嚴(yán) 淋,羅和生
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北武漢430060
胰高血糖素樣肽-1在胃腸道中的作用及機制的研究進(jìn)展
嚴(yán) 淋,羅和生
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北武漢430060
胰高血糖素樣肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是由遠(yuǎn)端回腸、結(jié)腸的L細(xì)胞分泌的具有促進(jìn)胰島素分泌作用的腸促胰島素,近20年的研究表明,GLP-1除了具有維持葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)的作用外,在調(diào)節(jié)胃腸道動力和相關(guān)胃腸疾病中也發(fā)揮著重要作用。研究表明,GLP-1對胃腸道動力主要起抑制作用,其機制可能與膽堿能迷走神經(jīng)及一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)釋放有關(guān)。在消化道疾病方面,GLP-1可能參與腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)、炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)、短腸綜合征(short bowel syndrome,SBS)等發(fā)病,并在治療中發(fā)揮重要作用。本文就GLP-1與消化道動力的關(guān)系及機制,及其在相關(guān)疾病中的作用等作一綜述。
胰高血糖素樣肽-1;胃腸動力;消化道疾病
胰高血糖素樣肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)又稱腸促胰島素,在調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。GLP-1促進(jìn)胰島素的分泌是血糖依賴性的,故調(diào)節(jié)血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)時不會發(fā)生血糖過低,GLP-1類似物在治療2型糖尿病中廣泛應(yīng)用。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1除能調(diào)節(jié)血糖外,在心血管系統(tǒng)、胃腸道系統(tǒng)、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等組織或器官中也發(fā)揮作用?,F(xiàn)就GLP-1與胃腸道作用及相關(guān)機制的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
GLP-1是胰高血糖素原基因表達(dá)的產(chǎn)物之一,該基因轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯形成含160個氨基酸的胰高血糖素原,胰高血糖素原翻譯后加工的產(chǎn)物具有組織特異性。在腸道黏膜L細(xì)胞中,胰高血糖素原在組織特異性激素原轉(zhuǎn)化酶1(prohormone convertase,PC1)翻譯后加工為GLP-1、GLP-2、腸高血糖素(glicentin)、胃泌酸調(diào)節(jié)素(oxyntomodulin)[1-2]。遠(yuǎn)端回腸、結(jié)腸的黏膜L細(xì)胞分泌GLP-1,經(jīng)N端切除,C端酰胺化后,生成有活性的GLP-1(7~36)或GLP-1(7~37)。GLP-1(7~36)或GLP-1(7~37)由腸道分泌后進(jìn)入血液和肝臟后,在二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(dipeptidyl peptidase 4,DPP-4)作用下,1~2 min降解為GLP-1(9~36)和 GLP-1(9~37),失去生物活性,最后血液循環(huán)中僅10% ~15%有效成分進(jìn)入外周器官[3]。GLP-1的分泌與進(jìn)食相關(guān),營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的攝入,尤其是糖類和脂肪可以刺激GLP-1的分泌,其機制可能與L細(xì)胞微絨毛中與營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的相互作用有關(guān)[2-3]。GLP-1的釋放由胃腸神經(jīng)參與調(diào)節(jié),外科手術(shù)切斷迷走神經(jīng)后,由進(jìn)食刺激的GLP-1分泌明顯減少[4]。
GLP-1受體屬于7次跨膜G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體B家族成員之一,由 463個氨基酸組成[5],在胰島、腎臟、心臟、肺、腸道、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)均有表達(dá)[3]。在胃腸道組織,GLP-1受體分布在黏膜層、肌間神經(jīng)叢及環(huán)狀平滑肌細(xì)胞。GLP-1與GLP-1受體結(jié)合后,可能通過GLP-1受體磷酸化,激活腺苷酸環(huán)化酶(adenylate cyclase,AC),促使細(xì)胞內(nèi) cAMP、PKC、PKA等發(fā)揮作用[5]。
