廖俊杰
寫作是一種語(yǔ)言輸出形式,是學(xué)生綜合能力的體現(xiàn),它既涉及遣詞造句,又涉及對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)合的分析;既有語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練,又有思維訓(xùn)練。它們是相互影響、相互作用的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一體。而一篇完美的文章包括三個(gè)要點(diǎn):信息完整(充足的詞匯量);漂亮的書寫;無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,有亮點(diǎn)句子。目前,學(xué)生英文寫作往往出現(xiàn)句型缺少變化、文章干澀的問(wèn)題,由此擴(kuò)句應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。通過(guò)這樣的訓(xùn)練,可以激活學(xué)生所學(xué)詞匯,增加語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的豐富性和多樣性。
1.教材分析:
本課取材于瀘州市中考2015年的中考作文,從Reading 這一話題出發(fā),將作文要點(diǎn)分解為各個(gè)句子,作為擴(kuò)句練習(xí)的模板。
2.教學(xué)過(guò)程:
Step1 搶答
a.開拓眼界 b.好習(xí)慣
c.使某人… d.獲取知識(shí)
……
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:此環(huán)節(jié)是在課前讓學(xué)生完成,課堂上以搶答的形式展開,意在調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的情緒,所涉及到的短語(yǔ)及連詞,為后面的擴(kuò)句做好了鋪墊。
Step2 Guessing
由簡(jiǎn)筆畫帶出“書”的圖案,扣緊本課的主題并拋出問(wèn)題:Who likes reading books?/ When do I read books?/Where do I read books?/ Why do I read books?
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:讓學(xué)生能通過(guò)“書”的圖案,聯(lián)想出“read books”這個(gè)短語(yǔ),從而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從“who, when, where, why”這四方面復(fù)習(xí)第一個(gè)搶答環(huán)節(jié)中出現(xiàn)的相應(yīng)短語(yǔ),提出寫作可從四個(gè)“W”入手,讓學(xué)生心中有個(gè)導(dǎo)向性。
Step3 擴(kuò)句——找名詞
首先向?qū)W生展示以下4個(gè)例句:
I like reading books.
I like reading interesting books.
I like reading interesting books about history.
I like reading interesting books that are about history .
Exercise :①Lu Han is a singer. (lovely/ dance well)
Lu Han is a___singer____________________
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:名詞是我們中學(xué)寫作中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的詞。為了讓作文更加豐滿,我們應(yīng)該首先讓名詞豐滿起來(lái)。此環(huán)節(jié)是讓學(xué)生直觀感受名詞,并可以從以下三方面對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展:1.用形容詞等修飾,置于所修飾名詞前面。 2.用短語(yǔ)修飾名詞,置于所修飾名詞的后面。3.用定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞。在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練中,我們可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生,讓他們歸納對(duì)物的修飾時(shí)可以從顏色、形狀、位置、作用、所屬關(guān)系等方面發(fā)散思維。對(duì)人的修飾時(shí)可以從職業(yè)、年齡、高矮胖瘦、性格等著手。
Step 4擴(kuò)句——添加時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等狀語(yǔ)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning.
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school.
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can make us grow up and make me clever.
Exercise:②I play sports.(because/be good for/with)
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:對(duì)于時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語(yǔ)的添加,學(xué)生操作起來(lái)比較得心應(yīng)手,也給予了學(xué)生擴(kuò)展的興趣。
Step5 擴(kuò)句——找動(dòng)詞,添加副詞/運(yùn)用句型
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can make us grow up more and more happily and make me clever.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:如果出現(xiàn)了形容詞或副詞,我們的腦子就要浮現(xiàn)出比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)的使用。
Step6 擴(kuò)句——運(yùn)用句型
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can not only make us grow up more and more happily but also make me clever.
Exercise:I walk to school .( in order to/ it is adj.for sb. to do sth.)
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:句型的運(yùn)用,對(duì)于學(xué)生的綜合能力提出了更高的要求。我們背誦了很多諸如 so that, not only ,but also ,it is+adj+to do 等的句型,但是很少有學(xué)生可以在作文中運(yùn)用自如。所以在這個(gè)練習(xí)中,我們進(jìn)行的大量的訓(xùn)練,以求突破句型瓶頸。
Step7 擴(kuò)句——linking words連接詞
1)表示并列關(guān)系的:and, also, as well as, or…
2)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的:but, yet, however…
3)表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的:when, while, after, before, then,
after that…
4)表示因果關(guān)系的:so, therefore, as a result…
5)表示目的的: in order to, in order that, so that…
6)表示列舉的:for example, such as…
7)表示總結(jié)性的:in general, in all, in a word
Exercise:請(qǐng)用 not only…but also…, because, and填空
(2015,瀘州)Reading is very important in our life. We can get knowledge through reading. It can _______ open our minds _______ make us more intelligent. Besides, it is also one of the most important ways to improve our reading ability.
Books, newspapers, webs ______ other kinds of reading materials can help us know more about the outside world and help us grow into intelligent person. At the same time, it is necessary for us to have a plan and make notes. Ill spend more time reading every day in class or after class, and even on holiday. _________I think reading can make us grow up happily and have a bright future.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:本環(huán)節(jié)一開始將初中階段所學(xué)的常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞作為了語(yǔ)言輸入的載體,并將2015年瀘州市的中考英語(yǔ)作文范文設(shè)置為關(guān)聯(lián)詞的練習(xí),學(xué)生在閱讀的過(guò)程中,自然形成了語(yǔ)言的輸出,同時(shí)也非常順利地完成了練習(xí)。
Step8:課堂反饋
請(qǐng)對(duì)下面的文章選擇兩三個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句。
Now let me tell you something about my everyday school life. ① I get up at 6:00, then I do exercise. ②At 7:00 , I have breakfast. ③I go to school at 7:30. ④I have four classes in the morning, I eat lunch at school. ⑤From 2:30 to 5:40 I have four classes in the afternoon. ⑥After school, I play sports with my friends. ⑦After that, I go home and do my homework. ⑧I go to bed at 9:30.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:本文為2014年瀘州市英語(yǔ)中考作文學(xué)生所寫的一篇原文,全文共8個(gè)要點(diǎn)。我只要求學(xué)生對(duì)其中的兩三個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句練習(xí),這既避免了面面俱到,也讓學(xué)生能真正地將本課中所學(xué)的擴(kuò)句方法運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐操作中。
(作者單位:四川省納溪中學(xué)校)