秦彥昌,賈棟,于慶偉
慢病毒介導(dǎo)的Cullin3沉默對(duì)人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的影響
秦彥昌,賈棟,于慶偉
目的:探討慢病毒介導(dǎo)特異性短發(fā)夾RNA(shRNA)干擾Cullin3表達(dá)對(duì)人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的影響。方法:RT-qPCR及Western blot檢測(cè)Cullin3在人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系SW1783,U251及U87MG中的表達(dá);構(gòu)建靶向Cullin3的shRNA重組慢病毒,轉(zhuǎn)染U251和U87MG細(xì)胞并測(cè)定轉(zhuǎn)染效率。實(shí)驗(yàn)分為3組:Blank組(陰性對(duì)照組)、NC-shRNA組(空載慢病毒組)及Cullin3-shRNA組(慢病毒介導(dǎo)Cullin組)。MTT法和BrdU實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力和增殖能力;Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞遷移能力;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期的變化。結(jié)果:與正常人星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞相比,Cullin3在人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系SW1783,U251及U87MG中高表達(dá)。Cullin3-shRNA轉(zhuǎn)染U251和U87MG細(xì)胞后,與Blank組及NC-shRNA組相比,Cullin3-shRNA組Cullin3表達(dá)水平下降(P<0.05),細(xì)胞活力和細(xì)胞增殖能力顯著降低,侵襲能力下降,細(xì)胞周期被阻滯于G0/G1期。結(jié)論:Cullin3在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用,提示Cullin3有望成為人腦膠質(zhì)瘤基因治療的候選靶點(diǎn)。
腦膠質(zhì)瘤;Cullin3;短發(fā)夾RNA;慢病毒
腦膠質(zhì)瘤是最常見(jiàn)的顱內(nèi)惡性腫瘤之一,具有增殖能力強(qiáng),易復(fù)發(fā),預(yù)后差等特點(diǎn)[1]。其發(fā)病率約為顱內(nèi)腫瘤的40%左右[2],中位生存期為15~19個(gè)月[3]。由于目前治療方法(包括手術(shù)、放療和化療)的局限性,基因治療成為研究熱點(diǎn)[4-6]。既往研究表明Cullin 3參與胚胎發(fā)育、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控和血壓調(diào)節(jié)等生理過(guò)程[7]。Cullin3功能失調(diào)后導(dǎo)致原癌蛋白積累或過(guò)度降解腫瘤抑制蛋白,與腫瘤密切相關(guān)[8]。但Cullin3是否參與膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)展尚不清楚。因而本研究通過(guò)構(gòu)建Cullin3慢病毒載體并轉(zhuǎn)染人膠質(zhì)瘤U251及U87MG細(xì)胞,探討其對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的影響。
1.1 主要材料與試劑
人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞株SW1783,U251及U87MG購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞生物科學(xué)研究所;胎牛血清和DMEM培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)自美國(guó)HyClone公司;Lipofectamine-2000購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;慢病毒載體GV248及慢病毒包裝質(zhì)粒由上海吉?jiǎng)P基因化學(xué)公司提供。Cullin3,β-actin一抗及辣根過(guò)氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)標(biāo)記的二抗購(gòu)自美國(guó)Pierce公司。細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自美國(guó)BD公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 慢病毒表達(dá)載體的構(gòu)建 參考Gene-bank中人Cullin3核苷酸序列(序列號(hào)為:NM_ 001257197.1)設(shè)計(jì)3個(gè)Cullin3不同位點(diǎn)的特異shRNA靶點(diǎn)序列,并篩選出干擾效果最好的靶點(diǎn)序列(5’-ccggtGGTGCTCACGACAGGATATTGttcaagagaCAA TATCCTGTCGTGAGCACCttttttgatcc-3’);提取U251及U87MG細(xì)胞的總RNA,PCR擴(kuò)增,Age I和BamH I雙酶切PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物,將其連接到GV248慢病毒載體后轉(zhuǎn)入DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,鑒定并測(cè)序。最后用293T細(xì)胞包裝病毒,滴度測(cè)定完成后轉(zhuǎn)染目的細(xì)胞。
1.2.3 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與分組處理 人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞株SW1783,U251及U87MG均培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,培養(yǎng)條件為37°C,5%CO2。待細(xì)胞融合至80%~90%,隨機(jī)分組進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。細(xì)胞分為3組:Blank組(陰性對(duì)照組),不做任何干預(yù)處理;NC-shRNA[空載體-短發(fā)夾RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)]組;Cullin3-shRNA組。