3.1 GLP-1與胃動力的研究 GLP-1對胃腸道動力有重要的作用,其中對胃動力的研究最多。在體外研究中,GLP-1對胃動力的作用并不相同。Rotondo等[6]研究認(rèn)為,GLP-1對整體胃起抑制收縮作用,對氨甲酰膽堿(carbachol,CCh)誘導(dǎo)的胃基底部環(huán)形肌肌條不產(chǎn)生作用,CCh誘導(dǎo)的胃竇部環(huán)形肌肌條產(chǎn)生抑制作用;有實驗結(jié)果不同的文獻(xiàn)表明,GLP-1對胃底、胃體、幽門部的肌條在CCh刺激或電場刺激的誘導(dǎo)下都無任何作用,但在靜脈滴注GLP-1時,抑制胃排空,認(rèn)為GLP-1對胃動力可能是通過中樞系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用[7],而在體內(nèi)研究中,外源性GLP-1對胃排空有明確的抑制作用,且呈劑量依賴性[8-11]。在健康志愿者體內(nèi)試驗中,有研究[8-9]表明,GLP-1能增加胃容積,減少食物的消耗,抑制胃排空。Schirra等[10]認(rèn)為GLP-1抑制胃排空的作用是通過抑制胃竇、十二指腸的收縮,促進(jìn)幽門的收縮發(fā)揮作用。Little等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是進(jìn)食固態(tài)還是液態(tài)食物,GLP-1都能使胃排空減慢,且無論GLP-1是低劑量(0.3 pmol·kg-1·min-1)還是高劑量(20 pmol·kg-1·min-1)都能發(fā)生胃輕癱,遠(yuǎn)端胃潴留。GLP-1除了對健康人有作用外,一些研究[12-14]也表明,在Ⅱ型糖尿病、肥胖、危重癥患者中,外源性GLP-1對胃排空也有抑制作用。而內(nèi)源性GLP-1對胃動力的作用,則存在不同的意見。有研究[15]使用 exendin(9~39)抑制 GLP-1R 后,發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)源性GLP-1對胃動力無任何作用;但也有研究[16]認(rèn)為,內(nèi)源性GLP-1抑制胃竇十二指腸的動力,抑制餐后胃竇的收縮,促進(jìn)幽門的收縮;Deane等[17]同樣認(rèn)為內(nèi)源性GLP-1在體內(nèi)起生理性的作用,抑制胃排空。
3.2 GLP-1與腸動力的關(guān)系 GLP-1與腸道動力的作用存在不同意見。在體外實驗中,因種屬不同,GLP-1對腸動力作用不相同。Chan等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1及其受體激動劑 exendin-4可以抑制臭鼩離體回腸的收縮。同樣有研究[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1可以抑制人離體結(jié)腸的收縮。相反,也有研究認(rèn)為,GLP-1對腸道動力不起作用,Amato等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在 C57BL小鼠中,GLP-1對十二指腸、結(jié)腸腸管的自發(fā)性收縮無任何作用,在電刺激引起收縮后,GLP-1對收縮起抑制作用,該作用可被TTX、阿托品阻斷,但對CCh刺激引起的收縮無作用。在SD大鼠研究認(rèn)為,GLP-1對十二指腸肌條的收縮不起任何作用,無論是否有電場刺激或乙酰膽堿刺激的誘導(dǎo)[7]。體內(nèi)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1對腸道動力的作用與給藥方式、動物種屬有關(guān)。Bozkurt等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1劑量依賴性抑制禁食期間的大鼠小腸的運動,GLP-2對運動沒有影響,但GLP-1和GLP-2聯(lián)合作用比單用GLP-1作用更強,而在進(jìn)食狀態(tài),GLP-1在高劑量時(20 pmol·kg-1·min-1)抑制了大鼠小腸的運動,GLP-2促進(jìn)小腸運動,但聯(lián)合應(yīng)用GLP-1和GLP-2時,在低劑量時可以輕微地抑制小腸運動,高劑量時可輕微地促進(jìn)小腸運動。在人體內(nèi)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈注射GLP-1抑制健康受試者及IBS患者,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的胃、十二指腸、空腸的動力和移行復(fù)合運動,延長小腸運轉(zhuǎn)時間[22-23]。Hellstr?m等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除了靜脈注射、皮下注射GLP-1及其類似物ROSE-10外,粉劑吸入的方式吸入ROSE-10同樣可以抑制小腸的移行復(fù)合運動。但是,有研究[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),在SD大鼠中樞腦室內(nèi)注射GLP-1可以促進(jìn)結(jié)腸動力,增加糞便的排出,腹腔內(nèi)注射GLP-1對糞便量無任何影響,推測GLP-1可能通過中樞作用機制對結(jié)腸動力起推進(jìn)作用。Camilleri等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),給女性IBS-C患者腹部皮下注射GLP-1類似物ROSE-10劑量依賴性地減慢胃排空,卻不阻滯結(jié)腸運輸和改變胃容積,低劑量在48 h甚至可以促進(jìn)結(jié)腸動力。
