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語法填空中非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)

2017-03-27 08:56安徽
教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2017年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:謂語賓語定語

安徽 周 輝

語法填空中非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)

安徽 周 輝

非謂語動(dòng)詞是中學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),同時(shí),也是高考考查的重點(diǎn),本文結(jié)合近年高考真題為考生剖析語法填空中的非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn),為考生復(fù)習(xí)備考助力。非謂語動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞的-ing形式、動(dòng)詞的-ed形式和動(dòng)詞不定式)的主要用法見下表:

功能形式 主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 補(bǔ)足語__動(dòng)詞的-ing形式______√____√____√__√__√_____√______動(dòng)詞的-ed形式______×__×__√__√__√_____√_______動(dòng)詞不定式___________________________________________√_√_√_√_√_√

一、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語

動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式都可以充當(dāng)主語,但是直接考查主語的考點(diǎn)在語法填空中并不多見,而大多是結(jié)合it以考查形式主語的形式出現(xiàn),如:

1.(2014全國卷Ⅰ,65)It took years of work________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.

2.(改編自2009廣東卷,31)Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how dif ficult it was________(choose) a suitable Christmas present for her father.

【答案與解析】1. to reduce;2. to choose。兩題均是考查動(dòng)詞不定式作主語,句中it為形式主語??忌鷳?yīng)主動(dòng)記憶一些it充當(dāng)形式主語的常見固定句型,如:It’s no good/use/pleasure/fun doing...;It’s a waste of time(money)/ worthwhile doing(to do)...;It’s +adj. (noun) for (of) sb. to do...;It takes...to do...等。在這些固定句型中,it均為形式主語,真正的主語為動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。

二、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語

雖然動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式都可以充當(dāng)賓語,但是它們的用法卻比較復(fù)雜,如:

1. (2016全國卷Ⅰ,67) My ambassadorial duties will include_______(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. (Key: introducing,考查動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語)

2. (2016考試說明樣題,67)Still,the boy kept_______(ride). (Key: riding,考查動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語)

3. (2016考試說明樣題,61)One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about_______(be) late for school. (Key:being,考查動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語)

4. (2016考試說明樣題,66) I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused________(stop)until we reached the next stop. (Key: to stop,考查動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語)

5. (2016上海卷,29) Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop________(buy) the groceries if I found out? (Key: buying,考查動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語的辨析)

可以接動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞(短語)見下表:

只可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞(短語)agree/refuse/learn/hope/wish/pretend/manage/ offer/promise/decide/plan/choose/determine/expect/seek/tend/threaten/prepare/fail/would like/_______________________________be_supposed_to___________________________只可以接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞(短語)suggest/advise/resist/enjoy/avoid/delay/practice consider/admit/f nish/risk/tolerate/permit/allow/ adapt to/adjust to/devote oneself to/get down to/________________________________look_forward to/pay attention to_____________既可以接動(dòng)詞不定式又可以接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞(短語)兩種形式意義相同的常見動(dòng)詞like/love/continue/begin/start/ hate_______________________want/need/require后接的不定式和句子的主語之間為主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式;若其后的不定式和句子的主語之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),不定式用被動(dòng)形式,此時(shí)也可以用動(dòng)詞-ing___________形式的主動(dòng)形式_____________兩種形式意義不同的常見動(dòng)________________詞(短語)____________________________remember/forget/mean/try/regret/ stop/go on

三、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語

非謂語動(dòng)詞的三種形式都可以充當(dāng)表語,如:

1.(2014廣東卷,25)We got a little_______(sunburn),but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.

2.(2012廣東卷,18)Mary felt________(please),because there were many empty seats in the room.

3.(改編自2002全國卷,32)Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,but it remains________(see)whether they will enjoy it.

4.(改編自1999全國卷,21)The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not________(make) it more diff cult.

【答案與解析】1. 在表示“變化”的系動(dòng)詞got后作表語,要用burnt或burned;2. felt為感官類系動(dòng)詞,修飾人(Mary)時(shí),要用過去分詞形式,故答案為pleased;3. remain表示“尚待”講時(shí),后常接不定式,此句中“it”與“see”之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故答案為to be seen;4.前一分句用的是不定式作表語,與之并列的也應(yīng)用不定式,所以答案為to make。

四、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語

動(dòng)詞-ing形式、-ed形式和不定式都可以作定語,如:

1. (2015全國卷Ⅰ,70)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people________(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. (Key: living,考查動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語)

2. (2016四川卷,63) She was a very________(care)mother. (Key:caring/careful,考查動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語或形容詞作定語)

3. (2016全國卷Ⅰ,66) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,when I was the f rst Western TV reporter_______(permit)to f lm a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (Key: permitted,考查過去分詞作定語)

4. (2015全國卷Ⅰ,68) A study of travelers_______(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. (Key: conducted,考查過去分詞作定語)

5. (2014上海卷,28) Over time,the high cost of living became a little burden on my already________(exhaust)shoulder. (Key: exhausted,考查過去分詞作定語)

6. (2016四川卷,64) For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to f nd something________(eat)!(Key:to eat,考查動(dòng)詞不定式作定語)

