曹瑩,張亞輝*,閆振廣,王一喆,朱巖,劉征濤
1.環(huán)境基準與風(fēng)險評估國家重點實驗室,中國環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,北京 100012 2.桂林理工大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,廣西 桂林 541004
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曹瑩1,張亞輝1*,閆振廣1,王一喆1,朱巖2,劉征濤1
1.環(huán)境基準與風(fēng)險評估國家重點實驗室,中國環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,北京 100012 2.桂林理工大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,廣西 桂林 541004
環(huán)境中最常見的2種全氟化合物(PFCs)污染物為全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)。綜述了國內(nèi)外推薦的有關(guān)的PFOSPFOA環(huán)境安全閾值,結(jié)合我國部分流域及典型區(qū)域PFOSPFOA的污染現(xiàn)狀,分析了現(xiàn)階段我國PFCs生態(tài)風(fēng)險管理面臨的問題,提出了制訂我國PFOSPFOA環(huán)境質(zhì)量基準標準,加強典型區(qū)域2種PFCs的生態(tài)風(fēng)險評估,增強其物質(zhì)替代品的監(jiān)控、生態(tài)毒性監(jiān)管,以及替代品的風(fēng)險防控等方面的建議。
全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS);全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA);生態(tài)風(fēng)險;對策
全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)廣泛應(yīng)用于諸多工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和生活用品中,具有持久性、生物蓄積性、遠距離遷移等特性,是長期存在并累積于環(huán)境中的一類新型污染物[1]。多項環(huán)境調(diào)查研究顯示,PFCs中最主要的檢出物為全氟辛烷磺酸〔perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS,CF3(CF2)7SO3H〕和全氟辛烷羧酸〔perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA,CF3(CF2)6COOH〕,其廣泛存在于我國環(huán)境介質(zhì)及生物體和人體中[2-6],被認為是引起全球環(huán)境污染的新型化學(xué)污染物。2009年5月,在日內(nèi)瓦召開的第四屆公約締約方大會上,全氟辛烷磺酸及其鹽類和全氟辛烷磺酰氟被正式列入持久性有機污染物名單附件B中加以限制[7]。歐盟指令也指出:PFOA被懷疑與PFOS有大致相似的危害性,現(xiàn)仍在對其危險分析試驗、替代品的實效性、限制措施進行評估,極有可能在未來被限制[8]。多種高分子PFCs聚合物的一部分和在環(huán)境中的最終轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物為PFOS及其鹽類和PFOA。
1.1 PFOS
2004年英國環(huán)境保護署采用巴西尼康蝦(Mysidopsisbahia) 35 d的無可見效應(yīng)濃度(NOEC),獲得PFOS的PNEC水為25 μgL,用平衡分配法計算PNEC沉積物為67 mgkg;采用萵苣21 d的NOEC(<3.91 mgL),獲得PNEC土壤為小于39 μgkg[9]。2010年3M公司采用黑頭呆魚(Pimephalespromelas)42 d的NOEC(0.3 mgL)獲得PNEC水為30 μgL[10]。日本環(huán)境部利用NOEC最低值(貝類)得到PNEC水為23 μgL[11]。但國外推薦的PFOS的PNEC值,對我國的本土生物可能產(chǎn)生“欠保護”或“過保護”影響,不利于我國PFOS的環(huán)境風(fēng)險評估;且國外推導(dǎo)的PNEC水對我國的昆蟲(如搖蚊幼蟲36 d的NOEC<0.002 3 mgL[12]和心斑綠蟌120 d的NOEC=0.01 mgL[10])以及魚類(如日本青鳉14 d的NOEC<0.01 mgL[13])無保護性(表1)。張亞輝等[14]采用PFOS對本土生物物種的生態(tài)毒性數(shù)據(jù),選擇心斑綠蟌120 d的NOEC(0.01 mgL),得到PNEC水為1 μgL,同時通過平衡分配法計算得到PNEC沉積物為2.7 mgkg(濕質(zhì)量)。土壤環(huán)境中采用廣泛存在的土壤跳蟲(F.candida)28 d的NOEC(0.05 mgkg)推導(dǎo)得到PNEC土壤為1 μgkg。對比國內(nèi)外環(huán)境介質(zhì)中的PNEC,我國的PNEC水能夠保護本土淡水生物。PNEC沉積物通過平衡分配法來計算,由于國內(nèi)外推導(dǎo)的PNEC水的不同造成PNEC沉積物的不同。我國PNEC土壤在推導(dǎo)過程中未對毒性數(shù)據(jù)進行標準化處理,可能導(dǎo)致數(shù)值偏低。
表1 國內(nèi)外PFOSPFOA的PNEC比較Table 1 PFOSPFOA comparison of PNEC value in China and abroad
表1 國內(nèi)外PFOSPFOA的PNEC比較Table 1 PFOSPFOA comparison of PNEC value in China and abroad
