魏巧莉,房曉歡,曹 慧,李俊杰,2*
(1.河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,河北保定 071001;2. 河北省牛羊胚胎工程技術(shù)研究中心,河北保定 071001)
褪黑素對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞成熟和胚胎體外發(fā)育影響的研究進(jìn)展
魏巧莉1,房曉歡1,曹 慧1,李俊杰1,2*
(1.河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,河北保定 071001;2. 河北省牛羊胚胎工程技術(shù)研究中心,河北保定 071001)
卵母細(xì)胞與胚胎體外培養(yǎng)過程中,細(xì)胞處于相對(duì)高氧環(huán)境,常常會(huì)由于抗氧化防御不足而導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激,使細(xì)胞在發(fā)育過程中積累大量的活性氧(ROS),從而降低卵母細(xì)胞及胚胎的體外發(fā)育率。褪黑素作為一種有效的抗氧化劑和自由基清除劑,能顯著降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平,清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)自由基,改善卵母細(xì)胞的體外成熟與胚胎的體外發(fā)育歷程。本文從褪黑素對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞成熟、胚胎體外發(fā)育、胚胎質(zhì)量以及褪黑素作用機(jī)制等方面進(jìn)行綜述,為褪黑素在體外胚胎生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用提供參考。
卵母細(xì)胞;胚胎;褪黑素;抗氧化劑;體外發(fā)育
褪黑素(Melatonin,MT)又名N-乙?;?5-甲氧基色胺,是色氨酸的衍生物,由哺乳動(dòng)物松果體合成并分泌的一種吲哚類激素。褪黑素的2個(gè)特異性受體:MT1(褪黑素膜受體1)和MT2(褪黑素膜受體2),被證明在細(xì)胞的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中起著極為重要的作用。He等[1]研究表明,MT可促進(jìn)雌二醇的生物合成并抑制孕酮(P4)分泌,提高細(xì)胞中類固醇基因CYP19A1的表達(dá)。目前已有研究證明,MT對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟及P4、雌激素(E2)具有促進(jìn)作用且呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴現(xiàn)象[2]。也有實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,MT結(jié)合卵泡刺激激素(FSH)可促進(jìn)卵泡的前期發(fā)育[3]。另外,MT作為一種有效的抗氧化劑和自由基清除劑,能顯著降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(ROS)水平,清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)自由基,改善卵母細(xì)胞的體外成熟與胚胎的體外發(fā)育歷程??梢?,MT除具有調(diào)節(jié)哺乳動(dòng)物卵巢功能和生殖活性功能外,還是一種有效的自由基清除劑和廣譜抗氧化劑,可直接清除細(xì)胞中ROS、增加抗氧化酶和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的表達(dá)水平與活性,并抑制促氧化酶以減少細(xì)胞氧化損傷[4]。近年來,MT在提高體外培養(yǎng)卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎發(fā)育方面得到了越來越多的證實(shí)。因此,本文從MT對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞成熟、胚胎體外發(fā)育、胚胎質(zhì)量以及褪黑素作用機(jī)制等方面加以綜述。
MT及其代謝衍生物具有強(qiáng)的清除自由基和抗氧化功能,可降低卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟過程中因氧化應(yīng)激造成的脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和DNA的氧化損傷[5]。研究表明,與維生素A、維生素C、維生素E和N-乙酰半胱氨酸相比,MT對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞的成熟更有效[6]。當(dāng)向體外培養(yǎng)的未成熟卵母細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)液中加入MT時(shí),可促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟并提高豬孤雌激活胚胎的發(fā)育率[7]。Kang等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在豬卵母細(xì)胞成熟培養(yǎng)期間添加10 ng/mL(4.4×10-8mol/L)MT,可促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞的減數(shù)分裂能力和增加成熟的卵母細(xì)胞比例。Tian 等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充適當(dāng)濃度的MT可促進(jìn)牛卵母細(xì)胞的減數(shù)分裂能力和胚胎的發(fā)育和質(zhì)量。在防止卵母細(xì)胞老化方面,MT也具有重要功能。研究證實(shí),在體外培養(yǎng)卵母細(xì)胞時(shí)補(bǔ)充MT可以提高卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量及延緩卵母細(xì)胞的衰老[9];Liang等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充MT可明顯減少體外老化卵母細(xì)胞與異常紡錘體的比例。
