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腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡在膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石治療中的應(yīng)用

2017-02-23 14:22奚劍波法鎮(zhèn)中閔震宇
關(guān)鍵詞:膽道鏡開腹手術(shù)腹腔鏡

奚劍波 法鎮(zhèn)中 閔震宇

【摘要】 目的:探討腹腔鏡聯(lián)合纖維膽道鏡雙鏡治療膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石的臨床療效。方法:選取2014年1月-2015年12月江蘇大學(xué)附屬武進(jìn)醫(yī)院普外科行手術(shù)治療膽總管結(jié)石患者60例,其中行腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡治療30例作為腔鏡組,開腹手術(shù)治療30例作為開腹組,觀察并比較兩組臨床療效結(jié)果。結(jié)果:60例手術(shù)均獲成功,腔鏡組在術(shù)中出血量、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院天數(shù)、術(shù)后切口感染發(fā)生率方面均優(yōu)于開腹組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:腹腔鏡和膽道鏡雙鏡聯(lián)合治療膽總管結(jié)石具有損傷小、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)中出血少、住院時(shí)間短及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是目前治療膽道結(jié)石較理想的微創(chuàng)術(shù)式,臨床上值得推廣。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 腹腔鏡; 膽道鏡; 膽總管探查術(shù); 開腹手術(shù)

【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the experience of laparoscope joint choledochoscope in treatment of cholecystolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis.Method:The clinical data of 60 patients with cholecystolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis were divided into laparoscopic group of 30 cases and laparotomy group of 30 cases, which were treaded in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2015.Result:60 patients were successfully completed.The intraoperative blood loss,gastrointestinal function recovery time,hospitalization time and incision infection rate in the laparoscopic group were better than those of laparotomy group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Laparoscope joint choledochoscope in treatment of cholecystolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis has such advantages as less trauma,rapid recovery,less intraoperative bleeding,shorter hospitalization time and lower postoperative complications rate compared with traditional open surgical method.

【Key words】 Laparoscope; Choledochoscope; Choledochotomy; Laparotomy

First-authors address:Jiangsu University Affiliated Wujin Hospital,Changzhou 213002,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.01.007

膽囊結(jié)石是普外科的常見病、多發(fā)病,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[1]報(bào)道有4%~15%膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石。隨著腔鏡技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石的治療方法趨于微創(chuàng)化。根據(jù)不同的情況,70%~90%膽總管結(jié)石可應(yīng)用微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療,且治療成功率可達(dá)97.79%[2]。如今膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石的治療方案多樣,包括傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)、腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)+經(jīng)十二指腸鏡逆行胰膽管造影(endoscope retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)+內(nèi)鏡下乳頭括約肌切開術(shù)(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)、腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)+兩鏡(膽道鏡及腹腔鏡)聯(lián)合膽總管探查術(shù)、腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)+三鏡(十二指腸鏡、膽道鏡及腹腔鏡)聯(lián)合膽總管探查術(shù)等,且各手術(shù)方式的臨床療效及并發(fā)癥各有不同[3]。本文通過對照研究,分析腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡對比開腹手術(shù)兩種不同方法治療膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石60例,比較其治療效果及臨床價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 收集江蘇大學(xué)附屬武進(jìn)醫(yī)院2014年1月-2015年12月膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石患者60例,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式不同,分為腔鏡組(行腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡手術(shù))和開腹組(行常規(guī)開腹手術(shù))兩組,每組各30例,兩組的一般資料比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)初次接受治療者;(2)年齡18~70歲者;(3)術(shù)前經(jīng)彩超、磁共振胰膽管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)檢查,提示膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石,并經(jīng)手術(shù)證實(shí)者;(4)符合內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)指證者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)既往有腹部手術(shù)史者;(2)合并膽道狹窄、胰腺炎、十二指腸憩室者;(3)患有嚴(yán)重心、肺、肝、腎功能障礙者。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 開腹組 采用全身麻醉,取右上腹經(jīng)腹直肌縱行切口,長10~20 cm。進(jìn)腹后探查膽囊及膽管結(jié)石情況,解剖膽囊三角,游離膽囊動(dòng)脈及膽囊管。結(jié)扎并切斷膽囊動(dòng)脈、膽囊管,剝除膽囊、徹底止血,顯露并縱行切開膽總管前壁1.5~2.0 cm,取石鉗取出膽總管結(jié)石,若取石鉗取石困難可在纖維膽道鏡下用取石網(wǎng)籃取石,膽道鏡探查確定膽總管、左右肝管無殘余結(jié)石后留置T管。常規(guī)放置引流管于溫氏孔,引流管一般于術(shù)后2~3 d拔除,術(shù)后第6周行膽道造影排除結(jié)石殘留后拔除T管。

