安徽 吳元培
名詞性從句高考考點(diǎn)透析
安徽 吳元培
在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫作名詞性從句。名詞性從句在功能上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語。分析歷屆高考試題,名詞性從句考查主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面:
1.主語從句
作句子主語的從句叫主語從句,它可以放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前。連接詞that在句中無詞義,只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留本身的疑問含義,又起連接作用,同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。但為了保持句子平衡,多數(shù)情況下可用it作形式主語,而把主語從句置于句末。
【典例1】(2016江蘇卷,單選改編,21) It is often the case_______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
【解析】that。句意是:通常情況下,對(duì)于那些心存希望的人來說,一切皆有可能。句中it是形式主語,從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)完整,表示“確定”,所以用that引導(dǎo)此主語從句。
2.賓語從句
賓語從句在句中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞大致一樣,在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞以及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞make,f nd,consider,feel,think等,則把賓語從句置于賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,用it作形式賓語。另外,某些作表語的形容詞,如sure,happy,glad,certain等之后也可以帶賓語從句。
【典例2】(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,單句改錯(cuò)) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【解析】that→where。此句是賓語從句,作“close to”的賓語,live是不及物動(dòng)詞,根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示地點(diǎn),所以應(yīng)用連接副詞where。
3.表語從句
在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。表語從句位于系動(dòng)詞后,有時(shí)由as if/ as though引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語+系動(dòng)詞+從句。
【典例3】(2016北京卷,單選改編,29)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is________one can be entirely free from dust.
【解析】that。句意是:雨季最令人愉悅的是人們可以完全不受沙塵的困擾。is后接表語從句,表語從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)完整,所以用that來引導(dǎo),that無意義,只起連接作用。
【注意】當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí),表語從句要用that引導(dǎo),而不是because。例如:
The reason why he didn’t come to the party is that he didn’t want to see Jane.
4.同位語從句
同位語從句一般跟在某些抽象名詞之后,進(jìn)一步說明該名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。能接同位語從句的名詞有:fact,idea,news,information,belief,order,advice,suggestion等;連接詞通常是that,that不作成分,只起連接作用。此外,可根據(jù)句意選用whether,what,when,where等來引導(dǎo)同位語從句。同位語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是:名詞+連接詞+從句。
【典例4】(2016天津卷,單選改編,11) The manager put forward a suggestion________we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
【解析】that。句意是:經(jīng)理提出一個(gè)建議,我們應(yīng)該有個(gè)助手。有太多的工作要做。此同位語從句說明suggestion的內(nèi)容,且從句成分和句意都是完整的,所以此句用that來引導(dǎo)。
連接詞 that,whether,if,as if/as_______________________________________though只起連接作用,不充當(dāng)成分_________________連接代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whatever,__________________________________________________________whichever既起連接作用,又在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語連接副詞when,where,how,why,however,wher-___________ev____________________________________________er,whenever既起連接作用,又在從句中作狀語
【典例5】(2015北京卷,單選改編,35)_______we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
【解析】How。句意是:我們理解事情的方式與我們的感受有很大關(guān)系。has之前為主語從句,根據(jù)句意可知,從句中缺少方式狀語,因此此空填How。
1.引導(dǎo)詞that省略與不可省略的情況:
(1)可省略的情況:①單個(gè)賓語從句中的that可省略;②that連接并列的賓語從句,第一個(gè)that可省略,第二個(gè)that不可省略。
(2)不可省略的情況:①主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中that不可省略;②作介詞賓語、雙賓語、it作形式賓語的賓語從句中that不可省略。
【典例6】(2015安徽卷,單選改編,25) A ship in harbor is safe,but that’s not_______ships are built for.
【解析】what。句意是:船停泊在港灣里是安全的,但這并非是造船的目的。系動(dòng)詞isn’t后跟從句作表語,表語從句中的for后缺少賓語,用what引導(dǎo),what與for連用,表示目的。
2.考查引導(dǎo)詞that與what的區(qū)別:
所引導(dǎo)的從句中是否缺主語、________________________________________________________表語或賓語_意義 能否省略what充當(dāng)成分,含有疑問意____________________________思,無選擇范圍……的東西/事情/ 樣子/話語 ______________否that不充當(dāng)成分,無疑問意________________________________________________________思,表示“確定”_無意義 作賓語可省略
【典例7】(2016上海卷) Eventually,I decided to follow her and (26)________happened truly amazed me.
【解析】what。此句是主語從句,從句缺少主語。此處句意是:發(fā)生的事情讓我感到很驚訝。所以此空填what。
【典例8】(2015北京卷,單選改編,33) I truly believe_______beauty comes from within.
【解析】that。句意是:我真正相信美源自于內(nèi)心! 本句是賓語從句,從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)與句意完整,因此用that來引導(dǎo),that還可省略。
3.考查whether與if的區(qū)別:
whether和if的區(qū)別whether和if在賓語從句中可以互換,但作介詞賓語時(shí)一般用whether___________________________后面直接跟or not 時(shí)只能用whether_____________引導(dǎo)主語從句且主語從句位于前面時(shí),只能用whether_____________________________________在表語從句與同位語從句中,意為“是否”,表示不確定時(shí),只能用whether____________________whether常與or連用,表示一種選擇,if不能這樣用,whether也可與動(dòng)詞不定式連用,但if不能動(dòng)詞discuss,doubt后常接whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從____________句,而不用if________________________________
【典例9】(2013陜西卷,單選改編,20) It remains to be seen_______the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.