1.2.4 實(shí)時(shí)定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR(RT-qPCR)檢測(cè)mRNA表達(dá) Trizol試劑提取各組細(xì)胞的總RNA,并用M-MLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶合成cDNA。以cDNA為模板,RT-qPCR測(cè)定細(xì)胞中Cullin3 mRNA含量。反應(yīng)體系(20 μl):SYBR Premix Ex Taq混合液12 μL,cDNA模板1 μL,上下游引物各1 μL(2.5 μmol/L),無(wú)RNA酶水5 μL。反應(yīng)條件:94°C預(yù)變性10 min;95°C,40 s;61°C,40 s;72°C,45 s,40個(gè)循環(huán);72°C延伸10 min。Cullin3的上游引物為:5’-GCCTTTCCGGTGCGAGAAG-3’,下游引物為5’-TACGACTTCTCCTTTCCGCT-3’。以β-actin作為內(nèi)參基因,根據(jù)2-ΔΔCt計(jì)算方法計(jì)算基因相對(duì)表達(dá)水平。
1.2.5 蛋白免疫印跡法(Western blot)檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá)RIPA蛋白裂解液裂解細(xì)胞后,4°C,1 000 rpm離心10 min,吸取上清,BCA法測(cè)定總蛋白濃度??偟鞍滓?0 μg/孔上樣,經(jīng)10%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離后,用電轉(zhuǎn)移儀進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)膜;PVDF膜經(jīng)PBS封閉液(含5%牛血清白蛋白)37°C封閉1 h后,加入Cullin3(1:1 000稀釋)和β-actin(1:1 500稀釋)一抗,4°C孵育過(guò)夜;隨后加入相應(yīng)的HRP標(biāo)記的二抗,37°C孵育1 h。采用Image-Pro Plus圖像分析軟件測(cè)定目的蛋白的光密度值。
1.2.6 MTT檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力 將轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的細(xì)胞接種到96孔板,每孔加入MTT溶液20 μL(5 g/L)。37°C條件下培養(yǎng)4 h,棄上清,每孔加入二甲基亞砜100 μL,震蕩20 min,570 nm波長(zhǎng)下測(cè)定各孔吸光光度值。
1.2.7 BrdU實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖活性 將轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的細(xì)胞接種到6孔板,每孔加入10 μmol/L的BrdU,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h,再用40 g/L多聚甲醛固定30 min,血清封閉后加入抗BrdU抗體,4°C過(guò)夜,室溫復(fù)溫后加入羅丹明標(biāo)記的熒光二抗,DAPI復(fù)染后,計(jì)數(shù)BrdU陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù),并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。
1.2.8 Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的遷移能力 將轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的細(xì)胞接種到Transwell上室中,下室中加入含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基(500 μL/孔)。37°C孵育24 h后,甲醇室溫固定30 min,進(jìn)行結(jié)晶紫染色。棉球小心擦去上室未穿膜的細(xì)胞,在倒置顯微鏡下隨機(jī)取5個(gè)視野并計(jì)數(shù)穿過(guò)膜的細(xì)胞數(shù)。
1.2.9 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期 將轉(zhuǎn)染后的細(xì)胞以1×106細(xì)胞/孔接種于6孔板內(nèi),用0.25%胰酶消化細(xì)胞,待細(xì)胞開(kāi)始濃縮變圓時(shí)立即用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基終止消化。900 rpm離心5 min后,棄去培養(yǎng)基,收集細(xì)胞沉淀,用PBS洗滌2次。再次離心(900 rpm離心5 min),棄上清,加入75%乙醇2 mL,4℃過(guò)夜。1 200 rpm離心5 min后棄上清,PBS洗滌。加入400 μL的溴化乙錠(PI,50 μg/L)及100 μL RNA酶溶液(500 μg/mL),4℃避光孵育30 min。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 不同膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系中Cullin3表達(dá)
RT-qPCR及Western blot結(jié)果表明,與正常人腦星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞相比,Cullin3在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系SW1783,U251及U87MG中表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05),且以U87MG中升高最為顯著,其次為U251和SW1783,見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 慢病毒載體轉(zhuǎn)染人腦膠質(zhì)瘤U251及U87MG細(xì)胞
RT-qPCR及Western blot結(jié)果表明,與Blank組及NC-shRNA組相比,Cullin3-shRNA組細(xì)胞Cullin3 mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)顯著降低,表明Cullin3-shRNA慢病毒載體成功轉(zhuǎn)染至U251和U87MG細(xì)胞,見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3 細(xì)胞活力及增殖力檢測(cè)結(jié)果