1.3.2 腹腔鏡組 采用全身麻醉,氣腹壓力

14 mm Hg,常規(guī)三孔法操作,消毒鋪巾后連接好腹腔鏡使用的鏡頭線,冷光源等,首先在臍部正中置入氣腹針并充氣,當(dāng)腹腔內(nèi)CO2壓力達(dá)到14 mm Hg后停止充氣,臍部用10 mm套管針穿刺作為操作通道,30°置入腹腔鏡。在腹腔鏡下于劍突下約2 cm偏右,10 mm套管針穿刺作為主操作孔,右腋中線與腋前線之間臍上水平處做5 mm切口,置入套管為輔助操作孔。解剖顯露膽囊三角,顯露三管關(guān)系,分清膽總管、肝總管、膽囊管以及膽囊動(dòng)脈后,將膽囊管及膽囊動(dòng)脈夾閉用Hemlock夾閉后切斷,暫時(shí)保留膽囊,抓住膽囊壁牽引用,然后分離膽總管前壁,縱行切開膽總管前壁1.5~2.0 cm,置入硅膠管以生理鹽水沖出活動(dòng)結(jié)石,通過主操作孔將膽道鏡置入膽管,同時(shí)注入0.9%氯化鈉注射液,使膽道擴(kuò)張,視野清晰,檢查左右肝管,肝外膽管的結(jié)石情況,再在纖維膽道鏡下用取石網(wǎng)籃取石,膽道鏡再次探查確定膽總管、左右肝管無殘余結(jié)石后留置T管,確定膽管下端通暢后切除膽囊。常規(guī)放置引流管于溫氏孔,術(shù)后第6周行膽道造影排除結(jié)石殘留后拔除T管。

1.4 觀察指標(biāo) 比較分析開腹組與腔鏡組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、總住院時(shí)間、總住院費(fèi)用及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料使用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料使用 字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況比較 腔鏡組手術(shù)時(shí)間、總住院費(fèi)用與開腹組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。但腔鏡組術(shù)中出血量少,術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間早,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及總住院時(shí)間短,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.2 兩組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 腔鏡組術(shù)后出血、膽漏及殘余結(jié)石與開腹組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。但腔鏡組術(shù)后切口感染率低,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。

3 討論

膽道結(jié)石由多種因素引起,包括膽固醇過飽和、膽汁的理化性質(zhì)、膽汁和膽固醇的沉淀、異常的膽囊功能以及膽道細(xì)菌和寄生蟲感染[4-5],其中以膽固醇結(jié)石最常見,其在膽囊結(jié)石中約占60.4%,而在膽總管結(jié)石中約占42.7%,且大多位于膽總管下端或十二指腸壺腹部[6]。去除結(jié)石、解除梗阻及通暢引流是治療膽道結(jié)石的基本原則,該病的傳統(tǒng)治療方法是行開腹膽囊切除、膽總管切開取石和T管引流術(shù),臨床效果確切,但該方法存在著手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高、且術(shù)后愈合慢、并發(fā)癥較多等缺點(diǎn)。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡技術(shù)逐漸被應(yīng)用到膽道外科中。研究表明,腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡治療膽道結(jié)石的成功率高達(dá)92.8%[7],同時(shí)既取得了較好的療效,又保證了Oddi括約肌的功能,并大大降低了術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥,該術(shù)式具有取石徹底、術(shù)后康復(fù)快、創(chuàng)傷小、住院時(shí)間短和治療費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是臨床微創(chuàng)治療膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石的有效方法[8-13]。