卵母細(xì)胞的質(zhì)量是受精成功和重構(gòu)胚胎發(fā)育能力的最重要因素。研究表明,向卵母細(xì)胞的成熟培養(yǎng)基中添加MT,不僅可以促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞的成熟還能提高胚胎的質(zhì)量[11]。Lonergan等[12]亦證明胚胎發(fā)育率與卵母細(xì)胞內(nèi)在質(zhì)量有關(guān)。因此,體外成熟(IVM)培養(yǎng)條件可能對(duì)胚胎的生產(chǎn)會(huì)有一定的影響作用,包括對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞核成熟、卵裂率和囊胚率的影響。另外,MT的加工工藝對(duì)其使用效果也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。Remiao等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),MT可增加體外胚胎產(chǎn)生,并且用MT制成的脂質(zhì)-納米膠囊(Mel-LNC)體外培養(yǎng)卵母細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)MT在降低ROS水平和囊胚凋亡細(xì)胞、增加卵裂率和囊胚發(fā)育率方面更有效。可見一定濃度的MT在提高卵母細(xì)胞的體外成熟、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的分裂能力、降低卵母細(xì)胞的氧化速度、延緩細(xì)胞衰老方面具有重要作用。
MT不僅對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞的成熟有促進(jìn)作用,對(duì)體外胚胎的發(fā)育同樣具有有益的影響[14-15]。在胚胎體外培養(yǎng)過程中,ROS可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞器特別是線粒體損傷,并引起胚胎發(fā)育阻斷和凋亡。MT可通過消除細(xì)胞中自由基而改善胚胎的體外發(fā)育[16]。前人研究證明添加MT對(duì)小鼠[17]、綿羊[18]、牛[4,16]和豬[8]的體外胚胎生產(chǎn)均具有積極作用。孤雌激活實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,培養(yǎng)液中添加50 ng/mL(2.2×10-7mol/L)MT可顯著增加卵裂率[8];Nakano等[19]實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),培養(yǎng)液中加入10-7M MT時(shí),發(fā)育到2-細(xì)胞和4-細(xì)胞階段的孤雌卵母細(xì)胞比例顯著高于對(duì)照組。對(duì)體外受精(IVF)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,MT可增強(qiáng)IVF胚胎的發(fā)育能力,并可下調(diào)早期胚胎卵裂球凋亡比例[8]。有研究證實(shí),當(dāng)在含有10-9mol/L MT的培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng)豬IVF胚胎時(shí),卵裂率和囊胚總細(xì)胞數(shù)增加[9]。Do[11]對(duì)豬體外受精胚胎研究表明,用25 ng/mL[11]MT培養(yǎng)的胚胎囊胚形成率較對(duì)照組顯著增加。在體細(xì)胞核移植試驗(yàn)(SCNT)中,Nakano等[19]證明加入MT可顯著降低SCNT胚胎中的ROS水平和細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)。另外,MT不僅可以增強(qiáng)囊胚形成速率、減少細(xì)胞凋亡、改善豬[14]和牛-克隆胚胎的胚胎質(zhì)量[15],而且還可通過特定的MT受體提高牛胚胎發(fā)育的效率[4]。上述研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了MT對(duì)胚胎的體外發(fā)育具有積極的促進(jìn)作用,它能夠下調(diào)早期胚胎的凋亡比率,促進(jìn)囊胚形成,降低胚胎中ROS水平。
內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)(ICM)細(xì)胞數(shù)量和總細(xì)胞數(shù)(TCN)及ICM/TCN在囊胚中的比例是評(píng)估囊胚質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一[20]。Su等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),MT處理的囊胚中的卵裂球、ICM細(xì)胞數(shù)量和ICM/ TCN的比例明顯高于未處理的對(duì)照組囊胚。ICM細(xì)胞中SOX2基因是一種關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)基因,對(duì)于內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)細(xì)胞發(fā)育十分重要。研究表明,MT作用下SOX2的表達(dá)量比對(duì)照組細(xì)胞顯著上調(diào),SOX2基因的表達(dá)上調(diào)可能提高體細(xì)胞核移植胚泡中ICM / TCN的比率[15]。也有實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,在IVC期間添加MT(25 ng/mL)增加了囊胚形成率,并且與未接受MT的囊胚相比,補(bǔ)充50 ng/mL MT減少了囊胚中DNA斷裂的比例[8]??梢姡砑右欢舛鹊腗T不僅能夠顯著影響胚胎細(xì)胞中內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)和總細(xì)胞數(shù)的比率,同時(shí)還能夠上調(diào)胚胎發(fā)育關(guān)鍵基因SOX2的表達(dá)量,減少DNA斷裂的比率,改善胚胎質(zhì)量。
