郭素倩 李燕妮 張 瑜 王國(guó)林*
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院麻醉科1(300052) 消化科2
Toll樣受體7激動(dòng)劑在肝臟疾病中的研究
郭素倩1李燕妮2張 瑜1王國(guó)林1*
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院麻醉科1(300052) 消化科2
Toll樣受體7(TLR7)是參與固有免疫的一類(lèi)重要蛋白分子,也是連接固有免疫與適應(yīng)性免疫的橋梁。TLR7被激活后可通過(guò)不同信號(hào)通路對(duì)肝臟疾病產(chǎn)生作用。近年TLR7激動(dòng)劑在肝臟疾病中的研究和應(yīng)用不斷增多。本文就TLR7激動(dòng)劑在不同肝臟疾病中的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
Toll樣受體7; 激動(dòng)劑; 肝疾病; 免疫
Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor, TLR)是一種胞內(nèi)具有保守Toll/IL-1受體(TIR)結(jié)構(gòu)域和胞外富含亮氨酸重復(fù)序列的膜結(jié)合蛋白,目前已鑒定出10種人TLR。TLR家族主要識(shí)別多種保守的病原相關(guān)分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP)并與其結(jié)合,這一刺激信號(hào)可引起機(jī)體防御基因表達(dá)。TLR按所在部位主要分為兩類(lèi):表達(dá)于細(xì)胞表面的TLR1、TLR2、TLR4、TLR5、TLR6,能識(shí)別細(xì)菌和真菌細(xì)胞壁成分以及一些病毒蛋白;表達(dá)于細(xì)胞內(nèi)涵體上的TLR3、TLR7、TLR8、TLR9,主要功能是識(shí)別一些病毒核酸。TLR10位于細(xì)胞內(nèi),與TLR1、TLR2、TLR6協(xié)同發(fā)揮作用,但具體功能機(jī)制尚未明確[1]。目前研究表明TLR7信號(hào)通路在病毒性肝炎和肝癌等肝病中均有一定作用。TLR7所在的內(nèi)涵體為其提供了一個(gè)無(wú)機(jī)體DNA存在的環(huán)境,避免了自我識(shí)別的不利影響。常見(jiàn)的TLR7激動(dòng)劑包括咪喹莫特(imiquimod)、瑞喹莫德(resiquimod)、艾沙托立賓(isatoribine)、PF-4878691、ANA773、7-thia-8-oxo-guanosine(TOG)、溴匹立明(bropirimine)、多聚尿苷酸(polyU)、U1小核RNA(U1snRNA)等?;罨腡LR7主要通過(guò)三條信號(hào)通路識(shí)別配體:干擾素(IFN)通路、NF-κB通路和AP-1通路。當(dāng)刺激信號(hào)不同時(shí),TLR7激動(dòng)后在不同細(xì)胞和不同疾病中發(fā)揮作用的信號(hào)通路不同,產(chǎn)生作用效果不盡相同[2-3]。本文就TLR7激動(dòng)劑在不同肝臟疾病中的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
調(diào)查顯示,2004~2013年我國(guó)病毒性肝炎總體發(fā)病率波動(dòng)較大,但無(wú)明顯下降趨勢(shì)[4]。其中乙型肝炎仍維持較高的發(fā)病率,丙型肝炎報(bào)告例數(shù)逐年增加,在病毒性肝炎所占構(gòu)成比逐年升高。兩種肝炎的預(yù)防和治療仍是需要攻克的難題,而病毒性肝炎的預(yù)后與病毒清除密切相關(guān),因此,提高免疫系統(tǒng)清除病毒的能力具有重要意義。
病毒感染的防御依靠固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)共同作用。固有免疫系統(tǒng)利用惟一的模式識(shí)別受體(pattern recognition receptors, PRRs)來(lái)識(shí)別異己,適應(yīng)性免疫則利用特異性抗原識(shí)別受體識(shí)別異己[5]。然而HBV和HCV可逃避宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的攻擊,從而導(dǎo)致慢性持續(xù)性感染[6]。為防止兩種病毒感染引起的長(zhǎng)期慢性并發(fā)癥,提升保護(hù)性免疫非常重要。目前已證實(shí)IFN對(duì)乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎患者有確切療效。給予TLR7激動(dòng)劑可放大下游干擾素刺激基因(interferon-stimulated genes, ISGs)的作用[7]。
固有免疫系統(tǒng)是人體防御的第一道防線,可為增強(qiáng)高效病原的固有免疫反應(yīng)做準(zhǔn)備。固有免疫的有效啟動(dòng)有賴(lài)于抗原呈遞,而這一過(guò)程主要由位于抗原呈遞細(xì)胞(antigen presenting cells, APCs)的主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)完成。此外,需聯(lián)合刺激和呈遞附屬信號(hào)通路,其中包括誘導(dǎo)固有免疫系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)的細(xì)胞因子和(或)共刺激信號(hào)通路(如TLR7信號(hào)通路)。
