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貝伐單抗維持治療腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤療效與安全性分析

2017-02-28 19:53石大友廖立瀟熊超
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2017年1期

石大友+廖立瀟+熊超

摘要:目的 評估貝伐單抗治療全腦放療后復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的臨床療效。方法 回顧分析放療后進(jìn)展或復(fù)發(fā)腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者21例,共計28處病灶。患者有原發(fā)腫瘤病史且均取得病理,病灶均同時滿足以下各項影像學(xué)證據(jù):CT或MRI增強(qiáng)病灶表現(xiàn)為灶內(nèi)強(qiáng)化且伴有明顯水腫影;所有患者均給予貝伐單抗5 mg/kg,每14 d重復(fù)1次,治療4~8個周期。每4周期治療后第5周期治療前均行MRI檢查,比較治療前后T1WI相增強(qiáng)病灶大小變化及T1WI相病灶水腫變化。記錄患者治療前、后臨床癥狀、kps評分改變情況,治療前、后病灶大小、水腫變化以及KPS評分行t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果 21例患者均安全完成治療,未見明顯嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)。自第1周期治療結(jié)束患者臨床癥狀明顯改善,4周期后kps評分平均提高13.8分。MRI T1WI增強(qiáng)相可見強(qiáng)化區(qū)域病灶較治療前平均縮小54.8%,(P=0.001),MRI T2WI相可見水腫區(qū)域較治療前平均縮小80.7%(P=0.004)。結(jié)論 初步證實(shí)貝伐單抗能控制腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,明顯減輕顱內(nèi)水腫,并改善腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的臨床癥狀。

關(guān)鍵詞:貝伐單抗;腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤;顱腦水腫;全腦放療

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of bevacizumab for recurrence or progression brain metastases after whole brain radiotherapy .Methods Retrospective analysis of 20 cases of recurrence or progession brain metastases after radiotherapy, a total of 28 lesions. Patients had primary tumor history and pathology were obtained, the lesions were also satisfy the following the image evidence: CT or MRI enhanced lesions showed foci in the strengthening and accompanied by edema; All patients were given bevacizumab 5mg / kg, every 14 days repeated 1 time for 8 cycles. After the forth cycles of treatment, MRI was examined before and after treatment, and the changes of T1WI phase and edema of T1WI phase were compared before and after treatment. The clinical symptoms, KPS score , the size of the lesion, edema were record respectively before and after treatment. Comarision before and afer treatment was perofomed by paried t test. Results All the 20 patients receive treatment successfully, and no serious adverse reactions were found. The clinical symptoms of the patients were significantly improved after first cycles of treatment, and the KPS score increased by 13.8 points on average after 4 cycles. The regional lesions of T1WI MRI enhanced phase were smaller average 54.8% than before treatment, (P= 0.001), T2WI MRI edema region were smaller average 80.7% compared with the before treatment (P= 0.004).Conclusion Bevacizumab is preliminary confirmed to control the brain metastatic tumor, alleviate cerebral edema, and improve clinical symptoms of brain metastases.

Key words:Bevacizumab; Brain metastases; Encephaledema;Whole brain radiotherapy

惡性腫瘤腦轉(zhuǎn)移是腫瘤常見的并發(fā)癥,約20%~40%的癌癥患者發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移,尤其是好發(fā)生于肺癌和乳腺癌患者[1]。發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者預(yù)后極差,自然生存時間1~3個月,全腦放療(whole brain therapy,WBT)中位生存時間延長至3~6個月。故50年來全腦放療一直是腦轉(zhuǎn)移癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療手段。但是全腦放療有效率60%~80%,多數(shù)腫瘤短暫緩解后再次進(jìn)展,中位生存期4~6個月,1年生存率14%~20%[2-3]。且再次復(fù)發(fā)后患者生活質(zhì)量受到嚴(yán)重影響,治療手段有限,常規(guī)再次放療易造成正常神經(jīng)組織壞死,預(yù)后極差。VEGF是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的最重要的促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成的因子。在腫瘤的生長、復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移以及改變血腦屏障的通透性有重要的作用[4-6]。文獻(xiàn)報道,晚期腫瘤患者外周血VEGF水平明顯高于早期肺癌,VEGF可刺激腫瘤組織中微血管的生成,從而促進(jìn)血管通透性增加腫瘤的進(jìn)展與轉(zhuǎn)移。腫瘤患者中高濃度的VEGF往往有更差的預(yù)后[7]。貝伐單抗是VEGF的單克隆抗體,可阻斷VEGF的生物學(xué)的作用,并可透過血腦屏障,從而控制腫瘤,同時減輕顱內(nèi)水腫作用改善患者腦轉(zhuǎn)移癥狀,延長生存時間[8-12]。本研究試從分析貝伐珠單抗治療放療后腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤進(jìn)展或者復(fù)發(fā)患者療效。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料 2012年1月~2016年6月經(jīng)過全腦放療后腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤再次進(jìn)展患者21例,其中肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移6 例、胃癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移5例、腦膠質(zhì)瘤4例、乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移3例、結(jié)腸癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移2例、卵巢癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移1例。男12例、女9 例,年齡45~71歲(平均55.3歲)。臨床表現(xiàn)為顱內(nèi)高壓、肌力減退、共濟(jì)失調(diào)以及認(rèn)知功能障礙。腦轉(zhuǎn)移病灶有全腦放療治療史。接受放療平均生物劑量(40.4±5)Gy。