4.1 MT對(duì)細(xì)胞抗氧化性及細(xì)胞ROS水平的影響 在卵母細(xì)胞與胚胎的體外培養(yǎng)微環(huán)境中,細(xì)胞與胚胎暴露于相對(duì)“高氧”環(huán)境[21],由于細(xì)胞抗氧化防御不足而導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激,細(xì)胞會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的ROS,包括超氧化物陰離子(O2-)、羥基自由基(-OH)和過氧化氫(H2O2)。大量ROS會(huì)引起細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激,且ROS的過度積累可導(dǎo)致異常基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)、細(xì)胞膜損傷、細(xì)胞周期停滯、大量DNA斷裂、線粒體異常、細(xì)胞衰老、細(xì)胞凋亡或胚胎中的細(xì)胞死亡[22],從而降低細(xì)胞活力與體外發(fā)育水平。已有研究證實(shí),細(xì)胞內(nèi)積累的氧化損傷和高水平的ROS可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜損傷和DNA斷裂[23]。ROS不僅對(duì)細(xì)胞功能(如蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)和核酸組分的損傷)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,而且這種損傷可導(dǎo)致線粒體改變及卵裂率降低,最終影響胚胎的體外發(fā)育率。此外,卵母細(xì)胞中DNA損傷程度與細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平的增加呈正相關(guān)。
MT作為一種抗氧化劑,可有效改善體外培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的外環(huán)境,提高卵母細(xì)胞與胚胎的體外發(fā)育率。因此,抑制胚胎或卵母細(xì)胞中ROS的產(chǎn)生或添加自由基清除劑可增強(qiáng)胚胎發(fā)育潛力。Kang等[8]報(bào)道MT處理的卵母細(xì)胞IVM過程中ROS水平顯著低于未處理的卵母細(xì)胞。牛體細(xì)胞核移植胚胎的研究表明,MT可顯著降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平和上調(diào)??寡趸騍NT1和Gpx4的表達(dá)[15]。在小鼠上,大量研究也證實(shí)MT可顯著降低IVF胚胎ROS水平,并可促進(jìn)胚胎的體外發(fā)育[20]。Suzuki等[24]在豬胚胎細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基中加入抗氧化劑,結(jié)果顯示抗氧化劑可減少細(xì)胞間H2O2水平并提高了胚胎的發(fā)育能力。Nakano等[19]則證實(shí),在IVC期間加入MT可降低孤雌生殖胚胎中ROS的水平??梢奙T的存在對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)的胚胎及卵母細(xì)胞起到了顯著降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平的作用。
4.2 MT對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響 細(xì)胞凋亡是指為維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定,由基因控制下的細(xì)胞自主有序的死亡,是評(píng)價(jià)細(xì)胞質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,是評(píng)價(jià)體外胚胎發(fā)育能力的重要因素。研究證實(shí),MT可阻止綿羊顆粒細(xì)胞中因熱應(yīng)激引起的增殖減少和凋亡率增加[25]。大量研究證實(shí),MT通過保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受氧化應(yīng)激,使線粒體內(nèi)環(huán)境保持穩(wěn)態(tài),從而減少細(xì)胞的凋亡[5,22]。同時(shí)MT作為一種抗氧化劑,也可以顯著減少體外培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的凋亡,改善胚胎質(zhì)量。有研究表明,MT的補(bǔ)充可顯著減少牛核移植胚胎的凋亡、改善胚胎質(zhì)量。類似地,MT的處理可減少豬SCNT胚胎和體外培養(yǎng)的鼠胚胎的凋亡。Ren等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),MT可以補(bǔ)償受損的谷胱甘肽/谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH / GPx)系統(tǒng),減輕胚胎凋亡。MT抗細(xì)胞凋亡不僅通過其抗氧化作用,還可通過其調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)的能力。有研究表明,MT可抑制促凋亡基因p53和Bax的表達(dá),并刺激抗氧化基因SOD1和Gpx4、抗凋亡基因BCL2L1和多能性相關(guān)基因SOX2在核移植胚胎中的表達(dá)[15]??梢?,MT能夠有效地維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定,降低細(xì)胞的氧化應(yīng)激程度,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞中凋亡相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)。