人體內(nèi)發(fā)揮抗原呈遞作用的主要細(xì)胞為樹(shù)突細(xì)胞(DC)。固有免疫系統(tǒng)取決于DC,又受到不同TLR信號(hào)通路的介導(dǎo)。TLR7主要表達(dá)于漿細(xì)胞樣樹(shù)突細(xì)胞(pDC),在骨髓DC(mDC)中亦有少量表達(dá),不同的DC亞群識(shí)別病原菌后可通過(guò)不同的TLR通路傳遞不同信號(hào)。DC進(jìn)入淋巴結(jié)后,位于DC的MHC分子與T細(xì)胞表面的多肽受體結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)原始T細(xì)胞分化為效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞,繼而表達(dá)于DC的共刺激分子CD80和CD86,與位于T細(xì)胞的共刺激分子CD28相互作用,使效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞分化并產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子以及特異性細(xì)胞毒性反應(yīng)[8-10]。肝臟pDC可通過(guò)TLR7上調(diào)共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86。具體來(lái)說(shuō),病毒ssRNA被pDC吞噬運(yùn)輸形成PAMP,位于內(nèi)涵體的TLR7激活該信號(hào)通路,產(chǎn)生特異性細(xì)胞因子和共刺激分子進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)特異性免疫。由此可見(jiàn),TLR7通路可通過(guò)產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子來(lái)促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞分化。
TLR7激動(dòng)劑經(jīng)胃腸黏膜吸收后通過(guò)門(mén)靜脈循環(huán)入血,TLR7結(jié)合配體后發(fā)生二聚體化,隨后TIR與髓樣分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)特異性結(jié)合。MyD88可激活一系列特異性信號(hào)分子包括IL-1R相關(guān)激酶(IRAK)、腫瘤壞死因子受體(TNFR)、TNFR相關(guān)分子6(TRAF6)和轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β活化激酶(TAK-1),上述信號(hào)分子活化后激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、NF-κB和干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子7(IRF7)。TLR7激動(dòng)后主要激活I(lǐng)RF7,有利于產(chǎn)生抗病毒的細(xì)胞因子,包括Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型IFN[11-12]。IFN-α可促進(jìn)ISGs相關(guān)產(chǎn)物的增加,有利于抑制肝臟病毒的復(fù)制。雖然尚未明確IFN-α抑制病毒的機(jī)制,但在肝炎不同階段(病毒翻譯和組裝)均已證實(shí)其與ISGs有關(guān)[12-13]。在淋巴細(xì)胞中,TLR7刺激成熟DC產(chǎn)生IL-12,促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞向Th1細(xì)胞分化,引起細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(CTL)反應(yīng)[14]。IFN-α和CTL通過(guò)關(guān)閉病毒組裝和殺滅病毒感染肝細(xì)胞,共同抑制病毒性肝炎的發(fā)展。
研究[15]表明艾沙托立賓在治療HCV基因1型患者和非HCV基因1型患者中均表現(xiàn)出良好的患者可接受性和病毒清除能力,且病毒清除能力呈劑量依賴(lài)性。另一種藥物瑞喹莫德與IFN-α合用可導(dǎo)致一些不良反應(yīng),如發(fā)熱、頭痛、寒戰(zhàn)、淋巴細(xì)胞減少等[16]。PF-4878691亦表現(xiàn)出劑量依賴(lài)性的病毒清除能力[17]。ANA773是第一種口服TLR7激動(dòng)劑,抗病毒反應(yīng)與誘導(dǎo)劑量相關(guān),可使血清HCV RNA水平顯著下降但并不引發(fā)全身不良反應(yīng)[18]。HBV病毒核酸為脫氧核糖核酸,可繞過(guò)IFN通路,但通過(guò)給予TLR7激動(dòng)劑可使IFN-α重新發(fā)揮作用。GS-9620是TLR7選擇性口服激動(dòng)劑,可長(zhǎng)時(shí)間抑制血清和肝臟中HBV DNA[19]。TLR7激動(dòng)劑免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑可使抗病毒治療的療程更短,治療成本更低。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),pDC是TLR7激動(dòng)劑發(fā)揮基礎(chǔ)抗病毒作用的重要免疫細(xì)胞。TLR7激活后pDC分泌細(xì)胞因子活化的其他效應(yīng)細(xì)胞如NK細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞,亦是TLR7激動(dòng)劑作為免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑影響腫瘤發(fā)生的重要環(huán)節(jié)。
