周 寧,吳士文
Duchenne型肌營養(yǎng)不良呼吸功能研究進(jìn)展
周 寧1,2,吳士文1
由人肌養(yǎng)蛋白表達(dá)缺乏所致的Duchenne型肌營養(yǎng)不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD),是一種X連鎖隱性遺傳性肌病。其患者主要表現(xiàn)為肌力進(jìn)行性下降,并逐漸累及呼吸肌和心肌,晚期多因心力衰竭和(或)呼吸衰竭而死亡。目前針對DMD呼吸功能下降的評估和治療有大量的研究。本研究從DMD患者呼吸功能下降的年齡分布、評估方法及治療等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
Duchenne型肌營養(yǎng)不良;呼吸功能不全
Duchenne型肌營養(yǎng)不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)是一種X連鎖隱性遺傳性肌病,發(fā)病率為活產(chǎn)男嬰的1/3500[1,2],臨床表現(xiàn)為肌力逐漸減低及運動功能喪失[3]?;颊叱w運動功能受累外,呼吸功能也逐漸受到影響,進(jìn)而引起肺不張、肺順應(yīng)性下降、無效咳嗽、反復(fù)感染及肺通氣-灌流失衡和夜間低氧血癥[4]。如果不進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療,患者一般于19歲左右死于心臟或呼吸衰竭[5]。因此DMD呼吸功能的研究逐漸受到重視,現(xiàn)對近年來關(guān)于DMD患者呼吸功能下降的年齡分布、評估方法及治療等研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
1.1呼吸功能的評估方法 用于評估DMD患者呼吸功能的方法通常為肺通氣功能測定,包括肺活量(vital capacity,VC)及其占預(yù)計值百分率(VC%)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,F(xiàn)VC)及其占預(yù)計值百分率(FVC%)、第1秒用力呼氣容積(forced expiratory volume in 1 second,F(xiàn)EV1)及其占預(yù)計值百分率(FEV1%)等。其他方法還包括經(jīng)鼻吸氣壓力(sniff nasal inspiratory pressure,SNIP)、咳嗽峰流速(cough peak flow,CPF)等。Bianchi等[6]描述了CPF在隨機(jī)抽取的健康兒童和青少年中的分布情況,在4~18歲男性人群中CPF的第50百分位數(shù)為147~488 L/min,為DMD患者呼吸功能的評估提供了依據(jù)。此外,國內(nèi)外對呼吸功能的評估還進(jìn)行了許多新的嘗試。Formageot等[7]進(jìn)行了一項納入24例全身性神經(jīng)肌肉病患者的研究,以探索是否可以通過非侵入性呼吸指標(biāo)來評估神經(jīng)肌肉病患者膈肌的功能,結(jié)果表明由坐位至仰臥位時肺活量下降大于25%對膈肌力量減弱的特異性和靈敏度分別為90%和79%,提示坐位和仰臥位時進(jìn)行簡單肺活量的測量有助于反應(yīng)膈肌的力量。2002年,美國胸科學(xué)會/歐洲呼吸學(xué)會提出對膈肌、肋間肌、腹肌和輔助呼吸肌可做出以下測試評估:(1)通過肌肉的電活動(肌電圖)測量肌肉活動水平;(2)通過壓力測試測量肌力水平;(3)通過測量肌肉體積反應(yīng)肌肉的收縮情況;(4)肌肉的影像學(xué)檢查[8]。2010年,Lo Mauro等[9]對66名DMD患者的肺活量、肺容量、夜間氧飽和度及坐位、仰臥位時的通氣模式和胸腔容積變化進(jìn)行評估,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者在清醒狀態(tài)下,仰臥位自主呼吸時,胸壁運動情況可反應(yīng)潮氣量的大小,腹部容積降低能夠及早發(fā)現(xiàn)夜間低氧血癥,從而認(rèn)為胸壁運動情況是評價呼吸肌損傷程度的重要指標(biāo),腹部容積降低可作為疾病進(jìn)展程度的重要標(biāo)志。Mosqueira等[10]對DMD肌營養(yǎng)不良癥模型鼠(mdx小鼠)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),頸動脈體功能障礙可能有助于預(yù)測mdx小鼠呼吸功能衰竭,表明監(jiān)測頸動脈體功能狀態(tài)和外周化學(xué)感受器作用機(jī)制的研究對DMD呼吸功能的進(jìn)一步監(jiān)測可能有一定幫助。對DMD患者呼吸功能評估,一般采用反應(yīng)胸壁及膈肌運動情況的指標(biāo),心臟功能指標(biāo)可能也具有一定意義。Mehmood等[11]對57名15歲左右DMD患者進(jìn)行1個月的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)和舒張末期容積與FVC%顯著相關(guān),這可能是因DMD由肌營養(yǎng)不良蛋白基因中肌膜蛋白基因突變導(dǎo)致,提示心臟功能指標(biāo)可能在一定程度上反映較大年齡DMD患者呼吸功能狀況 。