化合物中國淡水∕(mg∕L)沉積物∕(mg∕kg)土壤∕(mg∕kg)外國淡水∕(mg∕L)沉積物∕(mg∕kg)土壤∕(mg∕kg)PFOS0001[14]27[14]0001[14]0025[9],003[10]67[9]<0039[9]PFOA057[15]206[15]019[15]057[16],125[17]—016[16]
1.2 PFOA
荷蘭某家咨詢機構(gòu)[16]發(fā)表的有關(guān)PFOA及其鹽類的風(fēng)險評估報告中,考慮了微宇宙研究的穗狀狐尾藻(Myriophyllumspicatum)35 d的EC10為5.7 mgL,得到PNEC水為0.57 mgL;土壤環(huán)境中以蚯蚓幼體繁殖為毒性終點的NOEC為16 mgkg(濕質(zhì)量),得到PNEC土壤為0.16 mgkg。挪威污染控制局[18]在2008年發(fā)表的有關(guān)全氟化合物對土壤和生活在土壤中生物風(fēng)險評估報告中,同樣推導(dǎo)出PNEC土壤為0.16 mgkg。Colombo等[17]采用近頭狀偽蹄形藻(Pseudokirchneriellasubcapitata)72 h的NOEC(>12.5 mgL)得出PFOA的PNEC水為1.25 mgL。我國學(xué)者[15]同樣采用穗狀狐尾藻35 d的EC10(5.7 mgL)推導(dǎo)出PNEC水為0.57 mgL;采用平衡分配法計算PNEC沉積物為2.06 mgkg;以蚯蚓28 d幼體繁殖率為終點的NOEC為16 mgkg;將土壤數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化為標準土壤數(shù)據(jù),得到PNEC土壤為0.19 mgkg。
Jin等[19]調(diào)查了我國不同區(qū)域環(huán)境和自來水樣品中的PFOSPFOA,得出:偏遠地區(qū)水中PFOSPFOA平均濃度(最大濃度)分別為0.4(2.4)和0.1(1.3) ngL;而在市區(qū)分別為4.0(14.1)和3.9(30.8) ngL。Yang等[20-21]系統(tǒng)調(diào)查了渾河和長江的PFOSPFOA的污染狀況。渾河中,PFOS濃度的中位數(shù)為4.9 ngL,而PFOA低于定量限(0.1 ngL);長江呈中度污染,PFOSPFOA平均濃度分別為4.2和5.4 ngL,存在的生態(tài)風(fēng)險較??;太湖水體中PFOA的風(fēng)險商小于1,因此太湖水體中的PFOA短期內(nèi)對水生生物幾乎沒有風(fēng)險,概率法的評價也顯示太湖水體中的PFOA短期內(nèi)對水生生物幾乎沒有風(fēng)險。氟化學(xué)工業(yè)園附近水和土壤中的PFOA在短期內(nèi)對水生生物風(fēng)險也很低[22-23],但與太湖的結(jié)果相比,該氟工業(yè)園區(qū)的生產(chǎn)活動已在某種程度上對附近的水體產(chǎn)生了影響。
英國環(huán)境保護署[8]預(yù)測了靠近PFOS污染源的背景地區(qū)(偏遠地區(qū))和下游河流水體中PFOS的濃度,污染源包括鍍鉻、攝影、航空、消防泡沫生產(chǎn)、光刻、織物、紙張?zhí)幚砗屯苛瞎I(yè)等(高度污染區(qū)域),利用基于7個場景下代表PFOS有關(guān)化合物降解的歐盟物質(zhì)評估系統(tǒng)(EUSES),計算出由消防泡沫生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致污染的河流中水生生物的風(fēng)險商是4,所有背景地區(qū)的比值均低于0.004;同時該機構(gòu)也利用PNEC評估了高營養(yǎng)級中生物的二次毒性,結(jié)果表明,包括背景區(qū)域和高污染區(qū)域在內(nèi)的所有區(qū)域中淡水食物鏈的風(fēng)險商都超過10。英國環(huán)境保護署得出的結(jié)論是需要對PFOS的二次毒性給予更大的關(guān)注。OSPAR委員會[24]推導(dǎo)的風(fēng)險評估,尤其是對海洋生物,以類似的方式得出了類似的結(jié)論。加拿大環(huán)境部門利用環(huán)境中暴露水平(EEV)和無效應(yīng)水平比例(ENEV)評估風(fēng)險,通過北極地區(qū)頂級捕食者(南哈森北極熊)肝臟中的最大暴露濃度(3 770 μgkg)和ENEV(408 μgkg)得到風(fēng)險商為9.2,得出PFOS的最大潛在危險存在于較高營養(yǎng)級的哺乳動物中。
國外的研究結(jié)果說明,PFOS在水環(huán)境背景區(qū)域的風(fēng)險較小,但是需要考慮PFOS通過食物鏈生物富集對較高營養(yǎng)級動物產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險。Rostkowski等[25]考慮到生物蓄積效應(yīng),建議水中PFOS的PNEC為50 ngL。但水體中超過該值的并不少見,如有關(guān)歐盟河流大區(qū)調(diào)查報告顯示90%歐盟河流的PFOS濃度都在73 ngL以下,其平均濃度在39 ngL。盡管現(xiàn)有的信息有限,PFOA所帶來的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(高暴露在特殊情況除外)是最小的,因為PFOA的PNEC要比PFOS的高出1個數(shù)量級,并且PFOA在環(huán)境中的水平與PFOS相當。在我國,PFOSPFOA在水環(huán)境中的生態(tài)風(fēng)險較小,但需要關(guān)注典型區(qū)域(如氟工業(yè)園區(qū))的生態(tài)風(fēng)險。同時張亞輝等[26]對PFOS在太湖水生食物鏈中9種魚和白鷺產(chǎn)生的次生毒性風(fēng)險進行評價,9種魚的風(fēng)險商均未超過0.5,捕食鳥類白鷺的風(fēng)險商(0.52)最高,說明PFOS對太湖水生食物鏈的次生毒性風(fēng)險較小。
