北京大學(xué)深圳醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科(廣東 深圳 518036)
汪 兵 戴 懿 謝婷婷朱 熠 黃 嶸 王成林
巨淋巴結(jié)增生的臨床影像學(xué)診斷*
北京大學(xué)深圳醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科(廣東 深圳 518036)
汪 兵 戴 懿 謝婷婷朱 熠 黃 嶸 王成林
目的探討并總結(jié)Castleman 病的臨床及影像表現(xiàn)。方法回顧性分析我院2012年12月-2015年6月病理證實為Castleman 病的8例患者的臨床及影像資料,并回顧相關(guān)文獻,總結(jié)其臨床及影像學(xué)特征。6例進行CT平掃及增強掃描,1例行CT平掃,1例行MRI平掃。結(jié)果8例中,男5例,女3例,年齡23-56歲,中位年齡31.5歲。8例病理類型均為透明血管型,均為單中心型。位于縱膈4例,右前胸壁1例,腹膜后1例,盆腔2例CT平掃均表現(xiàn)為單個類圓形或橢圓形的軟組織腫塊,邊界清晰,2例有散在斑點狀鈣化,1例有點狀鈣化,1例有囊變壞死等特征;增強掃描均表現(xiàn)為動脈期明顯強化,并持續(xù)至靜脈期和延遲期,其中1例腫塊周圍或內(nèi)部可見增粗的血管影;MRI平掃T1WI為等信號,T2WI為明顯高信號。結(jié)論Castleman病較少見且易誤診,常表現(xiàn)為良性腫塊特征,部分病灶伴有鈣化,了解其臨床及影像特征有助于檢出本病。
Castleman??;計算機斷層掃描;磁共振成像
巨淋巴結(jié)增生癥(giant lymph node hyperplasia,GLNH)又名Castleman病(Castleman disease, CD),1954年由Castleman等首次報道而得名[1],本病較少見,以淋巴組織良性增生為特征,目前病因不明,可能與慢性炎癥刺激、免疫缺陷狀態(tài)、自身免疫有關(guān)。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人類皰疹病毒8型和卡波西氏肉瘤相關(guān)皰疹病毒感染可能與多中心型GLNH相關(guān)[2-3],白細胞介素-6、多功能的細胞因子[4]及血管內(nèi)皮生長因子的過度表達[5]也可能與本病的發(fā)生相關(guān)。GLNH臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,可發(fā)生于多個部位,影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,較容易誤診。本研究通過回顧性分析經(jīng)病理證實的8例GLNH患者的臨床及影像資料,并回顧相關(guān)文獻探討其臨床及影像表現(xiàn)特點。
1.1 一般資料選擇我院2012年12月~2015年6月病理證實為Castleman病的8例患者的臨床及影像資料。8例中,男5例,女3例,年齡23~56歲,中位年齡31.5歲。位于縱膈4例,盆腔2例,右前胸壁1例,腹膜后1例。體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)6例,多為位于縱膈者,1例位于盆腔者伴雙下肢水腫及頭暈,1例位于盆腔者伴雙下肢水腫及頭暈,另1例位于盆腔者為孕18+6周,發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)附件區(qū)腫物1月。
1.2 檢查方法CT檢查采用Toshiba Aquilion 16層螺旋CT掃描。矩陣 512×512, 管電壓120kV,管電流280mA,層厚5mm。增強掃描利用專用高壓注射器以流速3.5ml/s注入對比劑碘海醇(300或350 mgI/ml)。腹部采用三期增強掃描,動脈期延遲25~30s,門靜脈期55~60s,延遲期 190~210s。
MRI檢查在1.5T超導(dǎo)型磁共振掃描儀(Simens Avanto Erlangen,Germany),體部線圈,受檢者取仰臥位,頭先進。行MR常規(guī)序列T1WI、T2WI及T2脂肪抑制序列掃描,參數(shù):TR 5100ms,TE 65ms,層厚6mm,層距1.2mm,視野400mm,矩陣192×192。
2.1 病理及臨床分型8例為透明血管型,均為單中心型,如表1。
表1 8例GLNH的臨床及影像表現(xiàn)對照表
2.2 影像表現(xiàn)CT平掃均表現(xiàn)為單個類圓形或橢圓形的軟組織腫塊,邊界清晰,2例有散在斑點狀鈣化,1例有點狀鈣化,1例有囊變壞死等特征;增強掃描均表現(xiàn)為動脈期明顯強化,并持續(xù)至靜脈期和延遲期,其中1例腫塊周圍或內(nèi)部可見增粗的血管影;MRI平掃,T1WI為等信號,T2WI為高信號,如圖1-8。
巨淋巴結(jié)增生癥(GLNH)又名Castleman's病(CD),是一種少見的以淋巴細胞增生為特征的良性病變自1954年Castleman等率先提出并報道以來,國內(nèi)外均有文獻報道。本病可發(fā)生于任何年齡,發(fā)病年齡高峰為單中心型30~40歲,多中心型40~55歲[6],近年兒童發(fā)病亦有報道[7],無明顯性別優(yōu)勢。最常見發(fā)生部位為縱膈,占70%[8],另可見于腹腔、腹膜后、盆腔、頸部、腋窩等,近年來有報道本病尚可見于脾臟[9]、眼眶[10]。臨床分為單中心型和多中心型。臨床表現(xiàn)具有多樣性,單中心型病例多無明顯臨床癥狀,而于體檢是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),少數(shù)可有因腫塊占位效應(yīng)引起的壓迫癥狀;多中心型病例可因多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)病變導(dǎo)致全身各個系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的嚴重癥狀。
本病有三種組織學(xué)類型:透明血管型、漿細胞型、混合型,其中混合型較少見[8]。本組病例中均為透明血管型,未見漿細胞型及混合型,與本組病例數(shù)較少有關(guān)。病理學(xué)類型與臨床表現(xiàn)有一定的相關(guān)性。近80~90%的單中心病例為透明血管型,而僅10~20%為漿細胞型[8,11]。而大多數(shù)多中心型病例為漿細胞型,常伴有發(fā)熱、盜汗、消瘦,且多中心型病例多伴有肝脾腫大[12]。近50%漿細胞型患者可出現(xiàn)貧血、發(fā)熱、疲勞、低蛋白血癥、高丙種球蛋白血癥和血沉增高[13]。