通過(guò)TLR7激動(dòng)劑刺激,pDC和mDC分泌的IFN-α和IL-12可誘導(dǎo)增強(qiáng)NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性作用并誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生IFN-γ。刺激后的NK細(xì)胞無(wú)論在體內(nèi)還是體外,對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞的清除能力均有所提升[20]。TLR7激動(dòng)劑可增強(qiáng)NK細(xì)胞殺傷力,或許會(huì)成為治療肝細(xì)胞癌的一種免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物。
T細(xì)胞被認(rèn)為是TLR7激動(dòng)劑應(yīng)用于癌癥模型治療的終效應(yīng)細(xì)胞。TLR7激動(dòng)后產(chǎn)生的IFN-α可誘導(dǎo)間皮瘤產(chǎn)生抗原特異性CD4+和CD8+T細(xì)胞。被誘導(dǎo)分化的T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IFN-γ,增強(qiáng)CD8+T細(xì)胞對(duì)抗腫瘤的細(xì)胞毒性反應(yīng)[21]。腫瘤組織中CD4+T細(xì)胞對(duì)TLR7激動(dòng)劑治療癌癥的作用目前尚未明確。TLR7激動(dòng)劑作用后,CD4+T細(xì)胞會(huì)向Th1細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,鑒于Th1細(xì)胞在免疫系統(tǒng)中的作用,CD4+T細(xì)胞可能在其中亦起有重要作用[22]。
TLR7激動(dòng)劑激活B細(xì)胞的過(guò)程類(lèi)似于CD40介導(dǎo)的B細(xì)胞活化,涉及c-Jun、p38蛋白激酶和NF-κB。上調(diào)MHC-Ⅱ、IL-6和TNF-α均可刺激B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體。研究[23-24]提示,B細(xì)胞活化受IFN通路影響。雖然B細(xì)胞對(duì)TLR7激動(dòng)劑的反應(yīng)效率較高,但對(duì)腫瘤的治療作用似乎尚不明顯。
TLR激動(dòng)劑可增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)功能和增加殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞的特點(diǎn)已得到廣泛共識(shí),目前多種TLR激動(dòng)劑已應(yīng)用于臨床試驗(yàn)。然而,最近發(fā)表的關(guān)于TLR激動(dòng)劑治療癌癥的研究結(jié)果令人失望,且不良反應(yīng)較多。有研究[25-26]指出,在胰腺癌和肺癌細(xì)胞中TLR7的表達(dá)有助于癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。在肝癌細(xì)胞中,TLR7過(guò)表達(dá)與肝癌細(xì)胞增殖和擴(kuò)散密切相關(guān),而TLR7抑制劑通過(guò)Akt通路對(duì)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)有一定抑制作用[27]。雖然TLR7激動(dòng)劑局部應(yīng)用于皮膚癌具有良好效果[28],但如何應(yīng)用于肝細(xì)胞癌仍是一個(gè)需要攻克的問(wèn)題。
以往認(rèn)為T(mén)LR7可能與膽管閉鎖相關(guān)。Huang等[29]利用TLR7激動(dòng)劑咪喹莫特誘發(fā)了Balb/c新生小鼠萎縮性膽囊、肝內(nèi)膽管缺乏的膽管系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不全,肝臟中TLR7及其下游分子IRF7、IFN-α和TNF-α表達(dá)升高。應(yīng)用TLR7激動(dòng)劑后肝細(xì)胞凋亡增多。說(shuō)明TLR7可能與新生兒肝膽管損傷有關(guān),可能是新生兒膽汁淤積如膽管閉鎖的發(fā)病機(jī)制。
TLR7可調(diào)節(jié)Ⅰ型IFN的生成,而IFN可用于抗纖維化,但具體機(jī)制仍未闡明。Roh等[30]應(yīng)用野生型、TLR7缺陷型和IFN-α/β受體1(IFNAR1)缺陷型小鼠制備肝纖維化動(dòng)物模型并觀察TLR7信號(hào)通路的變化。結(jié)果顯示TLR7缺陷型和IFNAR1缺陷型小鼠較野生型小鼠更易發(fā)生肝纖維化,說(shuō)明TLR7-IFN信號(hào)通路對(duì)肝纖維化有保護(hù)作用。值得注意的是,與野生型小鼠相比,TLR7缺陷型和IFNAR1缺陷型小鼠的IL-1受體拮抗劑(IL-1ra)表達(dá)受到抑制,給予重組IL-1ra后可減少肝纖維化。在小鼠體內(nèi)應(yīng)用R848激活TLR7可增加肝臟IFNA4和IL-1ra的表達(dá)。此外,R848激活TLR7后可抑制促炎因子的產(chǎn)生,而這些效應(yīng)依賴(lài)于Ⅰ型IFN信號(hào)通路。