GLP-1對胃腸道動力的作用機制并未完全清楚,目前研究結(jié)果表明,除了可以作用于平滑肌細(xì)胞外,還通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用。一些研究表明,GLP-1對胃腸道的影響與迷走神經(jīng)有關(guān)[27-28]。Chan 等[18]體外臭鼩回腸肌條實驗證實,GLP-1抑制回腸收縮的作用可以被河豚毒素TTX和阿托品阻斷,不被六烴季胺阻斷,推測GLP-1可能通過腸神經(jīng)叢膽堿能節(jié)后神經(jīng)及毒蕈堿受體發(fā)揮作用。體內(nèi)研究[29]認(rèn)為,膽堿能神經(jīng)通路GLP-1對餐后胃容量有調(diào)節(jié)作用,而對胃十二指腸動力不發(fā)揮作用。Tolessa等[30]研究認(rèn)為,GLP-1抑制SD大鼠小腸動力,在禁食期通過NO發(fā)揮作用,而在進(jìn)食期則不通過NO發(fā)揮作用。相反,在人體內(nèi)研究認(rèn)為,GLP-1通過NO調(diào)節(jié)進(jìn)食期間的胃容量,而NO對禁食期間的胃容量則無調(diào)節(jié)作用[31]。Amato等[20]研究認(rèn)為,GLP-1對小鼠離體十二指腸、結(jié)腸的抑制作用是通過腸道神經(jīng)叢減少釋放膽堿能遞質(zhì),調(diào)節(jié)NO釋放引起。Amato等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1對人結(jié)腸肌條起抑制作用,且通過釋放NO發(fā)揮作用,神經(jīng)元型一氧化氮合成酶受體和GLP-1受體在結(jié)腸共同表達(dá)。
5.1 GLP-1與腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS) IBS是一種常見的功能性腸病,以腹痛或腹部不適伴排便性狀改變?yōu)橹饕Y狀,但其病因和發(fā)病機制不明,相關(guān)研究表明,IBS是多種病因共同決定的疾病。目前有研究表明,GLP-1與IBS發(fā)病有關(guān)系,且對IBS有治療意義。Chen等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1與IBS亞型的發(fā)病相關(guān),IBS-C大鼠組GLP-1含量高于IBS-D組,IBS-C組GLP-1受體含量高于相應(yīng)對照組,IBS-D組 GLP-1受體含量低于相應(yīng)對照組。Hellstr?m 等[22]認(rèn)為,靜脈注射 GLP-1 抑制 IBS 患者胃、十二指腸、空腸的移行復(fù)合運動,特別是MMCⅢ相運動具有多樣性。在GLP-1對IBS治療方面,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔注射GLP-1類似物exendin-4通過增加5-羥色胺轉(zhuǎn)運體和減少色氨酸羥化酶-1的表達(dá)來減弱大鼠IBS內(nèi)臟的痛覺過敏[33];皮下注射GLP-1類似物可以減輕 IBS 患者急性腹痛[34]。Camilleri等[26]研究結(jié)果表明,GLP-1類似物ROSE-10低劑量促進(jìn)結(jié)腸動力,認(rèn)為ROSE-10對IBS-C有潛在治療作用。
5.2 GLP-1與炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD) GLP-1與腸炎研究相對較少,現(xiàn)有研究[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),克羅恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)患者末端回腸GLP-1陽性細(xì)胞比對照組增多2.5倍,在神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞中GLP-1 mRNA表達(dá)增多3.1倍。Keller等[36-37]研究認(rèn)為,IBD患者胃排空的半衰期比健康者長,且與GLP-1相關(guān),經(jīng)臨床治療后,胃排空時間縮短,GLP-1含量減少。與GLP-1相關(guān)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1的降解酶,二肽基肽酶(dipeptidyl peptidase 4,DPP-4)在CD患者活動期的組織和血液中含量都比正常對照組低,抑制 DPP-4可能為 IBD提供治療靶點[38]。Mimura等[39]研究表明,在葡聚糖硫酸鈉誘發(fā)的結(jié)腸炎小鼠中,給予DPP-4抑制劑阿拉格列汀(anagliptin),可以改善腸黏膜損傷,提高治愈能力。