與Blank組及NC-shRNA組相比,轉(zhuǎn)染Cullin3-shRNA的U251和U87MG細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞活力顯著下降,增殖能力顯著降低(P<0.05),表明沉默Cullin3可顯著抑制膠質(zhì)瘤U251和U87MG細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞活力和增殖能力,見(jiàn)圖3。
圖1 膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系中Cullin3 mRNA(A)及蛋白(B)表達(dá)水平
圖2 U251及U87MG膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中Cullin3 mRNA(A)及蛋白(B和C)表達(dá)水平
圖3 U251及U87MG膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞細(xì)胞活力(A)和增殖能力(B)檢測(cè)結(jié)果
2.4 Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的遷移能力
與Blank組及NC-shRNA組相比,Cullin3-shRNA組U251和U87MG細(xì)胞的遷移能力明顯下降,表明沉默Cullin3可顯著抑制膠質(zhì)瘤U251和U87MG細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞遷移能力,見(jiàn)圖4。
2.5 Cullin3對(duì)U251和U87MG膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞周期的影響
以流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)Cullin3沉默對(duì)細(xì)胞周期的影響,轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h,與Blank組(57.46%)及NC-shRNA組(60.35%)相比,轉(zhuǎn)染Cullin3-shRNA的U251細(xì)胞處于G0/G1期的細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增加,為74.54%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。轉(zhuǎn)染Cullin3-shRNA的U87MG細(xì)胞處于G0/G1期的細(xì)胞數(shù)為76.28%,顯著高于Blank組(65.32%)及NC-shRNA組(67.89%)。以上結(jié)果表明Cullin3基因沉默顯著引起U251和U87MG膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的周期阻滯于G1期,從而抑制細(xì)胞增殖。
腦膠質(zhì)瘤是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最常見(jiàn)的顱內(nèi)惡性腫瘤,具有增殖能力強(qiáng),易復(fù)發(fā)的特點(diǎn)[1]。然而,因?yàn)槿狈τ行У姆肿訕?biāo)志物、藥物靶點(diǎn)及治療手段,其治療一直困擾著人們。本文主要探討了慢病毒介導(dǎo)shRNA干擾Cullin3表達(dá)對(duì)人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的影響并揭示出Cullin3在腦膠質(zhì)瘤的增殖和遷移方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,與正常星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞相比,Cullin3在腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中過(guò)表達(dá)。沉默Cullin3能有效地抑制細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移并使細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G1期。
圖4 U251及U87MG膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞細(xì)胞遷移能力檢測(cè)結(jié)果
圖5 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期分布。U251(A)和U87MG(B)細(xì)胞周期的分布。U251 Blank組(C)、NC-shRNA組(D)及Cullin3-shRNA組(E)細(xì)胞周期分布。U87MG Blank組(F)、NC-shRNA組(G)及Cullin3-shRNA組(H)細(xì)胞周期分布。
Cullin蛋白為Cullin-Ring E3類泛素連接酶(CRLs家族)的一員,在人體中包括7個(gè)成員,即Cullin1、Cullin2、Cullin3、Cullin4A、Cullin4B、Cullin5及Cullin7,其在DNA復(fù)制、細(xì)胞周期、腫瘤抑制、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及信號(hào)傳到過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[9]。研究表明,過(guò)表達(dá)Cullin4A能夠促進(jìn)肺癌及垂體腺瘤的生長(zhǎng)[10,11]。Cullin7缺失可誘導(dǎo)胰島素信號(hào)途徑異常并出現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育缺陷[12]。最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Cullin1在膠質(zhì)瘤組織中高表達(dá),小RNA干擾其表達(dá)會(huì)抑制細(xì)胞的增殖和細(xì)胞周期的中斷(G1)[13]。但Cullin3是否參與膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)展尚不清楚。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Cullin3與代謝紊亂、神經(jīng)退變及腫瘤等多種病癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)[14]。Cullin3能夠通過(guò)上調(diào)VEGF蛋白促進(jìn)血管生成[15]。在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中,Cullin3上調(diào)并通過(guò)BRMS1促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖及遷移[16]。