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是除外酒精和其他明確肝損害所致的以肝細(xì)胞脂肪病變?yōu)橹鞯牟±砭C合征。疾病初期脂質(zhì)在肝臟中蓄積,巨大的脂質(zhì)堆通過(guò)各種可能的機(jī)制擾亂肝功能,可發(fā)展為伴有炎癥和纖維化的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)。NAFLD的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍未完全闡明,治療效果不太令人滿意。Kim等[31]的研究證實(shí)了TLR7在NAFLD中的關(guān)鍵性作用。咪喹莫特激活TLR7信號(hào)通路誘發(fā)自噬以及肝細(xì)胞釋放胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子(IGF)-1。不飽和脂肪酸(UFA)誘發(fā)的脂質(zhì)堆積可被激活的TLR7通路和自噬反應(yīng)減輕。TLR7的激活還減少了由UFA所導(dǎo)致的脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化物產(chǎn)生如丙二醛(MDA)和4-羥基壬烯醛(4-HNE)。為闡明TLR7與脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)之間的通路,該研究以MDA和4-HNE處理肝細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示通過(guò)抑制TLR7誘導(dǎo)的IGF-1釋放,UFA引起的脂質(zhì)堆積作用放大了2倍,與敲除TLR7基因小鼠的體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相符。說(shuō)明咪喹莫特可能成為NAFLD的治療新策略。
TLR激動(dòng)劑可用于肝臟瘧原蟲(chóng)感染的治療,Chen等[32]的研究于瘧原蟲(chóng)感染小鼠前24 h分別給予TLR2、TLR3、TLR4、TLR5、TLR7、TLR9激動(dòng)劑,結(jié)果顯示TLR2、TLR3、TLR4、TLR9激動(dòng)劑組血液和肝臟的瘧原蟲(chóng)負(fù)荷量與對(duì)照組相比分別減少58%、63%、75%、88%,TLR5和TLR7激動(dòng)劑組瘧原蟲(chóng)負(fù)荷量有所減少,但與對(duì)照組相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
Bagnoli等[33]的研究結(jié)果顯示,小分子TLR7激動(dòng)劑SMIP.7-10-Al (OH)3與疫苗抗原結(jié)合后注射至感染金黃色葡萄球菌的小鼠體內(nèi),可有效清除Mu50、Newman、LAC和MW2菌株,IgG抗體滴度明顯增加,15 d生存率有所提升。這種預(yù)防疫苗對(duì)于金黃色葡萄球菌所致的肝膿腫是否有效有待證明。TLR7激動(dòng)劑預(yù)處理小鼠可減少膿毒癥死亡率,但對(duì)肝臟的影響尚不明確[34-35]。TLR7激動(dòng)劑咪喹莫特已作為藥物局部應(yīng)用于成人外生殖器和肛周尖銳濕疣。
總之,目前肝臟中TLR7的相關(guān)研究較為多見(jiàn),多數(shù)與病毒性肝炎和肝癌有關(guān)。TLR7激動(dòng)劑對(duì)于病毒性肝炎確有療效,但具體機(jī)制不明。TLR7激動(dòng)劑對(duì)肝癌是否有效仍未有統(tǒng)一結(jié)論。對(duì)TLR7在其他肝臟疾病中的研究雖有所涉及,但其作用尚待進(jìn)一步明確。TLR7的激活可引起機(jī)體產(chǎn)生一系列免疫反應(yīng),作為一種小分子免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物,TLR7激動(dòng)劑在肝臟疾病中的作用有巨大的研究空間。
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(2016-09-01收稿;2016-11-08修回)
Research on Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonist in Liver Diseases
GUOSuqian1,LIYanni2,ZHANGYu1,WANGGuolin1.
1DepartmentofAnesthesiology,2DepartmentofGastroenterologyandHepatology,TianjinMedicalUniversityGeneralHospital,Tianjin(300052)
WANG Guolin, Email: wang_guolin@hotmail.com
As an important protein molecule for innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is also a bridge between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. When TLR7 is activated, it can exert its effect on liver diseases through different signaling pathways. Studies on the role and application of TLR7 agonist in liver diseases are increasing in recent years. This article reviewed the research on TLR7 agonist in liver diseases.
Toll-Like Receptor 7; Agonist; Liver Diseases; Immunity
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.04.013
*本文通信作者,Email: wang_guolin@hotmail.com