1.2診斷依據(jù) 所有腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者原發(fā)病灶有病理支持。同時所有的腦轉(zhuǎn)移病灶符合以下影像學(xué)表現(xiàn):CT或者M(jìn)RI T1增強(qiáng)相表現(xiàn)為強(qiáng)化灶明確且水腫影明顯。從接受放療到腦轉(zhuǎn)移再次出現(xiàn)進(jìn)展平均時間為6~22個月,平均時間9.2個月。

1.3方法 針對腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者接受貝伐單抗5 mg/kg,每2周期重復(fù)1次,每2周期后第3周期治療前行MRI評價療效。癥狀嚴(yán)重者輔助予以甘露醇以及地塞米松控制水腫。

1.4觀察指標(biāo) 每周期治療前記錄患者臨床癥狀及KPS評分,每2周期后第3周期前行MRI檢查,比較治療前后T1WI增強(qiáng)相病灶體積及水腫體積(水腫區(qū)體積-病灶區(qū)體積)把患者頭顱磁共振 T1WI增強(qiáng)相序列和 T2WI相序列分別通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸至TPS,分別勾畫每層增強(qiáng)病灶區(qū)或水腫區(qū),通過UNICORN-3D 軟件計算體積。

1.5統(tǒng)計方法 采用 SPSS 16.0 軟件對治療前后腫瘤體積大小變化和水腫區(qū)體積變化行配對t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤病灶MRI T1WI增強(qiáng)相變化 所有患者均完成至少4個周期貝伐朱單抗維持治療。第5周期前(即貝伐珠單抗使用第9 w)行頭顱MRI評價。20例患者的頭顱病灶及水腫均有不同程度的減小,治療之前頭顱病灶體積(9.6±3.2)cm3,治療4周期后體積為(4.9±1.8)cm3。治療前后體積行t檢驗(yàn)有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.001)。腫瘤病灶周邊水腫MRI T2WI變化:貝伐珠單抗治療第3周期前(即貝伐珠單抗使用第9 w)行頭顱MRI評價。20例患者的頭顱病灶周邊水腫均有不同程度的減小,治療之前頭顱病灶體積(21.6±9.2)cm3,治療后體積為(12.8±4.2)cm3。治療前后體積行t檢驗(yàn)有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。(p=0.004)。治療前患者KPS評分(65±7.2), 4周期治療后第5周期治療前KPS評分(78±4.9)(P=0.002)。

2.2經(jīng)過2個周期貝伐珠單抗治療后患者臨床癥狀(頭暈,惡心、共濟(jì)失調(diào))較前均有不同程度的明顯改善。

2.3不良反應(yīng) 20例患者行貝伐珠單抗治療中均未出現(xiàn)腦出血。其中有1例出現(xiàn)2級高血壓,經(jīng)予以貝那普利對癥治療后控制癥狀。1例出現(xiàn)鼻出血,出血量約5 ml。

3 討論

貝伐珠單抗是一種單克隆抗體,主要抑制血管內(nèi)皮生長因子,主要用于轉(zhuǎn)移性癌癥[8]。在1997年,1例29歲女性肝癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者在接受貝伐珠單抗I期臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中出現(xiàn)致命性的腦出血,之后貝伐珠單抗一直被排除應(yīng)用在腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者[13]。但FDA并無此禁忌,部分患者為腦轉(zhuǎn)移癌進(jìn)展期,是否可用貝伐珠單抗值得探討。II期PASSPORT研究顯示入組腦轉(zhuǎn)移治療無進(jìn)展或出血的非鱗癌患者,二線治療給予貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合化療或厄洛替尼,可評價的106例患者中,未見到2度以上腦出血。結(jié)果顯示貝伐珠單抗治療腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤是安全可行的[14]。之后研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,接受貝伐珠單抗治療與否患者腦出血的發(fā)生幾率無明顯差異[15]。Levy采用全腦放療聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤發(fā)現(xiàn)貝伐珠單抗的加入并沒有增加腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤出血的風(fēng)險[16]。Ranpura和中國學(xué)者在發(fā)現(xiàn)薈萃分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)貝伐珠單抗可增加心肌缺血的發(fā)作,但較對照組中并未增加腦出血發(fā)生[17-18]。貝伐單抗是一種重組人源化抗VEGF單克隆抗體,可抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖和新生血管形成,使異常的血管內(nèi)皮正常。從而阻止腫瘤血管生成和腫瘤生長,同時具有減少滲出,減輕顱內(nèi)高壓作用[19-20]。而不良毒副反應(yīng)較化療藥物明顯減輕,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用在結(jié)直腸癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、腦膠質(zhì)瘤等惡性腫瘤的治療。血管的生成是腫瘤惡化的特征之一,腫瘤的惡性程度越高,組織中的VEGF的表達(dá)也越高,常提示預(yù)后不良[21-22]。

本研究采用經(jīng)過放療后腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤進(jìn)展患者,經(jīng)過貝伐珠單抗應(yīng)用后患者顱腦腫瘤較前均有明顯減小,且瘤周水腫較治療前均有明顯緩解?;颊叩纳钯|(zhì)量,中位生存時間和1年生存率較目前常規(guī)的治療有明顯改善。

綜上所述,針對放療后腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤復(fù)發(fā)或者轉(zhuǎn)移患者貝伐珠單抗可以有效控制腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的發(fā)展,減輕顱內(nèi)水腫。明顯改善腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者腦占位的癥狀以及生活質(zhì)量,在治療過程中并未出現(xiàn)明顯的致命腦出血等副反應(yīng)。因此貝伐珠單抗應(yīng)用腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者臨床療效較好,毒副反應(yīng)較輕。可能是一種較為理想且有效的治療手段。

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