(3)缺乏對全氟化合物替代品的生態(tài)毒性研究。由于PFOSPFOA會給生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康帶來極大危害,許多國家和組織已相繼出臺了各項法規(guī)和禁令限制其生產(chǎn)和使用[42-44],并在加強監(jiān)管的同時,大力推進替代品的研究和開發(fā),而對新型PFOSPFOA替代品的環(huán)境安全評價也已刻不容緩。目前,PFOSPFOA的替代品成本較高,且產(chǎn)品性能尚不能滿足替代要求,替代品的環(huán)境安全尚待進一步評估。國內(nèi)一些學(xué)者對4種PFOS替代品〔包括50%的全氟丁基有機銨鹽陽離子表面活性劑、用調(diào)聚法合成的織物三防整理劑(含固率23.7%)、用電解氟化法合成的C4及C6織物三防整理劑〕對我國本土水生生物(黑斑蛙胚胎、蝌蚪)和土壤生物(蜜蜂、家蠶、中華白羽鵪鶉、土壤跳蟲)的生態(tài)毒性進行了初步研究[34-36,45],結(jié)果表明:4種PFOS替代品對生物種的急性毒性都表現(xiàn)為低毒或無明顯毒性;但是對于慢性毒性,織物三防整理劑對中華白羽鵪鶉的生殖毒性表現(xiàn)為胚胎死亡率及未受精率升高,對土壤跳蟲的慢性毒性也大于PFOS。因此,針對PFOSPFOA替代品的環(huán)境安全評估,需要獲得替代品對環(huán)境生物的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)。
3.2 全氟化合物的生態(tài)風(fēng)險控制對策
全氟化合物的排放是生態(tài)環(huán)境污染的首要原因。由于一些國家將PFOSPFOA生產(chǎn)和產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)向我國,導(dǎo)致面臨污染轉(zhuǎn)移的壓力。針對目前我國典型全氟化合物的污染現(xiàn)狀,結(jié)合我國環(huán)境中PFOSPFOA的生態(tài)風(fēng)險評估,提出了我國典型全氟化合物的管理控制對策。
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Ecological risks and control measures of typical perfluorinated compounds PFOSPFOA
CAO Ying1, ZHANG Yahui1, YAN Zhenguang1, WANG Yizhe1, ZHU Yan2, LIU Zhengtao1
1.State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012, China 2.College of environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of TechnoLogy, Guilin 541004, China
The two most common PFCs pollutants found in nature were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA). The recommendations of environmental safety thresholds of PFOS and PFOA were reviewed at home and abroad. Based on the pollution status of PFOS and PFOA in some basins and typical areas in China, the problems of the ecological risk management of PFCs in China were analyzed. Some suggestions were proposed, including formulating the PFOS and PFOA environmental quality criteriastandards, strengthening the ecological risk assessment of typical regional PFCs, and enhancing the material substitutes monitoring, ecological toxicity supervision and substitutes risk prevention and control, etc.
PFOS; PFOA; ecological risk; control measures
2016-05-17
國家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專項(2012ZX07501003);國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(21407139);科技基礎(chǔ)性工作專項(2014FY120600)
曹瑩(1983—),女,工程師,碩士,主要從事環(huán)境風(fēng)險評估研究,caoyingyeah@sina.com
*責(zé)任作者:張亞輝(1979—),女,副研究員,博士,主要從事污染物的生態(tài)毒理及毒性評估與預(yù)測研究,zhangyahui@craes.org.cn
X826
1674-991X(2017)01-0096-06
10.3969j.issn.1674-991X.2017.01.014
曹瑩,張亞輝,閆振廣,等.典型全氟化合物PFOSPFOA的生態(tài)風(fēng)險及控制對策[J].環(huán)境工程技術(shù)學(xué)報,2017,7(1):96-101.
CAO Y, ZHANG Y H, YAN Z G, et al.Ecological risks and control measures of typical perfluorinated compounds PFOSPFOA[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2017,7(1):96-101.