1.2呼吸功能下降的年齡分布 DMD患者后期呼吸功能有逐漸下降的趨勢,針對其年齡分布有大量研究[12-15]。其中,Khirani等[13]研究顯示,F(xiàn)VC在13~14歲達(dá)到峰值,且保持在1 L以上,其后平均每年下降預(yù)計值的(4.1±4.4)%。肺活量在DMD患者平均21.35歲時,達(dá)到正常值10%以下[14]。在一項納入25例平均年齡13歲患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)EV1%和FVC%與年齡呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),F(xiàn)EV1和FVC每年下降預(yù)計值的5.61%和4.20%,F(xiàn)VC與FEV1絕對值在14歲之前處于上升趨勢,然后逐漸降低,這兩種參數(shù)的百分?jǐn)?shù)預(yù)測值在6~19歲間平穩(wěn)下降[15]。Kohler等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)VC隨年齡增長呈指數(shù)下降。Mayer等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)VC與呼氣峰流速(peak expiratory flow,PEF)會在10~18歲保持相對穩(wěn)定,然后快速下降,F(xiàn)VC%和PEF%在5~24歲間以每年5%的速度直線下降[17]。Takasugi等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),DMD患者的血氣中動脈血氧分壓(arterial partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)、pH與年齡呈負(fù)相關(guān),動脈血二氧化碳分壓(arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)、HCO3-與年齡呈正相關(guān),其中,PaCO2與年齡的相關(guān)性更為顯著。Hahn等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)最大吸氣壓力(maximum inspiratory pressure,MIP)和最大呼吸壓力(maximum expiratory pressure,MEP)可反應(yīng)呼吸肌強(qiáng)度,在14歲DMD患者中,MEP為正常值的47.4%±19.0%,然后隨年齡的增長線性下降,MIP為正常值的66.3%±19.5%,14歲后下降至30.2%±19.5%,與年齡無線性相關(guān)。DMD患者易患有睡眠相關(guān)呼吸障礙(sleep-related breathing disorder,SRBD),表現(xiàn)為阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep apnoea,OSA)和低通氣,Suresh等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OSA常見于10歲之前,而低通氣在10歲之后更為常見 。Khirani等[15]報道一項回顧性研究,共納入48名年齡6~19歲DMD男童,對其進(jìn)行10年隨訪,隨訪過程中無死亡患者,期間測量肺功能、血氣、呼吸力學(xué)和肌肉強(qiáng)度,最后對隨訪期間至少2次檢測其中1項的28名未失訪者數(shù)據(jù)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)上述4個參數(shù)均有所下降。同時還發(fā)現(xiàn),咳嗽時胃內(nèi)壓均低于正常值,平均下降(5.7±3.8)cmH2O/年(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),SNIP先增加,然后快速下降,平均降低(4.8±4.9)cmH2O,膈肌張力-時間指數(shù)(tension-time index,TTdi)在14歲后增加到正常值以上,平均增加(0.04±0.04)點/年。分析以上研究可看出,DMD患者呼吸功能一般在10~14歲開始出現(xiàn)下降趨勢。
2.1藥物治療
2.1.1糖皮質(zhì)激素 目前尚無可治愈DMD的藥物,臨床證明有效的藥物僅糖皮質(zhì)激素[3]。Brooke等[21]進(jìn)行一項大劑量激素治療的研究,納入33名DMD患者,持續(xù)口服強(qiáng)的松1.5 mg/(kg·d)(最大劑量為80 mg)治療6個月,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)患者肺功能有所改善。Mendell等[22]進(jìn)行一項隨機(jī)雙盲試驗,將103例5~15歲DMD患者隨機(jī)分為3組,給予不同劑量強(qiáng)的松治療6個月,其中33例被隨機(jī)分配到0.75 mg/(kg·d)組,34例被分配到1.5 mg/(kg·d)組,36例作為對照組,結(jié)果顯示,所有治療組FVC都有所升高,兩組之間無明顯差異,但0.75 mg/(kg·d)組服用激素的副反應(yīng)比1.5 mg/(kg·d)組明顯減低。Machado等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)DMD患者經(jīng)過2年激素治療,F(xiàn)VC及FEV1均有明顯升高 。但Daftary等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),激素治療2年后DMD患者M(jìn)EP及CPF明顯升高,而FVC無改善。在一些隊列研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)激素可明顯改善DMD患者的肺活量[25,26]。McDonald等[27]對340例患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),10~15歲且正在服用激素者的FVC、FEV1、PEF、MIP及MEP與未用激素治療者相比整體偏高。Buyse等[25]對21例DMD患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激素治療組MIP預(yù)測值百分比(MIP%)和FVC%比未治療組高。綜上,強(qiáng)的松0.75 mg/(kg·d)對DMD患者呼吸功能下降的治療有明顯緩解作用。
