢蟲(chóng)的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性.草業(yè)科學(xué),2017,34(3):614-629.Zhao T X,Yuan M L.Biological and ecological characteristics ofHarmoniaaxyridisin China.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(3):614-629.

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