單中心的GLNH典型表現(xiàn)為孤立的縱膈或肺門腫塊,圓形或類圓形邊界清,腫塊較大時可對周圍結(jié)構(gòu)有牽拉、推移等,但無轉(zhuǎn)移征象。GLNH在CT上不典型的表現(xiàn)包括腫塊內(nèi)的鈣化、壞死或纖維化[14]。而增強掃描時單中心GLNH病變共同的特征性表現(xiàn)為因血供豐富而表現(xiàn)為明顯強化[15-17]。胸腔內(nèi)的多中心性分布的GLNH典型表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)肺門、縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大、薄壁囊腫、小葉中心結(jié)節(jié)、磨玻璃樣渾濁或支氣管擴張[15]。多中心性分布的GLNH表現(xiàn)還常伴有肝脾腫大、彌漫性淋巴結(jié)腫大、腹水及后腹膜增厚[18]。
本組病例CT平掃均表現(xiàn)為單個類圓形或橢圓形的軟組織腫塊,邊界清晰,2例有散在斑點狀鈣化,1例有點狀鈣化,1例有囊變壞死等特征;增強掃描均表現(xiàn)為動脈期明顯強化,并持續(xù)至靜脈期和延遲期,其中1例腫塊周圍或內(nèi)部可見增粗的血管影。在MRI上,GLNH腫塊的典型表現(xiàn)為:T1加權(quán)像上稍高于骨骼肌信號,T2加權(quán)像上表現(xiàn)為不同類型的高信號,可見流空血管影,增強掃描表現(xiàn)為明顯的強化[19]。本組病例只有一個做了MRI平掃,T1WI為等信號,T2WI為稍高信號。
對單中心型GLNH多采用手術(shù)切除治療,預(yù)后較好。但對于多中心型GLNH,由于病變廣泛無法手術(shù)切除,目前尚無最佳治療方案,激素治療、化療、免疫治療均有一定療效。約20%的多中心型GLNH發(fā)展成淋巴瘤[20]。
GLNH需與淋巴瘤、結(jié)核性淋巴結(jié)腫大及異位嗜鉻細胞瘤鑒別。淋巴瘤好發(fā)于青壯年或老年男性,多表現(xiàn)為多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)腫大,腫大淋巴結(jié)融合呈團塊狀,密度均勻,中等程度強化。結(jié)核性淋巴結(jié)腫大常發(fā)生于兒童和青年,表現(xiàn)為受累淋巴結(jié)常界限不清,密度不均,內(nèi)部可見壞死及鈣化灶,邊緣輕度強化或不強化。異位嗜鉻細胞瘤,好發(fā)于40~60歲,無性別差異。臨床癥狀取決于腫瘤的分泌功能,平掃時密度不均勻,容易出現(xiàn)出血、壞死及囊變,增強后腫塊呈不均勻強化。
綜上所述,盡管GLNH臨床特征多樣,但GLNH的病理學(xué)類型與臨床表現(xiàn)有一定的相關(guān)性,影像上腫塊呈圓形、類圓形,邊界清晰;與周圍組織界限清晰;腫塊密度均勻;很少見鈣化灶及囊變壞死區(qū);腫瘤血供豐富,增強掃描呈顯著持續(xù)強化;CT值一般為100HU左右,部分可達150HU。MRI檢查腫塊內(nèi)可見流空血管影,腫塊呈等T1長T2信號改變,信號較均勻,增強掃描呈顯著持續(xù)強化。只有深入了解本病的臨床及影像學(xué)特征,才能提高診斷率。
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(本文編輯: 唐潤輝)
Clinical and Imaging Diagnosis of Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia*
WANG Bing, DAI Yi, XIE Ting-ting,et al., Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China
ObjectiveTo explore and summarize the clinical and imaging manifestations of Castleman disease (CD).MethodsRetrospective analysis the clinical and imaging data of 8 patients with pathologically proven CD from December 2012 to June 2015, and review the literature, summarize the clinical and imaging features. 6 cases CT scan and enhanced scan, 1 case CT scan, only 1 routine MRI scan.Results5 cases were male in 8 cases, female 3 cases, aged 23 to 56 years old, with a median age of 31.5 years. Pathological type, 8 cases were transparent vascular , both for single center.4 cases were located in mediastinum, right front chest wall 1 case, retroperitoneal 1 case, 2 cases of pelvic cavity.CT scan performed a single round or oval mass, clear boundary, 2 cases had scattered punctate calcification, punctate calcification 1 case, 1 case has necrotic features. Enhanced scan were characterized obvious arterial enhancement, and continue to venous phase and delayed phase, including 1 case has enlarged blood vessels around the bump. MRI scan T1WI is equal signals, T2WI is obviously high signal.ConclusionCD is rare and easily misdiagnosed, often has benign tumor characteristics, some lesions with calcification, understanding the clinical and imaging features help to check out the disease.
Castleman Disease; Computed Tomography scan; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
R734.5;R445.2
A
國家科技支撐計劃項目(編號:2013BAI07B100)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2016.10.041
王成林
2016-08-19