2.1.2其他藥物 除激素治療外,近年來有一些其他藥物用來治療DMD,但仍在臨床試驗或動物試驗階段。有研究顯示,采用2-芳基苯并·唑Utrophin調(diào)節(jié)劑SMT C1100、SMT022357等藥物調(diào)節(jié)肌營養(yǎng)不良相關(guān)蛋白u(yù)trophin基因的表達(dá),使骨骼肌、呼吸肌和心肌中utrophin基因的表達(dá)增加,但仍在臨床試驗階段,其有效性有待進(jìn)一步觀察[28]。另一種基因治療藥物Eteplirsen(AVI-4658)是專為DMD基因的外顯子51跳躍而設(shè)計的氨基磷酸酯嗎啉低聚物[29],其臨床收益被認(rèn)為是目前正在進(jìn)行的更大確認(rèn)研究計劃的一部分(PROMOVI,NCT0225552),計劃包括外顯子44,45,53和多個外顯子跳躍的其他外顯子跳躍試驗[30,31]??寡趸幇乇锦珜粑δ苡斜Wo(hù)作用,可以降低肺部疾病并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險,還可降低全身抗生素的應(yīng)用需求[25,32]。一項對動物模型實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),磷酸二酯酶5(phosphodiesterase type 5,PDE5)抑制劑西地那非可以顯著降低小鼠膈肌的損害及病理改變[33]。PDE5對DMD人群呼吸功能的改善情況還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
2.2非藥物治療
2.2.1體重管理 與年齡和性別匹配的健康人群相比,DMD患者更有肥胖傾向[34]。這可能是由于體重增加而生長緩慢、激素治療使皮下脂肪增加及運動減少導(dǎo)致能量消耗降低[34,35]。沉積的脂肪組織作為脂肪包膜影響肺順應(yīng)性,使其隨體重指數(shù)的增加而減小[36]。肥胖患者潮氣量通常更低,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致呼吸淺快,這通常反映肺順應(yīng)性的下降[37]。胸腔和腹腔脂肪的沉積會限制膈肌向下運動,影響呼吸功能[38]。Canpari等[39]對44名DMD患者軀干脂肪含量與FVC%關(guān)系的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)軀干脂肪含量與FVC%呈負(fù)相關(guān);Chew等[37]對34例DMD患者人體測量參數(shù)和呼吸參數(shù)進(jìn)行回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)體脂含量與FVC呈負(fù)相關(guān),身體脂肪每增加1%,F(xiàn)VC降低1.5%,強(qiáng)調(diào)DMD患者避免超重的重要性。
2.2.2無創(chuàng)通氣 Passamano等[40]回顧性分析1961-2006年間835例DMD患者的生存情況,在無呼吸機(jī)支持者中,死于呼吸功能衰竭的平均17.7歲(11.6~27.5歲),應(yīng)用呼吸機(jī)支持者的平均年齡增加到27.9歲(23~38.6歲)。Mckim等[41]分析過去15年間23例應(yīng)用輔助通氣DMD患者的肺功能、CO2水平和生存情況,結(jié)果顯示與單純夜間或白天無創(chuàng)通氣(noninvasive ventilation,NIV)相比,24 h無創(chuàng)通氣能明顯提高該類患者的生存時間,因此DMD患者的呼吸輔助治療應(yīng)選用24 h NIV。Brasil等[42]回顧性分析71例DMD患者NIV前后的數(shù)據(jù),包括肺活量、最大靜態(tài)呼吸壓力和SNIP,結(jié)果顯示NIV能明顯延緩DMD患者肺活量、最大靜態(tài)吸氣壓力及最大靜態(tài)呼氣壓力的下降,但對SNIP無顯著影響。在有呼吸困難DMD患者中,白天活動使呼吸肌負(fù)荷增加,且耐受力隨著呼吸逐漸急促而降低,可通過夜間無創(chuàng)正壓通氣(non-invasive positive pressure ventilation at night,n-NIPPV)治療。另外,在n-NIPPV基礎(chǔ)上輔以額外2 h日間無創(chuàng)正壓通氣(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation at day,d-NIPPV)來治療呼吸急促,比單獨使用n-NIPPV更有效[43]。
2.2.3手術(shù)治療 DMD患者脊柱側(cè)彎的發(fā)生率約為50%[44],國內(nèi)外針對脊柱側(cè)彎與呼吸功能的關(guān)系也進(jìn)行了一些研究。Velasco等[45]對56例行后路脊柱融合術(shù)DMD患者進(jìn)行隨訪研究,結(jié)果顯示每年基于整個研究人群的呼吸衰竭率術(shù)后較術(shù)前顯著降低。Van Opstal等[46]對20例DMD患者行脊柱融合術(shù),并進(jìn)行3年隨訪,結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后患者呼吸功能下降程度略有減少但不顯著。Alexander等[47]對28例脊柱側(cè)彎患者行脊柱融合術(shù),并與37例未手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行肺功能的對比,結(jié)果表明,脊柱側(cè)彎的嚴(yán)重程度不是引起呼吸功能障礙的關(guān)鍵因素,脊柱融合術(shù)并不能延緩肺功能下降的速度 。