本研究中腔鏡組大部分患者術(shù)后第1天即可排氣并可以少量進(jìn)食,與開腹組相比,機(jī)體生理功能恢復(fù)明顯更快。因腹腔鏡手術(shù)將視野放大,術(shù)中操作精細(xì),腹腔鏡組術(shù)中平均出血量明顯低于開腹組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。腹腔鏡組患者治療時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、治療成本明顯低于對照組,主要與術(shù)式特點(diǎn)有關(guān),腹腔鏡與膽道鏡聯(lián)合治療,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)單次手術(shù)同時(shí)清除膽總管結(jié)石與膽囊結(jié)石,將創(chuàng)傷降到最低[14-16]。因此,患者恢復(fù)更快,治療成本更低,盡管手術(shù)操作時(shí)間短,但是纖維式膽道鏡可以延伸至十二指腸乳頭、左右肝管,涉及范圍大,保證了取石效果。結(jié)石殘留率方面治療方法未見明顯差異,提示微創(chuàng)手術(shù)可以取得確切的臨床效果[17-18]。在本研究中成功施行30例腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)、膽總管切開取石還是具有以下明顯的優(yōu)點(diǎn):相對于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)較大的切口,給患者術(shù)后帶來痛苦不適,而且術(shù)后恢復(fù)較慢,腹腔鏡組具有小切口,術(shù)后疼痛輕,早期下床活動(dòng),有利于胃腸功能的恢復(fù),可以早期進(jìn)食,在手術(shù)時(shí)由于腹腔鏡的放大效應(yīng)視野清楚,操作更精確。在傳統(tǒng)的開腹手術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過腹腔鏡技術(shù)的培訓(xùn),掌握一定的腹腔鏡技術(shù),施行腔鏡膽總管切開取石手術(shù)應(yīng)該能夠很快熟練開展[19-20]。兩組患者的住院總費(fèi)用比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),同時(shí)腹腔鏡手術(shù)后住院時(shí)間明顯縮短,加決了床位的周轉(zhuǎn)率和使用率,有效地提高了衛(wèi)生資源的使用效率,緩解看病難的問題[21-22]。

腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡治療膽管結(jié)石是微創(chuàng)手術(shù),創(chuàng)傷小、痛苦少、恢復(fù)快,使患者術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間快、進(jìn)食時(shí)間早。另外,腹腔鏡手術(shù)中最大程度地保護(hù)了切口免受標(biāo)本污染,避免切口感染[23]。本研究顯示,腔鏡組術(shù)后切口感染數(shù)明顯低于開腹組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。然而,腔鏡組術(shù)后出血、膽漏、殘余結(jié)石等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與開腹組相當(dāng),差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。對于并發(fā)癥,術(shù)中的精細(xì)操作和熟悉解剖是減少出血的重要環(huán)節(jié)。膽漏發(fā)生則有多種原因:術(shù)者腹腔鏡下縫合技術(shù)欠熟練以及助手配合不熟練;選擇了不適合的縫合線;手術(shù)過程中刺激Oddi括約肌痙攣或術(shù)后十二指腸乳頭水腫,引起膽道內(nèi)壓力增高,膽汁排出障礙;由于術(shù)中結(jié)石未取凈,再次引起膽道梗阻,膽管內(nèi)壓力增高,縫合處會(huì)滲漏膽汁;縫合時(shí)候膽管壁水腫,術(shù)后水腫消退后縫合針眼處即可滲漏膽汁[24-26]。學(xué)習(xí)腹腔鏡技術(shù)是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過程,要逐步開展,應(yīng)避免急于求成,從而給患者帶來醫(yī)源性的損傷,造成嚴(yán)重的后果。

綜上所述,腹腔鏡和膽道鏡雙鏡聯(lián)合治療膽總管結(jié)石具有損傷小、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)中出血少、住院時(shí)間短及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是目前治療膽道結(jié)石較理想的微創(chuàng)術(shù)式,臨床上值得推廣。

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(收稿日期:2016-09-02) (本文編輯:周亞杰)

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