5.3 GLP-1與其他消化道相關(guān)疾病 除了 IBS和IBD外,有研究[40-42]表明,GLP-1在治療短腸綜合征(short bowel syndrome,SBS)中發(fā)揮重要作用。Kunkel等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1受體激動劑 Exenatide可以明顯改善SBS患者腹瀉癥狀,減少腸外營養(yǎng)的供給,同樣,Madsen等[41]研究也表明,GLP-1 能改善SBS患者腹瀉癥狀,減少糞便排出,但GLP-2的作用更加明顯,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用GLP-1和GLP-2有疊加效應(yīng)。Gillard等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在大鼠 SBS模型中 GLP-1陽性細(xì)胞在SBS與正常對照組比較無顯著性差異,但在臨床SBS患者中,無論是禁食期間還是餐后,血液中GLP-1含量都高于對照組。有少量研究表明,GLP-1可以促進(jìn)腸道腫瘤的發(fā)生。Koehler等[43]發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1受體激動劑exendin-4在治療GLP-1r+/+的小鼠時,與GLP-1r-/-相比,腸道腫瘤的發(fā)生率增加。另外,GLP-1與術(shù)后一些癥狀也相關(guān),Mans等[44]研究認(rèn)為,肥胖患者在部分胃切除術(shù)后,GLP-1含量增加,胃排空加快。Zhang等[45]研究也有類似發(fā)現(xiàn),在非肥胖型T2DM和肥胖型T2DM行不同術(shù)后,體質(zhì)量減少,GLP-1含量都有增加。
GLP-1除了通過促進(jìn)葡萄糖依賴性的胰島素釋放等途徑降低血糖外,在消化道、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)中也發(fā)揮重要作用。GLP-1在消化道具有減輕腹痛、抑制胃腸動力、改善黏膜損傷等作用,尤其是對IBS,相關(guān)臨床前研究表明,GLP-1能促進(jìn)IBS-C結(jié)腸動力,減輕急性腹痛,但其機制未明;其對IBD、SBS等疾病也有潛在的治療價值。對GLP-1與消化道動力進(jìn)行深入研究有望為胃腸動力障礙性疾病發(fā)病機制指明新的方向,為IBS和IBD等疾病的治療提供新途徑,使GLP-1相關(guān)藥物早日應(yīng)用于臨床。
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(責(zé)任編輯:李 健)
Advanced study on Glucagon-like peptide-1 in the function and mechanism of the gastrointestinal tract
YAN Lin,LUO Hesheng
Department of Gastroenterology,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan Uninversity,Wuhan 430060,China
Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)is an incretin which is secreted by the distal ileum,colon and rectum L cells,and it also can promote the secretion of insulin.Recent 20 years studies have showed that GLP-1 not only has the effect maintain glucose homeostasis,but also plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal motility and related gastrointestinal disease.GLP-1 plays a major role in the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility,and its mechanism may be related to the cholinergic vagal and nitric oxide(NO)release.In terms of gastrointestinal diseases,GLP-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),short bowel syndrome(SBS)and other diseases,and it may play an important role in the treatment.This article reviewed the advanced study on GLP-1 in the function and mechanism of the gastrointestinal tract.
Glucagon-like peptide-1;Gastrointestinal motility;Gastrointestinal diseases
R57
A
1006-5709(2017)08-0944-04
2016-08-23
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.08.028
湖北省自然科學(xué)基金項目(2013CFA128)
嚴(yán)淋,碩士研究生,研究方向:胃腸動力學(xué),胃腸疾病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail:982278190@qq.com
羅和生,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:胃腸動力學(xué),胃腸疾病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail:xhnk@163.com