DMD患者呼吸功能衰竭是其主要致死原因,且尚無治愈方法,對DMD患者的肺功能進(jìn)行定期隨訪檢查,及早發(fā)現(xiàn)呼吸功能下降,及時進(jìn)行干預(yù)顯得尤為重要,目前主要依靠激素和支持療法延緩病情發(fā)展,以延長患者的生存時間,提高生活質(zhì)量。近年來,隨著分子生物學(xué)研究的進(jìn)一步深入,關(guān)于DMD基因治療的研究取得較大進(jìn)展,未來可能會成為更加有效的治療方法。
[1]Zschüntzsch J, Zhang Y, Klinker F,et al. Treatment with human immunoglobulin G improves the early disease course in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. J Neurochem, 2016, 136(2): 351-362. DOI: 10.1111/ jnc.13269.
[2]Griggs R C, Bushby K. Continued need for caution in the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Neurology, 2005, 64(9): 1498-1499. DOI: 10.1212/01. WNL.0000163758.84916.87.
[3]Bushby K, Finkel R, Birnkrant D J,et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and pharmacological and psychosocial management [J]. Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(1): 77-93. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70271-6.
[4]Alves R S, Resende M B, Skomro R P,et al. Sleep and neuromuscular disorders in children [J]. Sleep Med Rev, 2009, 13(2): 133-148. DOI:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.02.002.
[5]Gomez-Merino E, Bach J R. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prolongation of life by noninvasive ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing [J]. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2002, 81(6): 411-415.
[6]Bianchi C, Baiardi P. Cough peak flows: standard values for children and adolescents [J]. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2008, 87(6): 461-467. DOI:10.1097/ PHM.0b013e318174e4c7.
[7]Fromageot C, Lofaso F, Annane D,et al. Supine fall in lung volumes in the assessment of diaphragmatic weakness in neuromuscular disorders [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2001, 82(1): 123-128. DOI:10.1053/apmr.2001.18053.
[8]American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166(4): 518-624. DOI:10.1164/rccm.166.4.518.
[9]Lo Mauro A, D'angelo M G, Romei M,et al. Abdominal volume contribution to tidal volume as an early indicator of respiratory impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Eur Respir J, 2010, 35(5): 1118-1125. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00037209.
[10]Mosqueira M, Baby S M, Lahiri S,et al. Ventilatory chemosensory drive is blunted in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) [J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(7): e69567. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0069567.
[11]Mehmood M, Ambach S A, Taylor M D,et al. Relationship of right ventricular size and function with respiratory status in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Pediatr Cardiol, 2016, 37(5): 878-883. DOI:10.1007/s00246-016-1362-2.