【小結(jié)】1. 單個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式或-ed形式作定語一般位于被修飾詞的前面,如上例2和5;動(dòng)詞短語或動(dòng)詞詞組形式通常放在被修飾詞的后面,如上例1,3和4。

2. 以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞一般修飾人,以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞一般修飾物,但是修飾face/look/expression/eye等和人的面部表情有關(guān)的名詞時(shí)要用-ed形式形容詞;但是有些動(dòng)詞只有-ing形式的形容詞形式,如disturb—disturbing,demand—demanding,promise—promising,有些動(dòng)詞只有-ed形式的形容詞形式,如devote—devoted。在語法填空中,不管作什么句子成分,是用-ing形式的形容詞還是-ed形式的形容詞,一定要具體問題具體分析。

3. 不定式作定語主要有三種情況:(1)被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾的名詞或直接就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級,其后一般用不定式作定語;(2)通常表示一個(gè)未發(fā)生或未完成的動(dòng)作,和所修飾的名詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系;

(3)在ability/chance/opportunity/way/duty等抽象名詞后接不定式作定語。

五、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語

非謂語動(dòng)詞的三種形式都可以作狀語,如:

1. (2016上海卷,25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly,I began observing her daily routine for two weeks.

2. (2016全國卷Ⅲ,63) Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal_______(create)special designs.

3.(改編自2014天津卷,7)Clearly and thoughtfully________(write),the book inspires conf dence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

【答案與解析】1. Wondering。動(dòng)詞“wonder”與本句主語“I”構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞wondering在句中作狀語。2. to create。句意為“為了創(chuàng)造出特殊風(fēng)格的筷子,技術(shù)嫻熟的工人也會把各種各樣的硬質(zhì)木材和金屬結(jié)合起來”,故用動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的。3.written。“write”和“book”之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用過去分詞作狀語。

【小結(jié)】1. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語,動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí),動(dòng)詞-ing形式和主句主語之間是主謂關(guān)系;動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語時(shí),動(dòng)詞-ed形式和主句主語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系;不定式通常作三種形式的狀語:目的狀語(位于句首或句尾,一般可譯為“為了”“要”),結(jié)果狀語(位于句尾,常和only/ never連用,表示一個(gè)“意料之外”的結(jié)果),原因狀語(一般跟在表示“高興、快樂、生氣、遺憾”等和人的心理狀態(tài)及情感有關(guān)的形容詞后面)。

2. 作狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞,若其動(dòng)作明顯發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作之前,則要用非謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)形式。

3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語有一些比較特殊的固定結(jié)構(gòu),考生應(yīng)適當(dāng)理解掌握,使用這些結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),非謂語動(dòng)詞不需要和主句主語保持一致。常用的有:considering(考慮到),judging from(根據(jù)……判斷),talking of (about)(談及),given(鑒于,考慮到)等。

六、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語

現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語,如:

1. (2015上海卷,28)As I squeezed back into my car,I spotted the same lady_______(look) in at me.

2. (2015上海卷,31)________(shock),I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.

3. (改編自2011全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯(cuò)) My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents_______(stay) another couple of days.

4. (改編自2011全國大綱卷,短文改錯(cuò)) Otherwise,it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship_______(last) long.

【答案與解析】1. 該句前面的“As I squeezed back into my car”是一個(gè)狀語從句,根據(jù)句子成分分析,主句已經(jīng)有了謂語動(dòng)詞“spotted”,可判斷空格處應(yīng)填非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。由于spot有一個(gè)用法是spot sb. doing,表示“看見某人正在做某事”,再結(jié)合句意“當(dāng)我倒車的時(shí)候,我看到同一個(gè)女性在看著我”,可得出答案為looking,考查的是現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。2. Shocked??崭裉帪檫^去分詞作主語補(bǔ)足語,對句子的主語作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明。注意首字母要大寫。3. beg sb. to do...意為“祈求某人做……”,故答案為to stay。4. make在這里為使役動(dòng)詞,其后要接動(dòng)詞原形作賓語補(bǔ)足語,故答案為last。

【小結(jié)】1. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語主要有以下三種用法:(1)用在感官類動(dòng)詞(feel/ hear/see/ watch/ notice/ observe等)后;(2)用在使役類動(dòng)詞(have/get/ keep/ leave等)后;(3)用在“with+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)中。

2. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語主要有以下四種用法:(1)用在感官類動(dòng)詞(feel/hear/see/watch/notice/observe等)后;(2)用在使役類動(dòng)詞(have/ get/ keep/leave等)后;(3)want/ wish/ like/ expect/ order等表示“希望、愿望或命令”的動(dòng)詞后可以用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語;(4)用在“with +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)中。

3. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語主要有以下兩種用法:(1)在ask/allow/permit/advise/wish/want/force/get/teach/forbid/ encourage/inspire/persuade/urge/order/invite等動(dòng)詞后面要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,同時(shí)要注意在具體語境中這一用法的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu);在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語;(2)不定式放在感官類動(dòng)詞(feel/see/ hear/notice/watch/observe)和使役類動(dòng)詞(make/have/let)后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),不定式符號to要省略,但是改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),不定式符號to不可省略。

(作者單位:安徽省太和縣第一中學(xué))

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