【解析】whether。句意是:這項(xiàng)新出爐的委員會(huì)的政策能否實(shí)施還得拭目以待。It是形式主語,真正的主語為主語從句;從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)完整,“有待觀察”的事情應(yīng)是不確定的事,而不是表陳述,所以用whether來引導(dǎo)主語從句,意為“是否”。
1. 名詞性從句均應(yīng)用陳述句語序,即:主語+謂語;從句的引導(dǎo)詞必須始終置于從句句首。此外,句子時(shí)態(tài)要保持主從句時(shí)態(tài)的一致性。
【典例10】(完成句子) As soon as he comes back,I will tell him_______(你什么時(shí)間來看他).
【解析】when you will come and see him 。此句是由when引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,從句應(yīng)用陳述句語序,且從句表示將來的概念,故應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)。
2. 含有插入語的賓語從句的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為“疑問詞+含有插入語的一般疑問句+陳述句”,類似的插入語結(jié)構(gòu)有:do you consider,do you know,do you believe,do you suppose等,可放于句中或句末,用來征求對(duì)方的看法、推斷和猜測(cè)。
【典例11】(單句改錯(cuò))How long you think it will be before the computer company brings out a new product?
【解析】在you前加do。含有插入語的賓語從句的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為“疑問詞+含有插入語的一般疑問句+陳述句”,所以此句應(yīng)在you前加do。
1. 為了保持句子平衡,多數(shù)情況下可用it作形式主語,而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下:
①It+be+形容詞+that-從句__________________________________________________③It+be+名詞+that-從句It is important that...重要的是……It is obvious that...很明顯……______________________________________________It is a surprise that...令人驚奇的是……It is a fact/an honor/no wonder that...②It+be+-ed分詞+that-從句____________________________________________________④It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-從句It is believed/said/reported that... It is known to all that...眾所周知……______________________________________________It appears /seems that...似乎……How do it come about that...某事是如何發(fā)生的
2.為了保持句子平衡,用it作形式賓語,將賓語從句放于句末。常用的句型是:主語+think/believe/feel/f nd/ make/consider+it+n./adj.+從句。
【典例12】(2014山東卷,單選改編,4)Susan made_________clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
【解析】it。此句是賓語從句,為了保持句子平衡,用it作形式賓語,把真正的賓語置于句末。
【注意】it作形式賓語的固定句型有:①like/love/ enjoy/hate/dislike/prefer it when...;②sb. would appreciate it if...如果……某人會(huì)不勝感激;③sb. take/see to/insist on/ rely on/depend on/ count on it that...。
【典例13】(2014陜西卷,單選改編,21) I’d appreciate_______if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
【解析】it。動(dòng)詞appreciate后接if引導(dǎo)的從句,appreciate后常接it作形式賓語。
連接代詞whoever,whatever和whichever均可引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,且在句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。whoever =anyone who;whatever =anything that;whichever=anything that/anyone who;而no matter what/who/which只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
【典例14】(2016北京卷,單選改編,24) Your support is important to our work.______you can do helps.
【解析】Whatever。在主語從句中,do后缺少賓語,因此用whatever引導(dǎo)此主語從句。
同位語從句前的名詞是一個(gè)抽象意義的名詞,從句就是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容;that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí),起連接作用,沒有實(shí)際意義,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,一般不可省略。而定語從句說明名詞的性質(zhì)特征,對(duì)前面先行詞進(jìn)行修飾限定,定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系,關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,作賓語時(shí)可省略。
【典例15】The news_______he told me was the news_______our team had won.
【解析】(that/ which);that。句意是:他告訴我的那個(gè)消息就是我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。第一空考查定語從句,先行詞“news”指物,在從句中作“told”的賓語,所以用關(guān)系代詞that/which來引導(dǎo),還可省略;第二空考查同位語從句,從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)完整,說明“news”的具體內(nèi)容,所以用that來引導(dǎo)。
【鞏固性練習(xí)】
一、用關(guān)聯(lián)詞填空。
1._______is known to us all is_______Beijing and Zhangjiakou will co-host 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
2._______some teenagers don’t realize is_______difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.
3. It also gives the interview the impression_______even if you actually feel quite nervous,you’re conf dent.
4. The other day,my friend John drove his car down the street at_______I thought was a dangerous speed,which surprised everyone in the car.
5. A competent teacher is perfectly aware that it’s not what is poured into a student that counts,but_______is planted.
6. You have to know_______you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
7. There is a strong possibility_______man will mainly depend on solar energy in the future.
8. As John Lennon once put it,life is_______happens to you while you are busy making other plans.
9. The bride and groom gave_______attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness.
10. Some people believe_______has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
二、單句改錯(cuò)。
1. It is by no means clear that the president can do to end the strike.
2. To improve the quality of our products,we asked for suggestions whomever had used the products.
3. You want to know that everything is going in our school.
4. There is no doubt whether I will achieve great progress in English learning with your assistance.
5. It is never clear that the man hasn’t reported the accident sooner.
6. I went up and asked what I could help them.
7. As is known to all that millions of graduates crowd into the job market each year.
8. That you should learn is how to write down the most important words,not the whole sentence.
9. The shocking news made me realize how terrible problems we would face.
10. That the delayed f ight will take off depends much on the weather.
【參考答案】
一、1. What;that 2. What;how 3. that 4. what 5. what 6. where 7. that 8. what 9. whoever 10.whatever
二、1. that→ what 2. whomever→ whoever 3. that→ how 4. whether→ that 5.that→ why 6. what→ if/whether 7. As→ It 8. That→ What 9. how→ what 10. That→When/Whether
(作者單位:安徽省樅陽縣錢橋中學(xué))