[12]Phillips M F, Quinlivan R C, Edwards R H,et al. Changes in spirometry over time as a prognostic marker in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 164(12): 2191-2194. DOI:10.1164/ ajrccm.164.12.2103052.
[13]Khirani S, Ramirez A, Aubertin G,et al. Respiratory muscle decline in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2014, 49(5): 473-481. DOI:10.1002/ppul.22847.
[14]Fukunaga H, Sonoda Y, Atsuchi H,et al. Respiratory failure and its care in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 1991, 31(2): 154-158.
[15]Tangsrud S, Petersen I L, Lodrup Carlsen K C,et al. Lung function in children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy [J]. Respir Med, 2001, 95(11)898-903. DOI:10.1186/1756-0500-5-435.
[16]Kohler M, Clarenbach C F, Bahler C,et al. Disability and survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2009, 80(3): 320-325. DOI:10.1136/jnnp.2007.141721.
[17]Mayer O H, Finkel R S, Rummey C,et al. Characterization of pulmonary function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2015, 50(5): 487-494. DOI:10.1002/ppul.23172.
[18]Takasugi T, Ishihara T, Kawamura J,et al. Blood gas changes in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy [J]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi, 1995, 33(1): 17-22.
[19]Hahn A, Bach J R, Delaubier A,et al. Clinical implications of maximal respiratory pressure determinations for individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1997, 78(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/ S0003-9993(97)90001-0 .
[20]Suresh S, Wales P, Dakin C,et al. Sleep-related breathing disorder in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: disease spectrum in the paediatric population [J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2005, 41(9-10): 500-503. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2005.00691.x.
[21]Brooke M H, Fenichel G M, Griggs R C,et al. Clinical investigation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Interesting results in a trial of prednisone [J]. Arch Neurol, 1987, 44(8): 812-817.
[22]Mendell J R, Moxley R T, Griggs R C,et al. Randomized, double-blind six-month trial of prednisone in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy [J]. N Engl J Med, 1989, 320(24): 1592-1597. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198906153202405.
[23]Machado D L, Silva E C, Resende M B,et al. Lung function monitoring in patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy on steroid therapy [J]. BMC Res Notes, 2012, 5(1): 435. DOI:10.1186/1756-0500-5-435.
[24]Daftary A S, Crisanti M, Kalra M,et al. Effect of long-term steroids on cough efficiency and respiratory muscle strength in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Pediatrics, 2007, 119(2): e320-e324. DOI:10.1542/peds.2006-1400.
[25]Buyse G M, Goemans N, Van Den Hauwe M,et al. Effects of glucocorticoids and idebenone on respiratory function in patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2013, 48(9): 912-920. DOI:10.1002/ppul.22688.
[26]Biggar W D, Harris V A, Eliasoph L,et al. Longterm benefits of deflazacort treatment for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in their second decade [J]. Neuromuscul Disord, 2006, 16(4): 249-255. DOI:10.1016/j.nmd.2006.01.010.
[27]Mcdonald C M, Henricson E K, Abresch R T,et al. The cooperative international neuromuscular research group Duchenne natural history study--a longitudinalinvestigation in the era of glucocorticoid therapy: design of protocol and the methods used [J]. Muscle Nerve, 2013, 48(1): 32-54. DOI:10.1002/mus.23807.
[28]Guiraud S, Squire S E, Edwards B,et al. Second-generation compound for the modulation of utrophin in the therapy of DMD [J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2015, 24(15): 4212-4224. DOI:10.1093/hmg/ddv154.
[29]Kinali M, Arechavala-Gomeza V, Feng L,et al. Local restoration of dystrophin expression with the morpholino oligomer AVI-4658 in duchenne muscular dystrophy: a single-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, proofof-concept study [J]. Lancet Neurol, 2015, 8(10):918-928. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S93873.
[30]Malueka R G, Dwianingsih E K, Yagi M,et al.Phosphorothioate modification of chimeric 2'-o-methyl RNA/ ethylene-bridged nucleic acid oligonucleotides increases dystrophin exon 45 skipping capability and reduces cytotoxicity [J]. Kobe J Med Sci, 2015, 60(4): E86-E94.
[31]Yu X, Bao B, Echigoya Y,et al. Dystrophin-deficient large animal models: translational research and exon skipping [J]. Am J Transl Res, 2015, 7(8): 1314-1331.