4.3 MT對(duì)胚胎表觀遺傳修飾的影響 對(duì)于體細(xì)胞核移植重構(gòu)胚,卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的重編程因子將供體核進(jìn)行新的表觀遺傳修飾(主要有DNA甲基化、組蛋白乙酰化、X染色體失活、基因印記和端粒維持)來維持體細(xì)胞核移植胚胎的發(fā)育,供體細(xì)胞核的重編程程度是導(dǎo)致核移植胚胎能否發(fā)育成正常動(dòng)物的最重要的因素之一。其中有關(guān)DNA甲基化、組蛋白乙?;c體細(xì)胞核移植重編程的前人已進(jìn)行大量研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)組蛋白超乙?;烧T導(dǎo)染色質(zhì)重塑,減輕轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制,促進(jìn)各種因子進(jìn)入核小體,有助于重編程進(jìn)行[27]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在體細(xì)胞核移植胚胎培養(yǎng)液中加入MT,可顯著提高胚胎細(xì)胞H3K9乙酰化表達(dá)水平,但不影響總體H3K9甲基化、DNA甲基化和DNA羥甲基化水平[15]。目前關(guān)于MT對(duì)胚胎表觀遺傳修飾的影響方面的報(bào)道并不太多,還有待深入研究。
綜上,在卵母細(xì)胞及胚胎的發(fā)育過程中添加適宜濃度的MT可改善卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量、促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞與胚胎的體外發(fā)育、提高囊胚發(fā)育率,增加內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)比例,減少由于氧化應(yīng)激而引起的細(xì)胞凋亡,改善胚胎質(zhì)量,維持線粒體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài),降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平,促進(jìn)E2與P4的生成,降低重構(gòu)胚在重編程過程中的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制。然而,MT在卵母細(xì)胞與胚胎發(fā)育過程中的精密調(diào)控機(jī)制還不得而知,且MT在不同的物種中在細(xì)胞發(fā)育的不同階段起到的作用效果是否一致還未可知。關(guān)于MT對(duì)細(xì)胞表觀遺傳修飾方面的作用機(jī)理目前尚不明確,還需要進(jìn)行深入探索。
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Advances in Ef f ects of Melatonin on the Development of Oocytes and Embryos in vitro
WEI Qiao‐li1, FANG Xiao‐huan1, CAO Hui1, LI Jun‐jie1,2*
(1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural Unive sity of Hebei, Hebei Baoding 071001, China; 2. Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Hebei Baoding 071001, China)
Oxidative stress is often involved in culturing oocytes and embryos in vitro due to a relatively high oxygen environment and inadequate antioxidant defenses. Then large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are accumulated and the rate of oocyte and embryo development in vitro was decreased. As an ef f ective antioxidant and free radical scavenger, melatonin can signif i cantly decrease the intracellular ROS level, remove the intracellular free radicals, and improve the in vitro maturation and in vitro development of oocytes. This review focuses on the ef f ects of melatonin on oocyte maturation, embryo in vitro development, embryo quality and its mechanism in order to further enhance the understanding of melatonin in oocyte and fetal development, and lay the foundation for the application of melatonin in the production of embryos in vitro.
Oocytes; Embryo; Melatonin; Antioxidants; In vitro Development
S814
A
10.19556/j.0258-7033.2017-09-004
2017-04-26;
2017-07-14
河北省科技計(jì)劃(17226613D);河北省高等學(xué)??茖W(xué)技術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目(ZD2014002);河北省自然科學(xué)基金(C2014204119)
魏巧莉(1992-),女,甘肅蘭州人,碩士研究生,主要從事動(dòng)物繁殖與胚胎工程研究,E-mail:1398696621@ qq.com
*通訊作者:李俊杰,男,博士,教授,E-mail: lijunjie816 @163.com