在海馬神經(jīng)元和大腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元中,Cullin3-KLHL20復(fù)合物促進(jìn)軸突增生和分支[17]。這些研究提示Cullin3也有可能在神經(jīng)相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮了作用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中Cullin3在mRNA及蛋白水平過(guò)表達(dá)。慢病毒shRNA載體沉默Cullin3會(huì)抑制細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移。這與Huo等[16]的研究結(jié)果相似,即Cullin3能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和遷移。進(jìn)一步研究表明,Cullin3是通過(guò)使細(xì)胞周期停滯在G0/G1期影響U251及U87MG膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖。相關(guān)報(bào)道表明,Cullin3可以通過(guò)RhoA激酶調(diào)節(jié)血管平滑肌功能[18]并調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期[19],在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中RhoA激酶是否也參與Cullin3對(duì)細(xì)胞的調(diào)控作用還有待驗(yàn)證。
綜上所述,本研究表明Cullin3在腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中過(guò)表達(dá)。沉默Cullin3能有效地抑制細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移并使細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G1期,提示Cullin3有望成為治療腦膠質(zhì)瘤的靶標(biāo)分子。進(jìn)一步研究將深入探討及驗(yàn)證腦膠質(zhì)瘤中Cullin3相關(guān)通路的調(diào)控作用機(jī)制,以期為膠質(zhì)瘤的分子靶向治療提供一個(gè)新的候選靶點(diǎn)。
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(本文編輯:唐穎馨)
Effects of Lentivirus-mediated Cullin3 Silencing on Human Glioma Cells
QIN Yan-chang,JIA Dong,YU Qing-wei.Department of Neurosurgery,Tangdu Hospital,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi’an 710038,China
Objective:To investigate the effects of Cullin3 gene silencing on the biological characteristics of human glioma cells.Methods:Cullin3 mRNA and protein levels in human glioma cells SW1783,U251 and U87MG were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot.A lentiviral vector expressing Cullin3 shRNA was constructed and transfected into the U251 and U87MG cells and the transfection efficiency was confirmed.Cells were divided into three groups:the blank(negative control group),NC-shRNA(blank vector group)and the Cullin3-shRNA(Cullin3-shRNA vector group).The cell viability and cell proliferation were determined by MTT assay and BrdU incorporation assay respectively.Meanwhile,the cell migration was analyzed by Transwell assay. Flow cytometry was used to monitor the changes of cell cycle distribution.Results:The Cullin3 protein levels in SW1783,U251 and U87MG glioma cells were significantly higher than that in the normal astrocytes.Transfection of Cullin3-shRNA significantly abolished Cullin3 expression.Compared with the Blank and NC-shRNA groups,Cullin3-shRNA significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of glioma cells U251and U87MG., In addtion,the migration rate was significantly decreased in Cullin3-shRNA group.Flow cytometry indicated that the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase in Cullin3-shRNA group.Conclusion:Cullin3 plays a critical role in gliomagenesis and development of glioma and it maybe a potential target for human glioma therapy.
glioma;cullin3;short hairpin RNA;lentivirus
R741;R739.41
ADOI10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.2017.01.003
第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科西安 710038
2016-03-16
秦彥昌shidasda@163.com