[32]Mcdonald C M, Meier T, Voit T,et al. Idebenone reduces respiratory complications in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Neuromuscul Disord, 2016, 26(8): 473-480. DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.05.008.
[33]Percival J M, Whitehead N P, Adams M E,et al. Sildenafil reduces respiratory muscle weakness and fibrosis in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. J Pathol, 2012, 228(1): 77-87. DOI:10.1002/path.4054.
[34]West N A, Yang M L, Wwitzenkamp D A,et al. Patterns of growth in ambulatory males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(6):1759-1763. DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.004.
[35]McCrory M A, Kim H R, Wright N C,et al. Energy expenditure, physicalactivity, and body composition of ambulatory adultswith hereditary neuromuscular disease [J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 1998, 67(6): 1162-1169.
[36]Thomas P S, Cowen E R, Hulands G,et al. Respiratory function in thee morbidly obese before and after weight loss [J]. Thorx, 1989, 44(5):382-386. DOI: 10.1136/thx.44.5.382.
[37]Chew K, Carey K, Ho G,et al. The relationship of body habitus and respiratory function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Respir Med, 2016, 119: 35-40. DOI:10.1016/ j.rmed.2016.08.018.
[38]Salome C M, King G G, Berend N. Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function [J]. J Appl Physiol, 2010, 108(1):206-211. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00694.2009.
[39]Canapari C A, Barrowman N, Hoey L,et al. Truncal fat distribution correlates with decreased vital capacity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2015, 50(1): 63-70. DOI:10.1002/ppul.23004.
[40]Passamano L, Taglia A, Palladino A,et al. Improvement of survival in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: retrospective analysis of 835 patients [J]. Acta Myol, 2012, 31(2): 121-125.
[41]Mckim D A, Griller N, Leblanc C,et al. Twenty-four hour noninvasive ventilation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a safe alternative to tracheostomy [J]. Can Respir J, 2013, 20(1): e5-e9. DOI: 10.1155/2013/406163.
[42]Brasil S D, Vaugier I, Boussaid G,et al. Impact of noninvasive ventilation on lung volumes and maximum respiratory pressures in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Respir Care, 2016, 61(11): 1530-1535. DOI:10.4187/respcare.04703.
[43]Toussaint M, Soudon P, Kinnear W. Effect of non-invasive ventilation on respiratory muscle loading and endurance in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Thorax, 2008, 63(5): 430-434. DOI:10.1136/thx.2007.084574.
[44]Janssen M M, Bergsma A, Geurts A C,et al. Patterns of decline in upper limb function of boys and men with DMD: an international survey [J]. J Neurol, 2014, 261(7): 1269-1288. DOI:10.1007/s00415-014-7316-9.
[45]Velasco M V, Colin A A, Zurakowski D,et al. Posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis in duchenne muscular dystrophy diminishes the rate of respiratory decline [J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007, 32(4): 459-465. DOI:10.1097/01. brs.0000255062.94744.52.
[46]Van Opstal N, Verlinden C, Myncke J,et al. The effect of Luque-Galveston fusion on curve, respiratory function and quality of life in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Acta Orthop Belg, 2011, 77(5): 659-665.
[47]Alexander W M, Smith M, Freeman B J,et al. The effect of posterior spinal fusion on respiratory function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [J]. Eur Spine J, 2013, 22(2): 411-416. DOI:10.1007/s00586-012-2585-4.
(2017-01-20收稿2017-03-08修回)
(本文編輯 付 輝)
Research progress on respiratory function of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
ZHOU Ning1,2and WU Shiwen1. 1. Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing 100039, China; 2. Specialty of Neurology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
Corresponding author: WU Shiwen, E-mail: wu_shiwen@yahoo.com
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a X-linked recessive hereditary myopathy due to the absence of dystrophin protein. The main manifestation of DMD is progressive loss of muscle strength and weakness, patients’ respiratory muscles and myocardium are gradually involved as the disease advances and they often die as a result of cardiac and/or respiratory failure. A large number of studies have been conducted on evaluation and treatment of respiratory dysfunction of DMD. This paper reviewed the age distribution, evaluation methods and treatment of respiratory function decline in DMD patients.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy; respiratory insufficiency
R746.2
10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2017.04.012
首都臨床特色應(yīng)用研究與成果推廣(Z151100004015025)
1. 100039 北京,武警總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科;2. 121000,遼寧省錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)神經(jīng)病學(xué)
吳士文,E-mail:wu_shiwen@yahoo.com