趙 晨,周 悅,張楊楊,張 輝,駱金華.徐州市中心醫(yī)院胸外科,徐州 009;.南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胸心外科,南京009
局限于黏膜下層食管癌淋巴結轉移風險的相關因素分析
趙 晨1,周 悅2,張楊楊2,張 輝1,駱金華2
1.徐州市中心醫(yī)院胸外科,徐州 221009;2.南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胸心外科,南京210029
目的本研究旨在分析局限于黏膜下層腫瘤(T1b)食管鱗癌的淋巴結轉移危險因素及評估其風險。方法回顧性分析112例T1b食管鱗癌患者的病例資料及病理檢查報告,其中80例無淋巴結轉移的病例作為對照組(N0組),32例有淋巴結轉移的作為實驗組(N1組)。重新進行腫瘤標本的鏡下檢查,包括腫瘤的長度、浸潤深度及淋巴管和血管的浸潤,將T1b浸潤深度分為上1/3、中1/3、下1/3(submucosal 1、submucosal 2、submucosal 3,SM1、SM2、SM3)并對淋巴結轉移因素進行分析。結果單因素logistics回歸分析顯,示腫瘤浸潤深度、長度和分化程度是影響淋巴結轉移的危險因素,多因素logistics回歸分析顯示,腫瘤分化程度是影響淋巴結轉移的獨立危險因素(P<0.001),去除腫瘤分化程度的多因素logistics回歸分析顯示,腫瘤浸潤深度是淋巴結轉移的第二獨立影響因素(P=0.023)。結論T1b食管鱗癌患者的淋巴結轉移風險較高,影響因素較多,對于易發(fā)生淋巴結轉移的患者,外科手術應繼續(xù)作為標準治療方法。
食管癌;局限于黏膜下層腫瘤;淋巴結;轉移
食管癌的治療效果在不斷提高,但中晚期食管癌的5年生存率仍低于35%[1]。因而針對食管癌的治療越來越多聚焦于早期的診斷與治療,早期食管癌即腫瘤局限于黏膜或者黏膜下層的腫瘤越來越多的被發(fā)現。隨著內窺鏡技術的迅速發(fā)展,內窺鏡技術為早期食管癌的治療提供了一種新的可行的創(chuàng)傷較小的方法。傳統的開放及腔鏡輔助下食管癌手術因創(chuàng)傷大、圍手術期并發(fā)癥多和患者住院時間長等因素受到越來越多的挑戰(zhàn)。有無淋巴結轉移是影響食管癌患者遠期預后的主要因素[2],但內窺鏡下的治療僅能進行腫瘤切除無法進行淋巴結清掃,無法評估淋巴結轉移風險,對于有淋巴結轉移風險的患者食管癌根治手術應繼續(xù)成為標準治療方法。本研究旨在分析影響淋巴結轉移的高危病理因素,進而為臨床實踐提供參考。
1.1 臨床資料
2014年1月—2015年8月,南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胸心外科共完成局限于下層腫瘤(T1b)食管鱗癌手術112例,其中對照組80例(N0),男性58例,女性22例,平均(62.138±7.058)歲;實驗組(N1組)32例,平均(62.063±7.955)歲。兩組病例性別和年齡差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),所有病例術前均未行放化療等輔助治療,術前胃鏡病理證實為食管鱗癌,術后病理證實腫瘤為T1b。
1.2 病理診斷方法
所有病理標本均采用甲醛溶液固定,常規(guī)取材,切片使用蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,由兩位病理科醫(yī)師讀片,書寫病理報告,若病理診斷有分歧請示上級醫(yī)師閱片,最終統一診斷意見,統計分析病理資料。
1.3 統計學分析
本研究采用SPSS 16.0統計軟件。率的比較采用χ2檢驗,連續(xù)數據的比較采用t檢驗,單因素及多因素采用logistics回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
在112例患者中,29例由于病歷資料采集等問題導致缺少血型資料,11例由于腫瘤較早期無法確認病理分型,12例無法確認腫瘤分化程度。除此,A、B兩組患者的性別、年齡、血型、腫瘤位置、淋巴結清掃枚數、病理類型、有無癌栓、是否多源癌和住院時間等差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);兩組患者的腫瘤大小、浸潤深度和腫瘤分化程度等差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組病例詳細資料的比較Tab.1 Comparative analysis of case data in two group
單因素logistics回歸分析顯示,腫瘤長度、腫瘤浸潤深度和腫瘤分化程度是影響淋巴結轉移的重要危險因素,而性別、年齡、腫瘤位置和有無癌栓等不是危險因素;多因素logistics回歸分析顯示,腫瘤分化程度是影響淋巴結轉移的獨立危險因素(P<0.001);去除腫瘤分化程度的logistics回歸分析顯示,腫瘤浸潤深度是影響淋巴結轉移的第二獨立影響因素(P=0.02),SM2和SM3的淋巴結轉移無明顯差異,但SM2+SM3較SM1更易發(fā)生淋巴結轉移,見表2。
表2 .T1b食管癌淋巴結轉移因素logistics回歸分析Tab.2 Logistic regression analysis of factors of T1b esophageal lymph node metastasis factors
早期食管癌的淋巴結轉移率在有關文獻報道中差別較大。黏膜內層(T1a)食管癌中,有文獻報道淋巴結轉移率為0~10%,差別較小,而對T1b相關文獻報道差別較大,淋巴結轉移率在7%~50%[3-8]。大量針對T1a食管癌的研究[8-9]表明,其淋巴結的轉移率較低,風險較??;另一方面,T1b食管癌的研究表明,其淋巴結轉移率較T1a顯著提高,且淋巴結轉移危險因素較多。本研究回顧分析了112例T1b食管癌的病理資料,對其整個淋巴結轉移的相關危險因素進行統計學分析。有文獻[10-12]報道,隨著腫瘤由SM1到SM3的逐級浸潤,淋巴結轉移的風險相應提高,這與我們的研究不謀而合,本研究提示腫瘤侵及SM2+SM3較SM1淋巴結轉移顯著提高,但對于SM1淋巴結的轉移風險爭論很多,一些文獻[10-13]報道SM1的淋巴結轉移率接近為0%,而另一些文獻[3,8]報道腫瘤侵及SM1時淋巴結轉移明顯存在。本研究亦提示腫瘤的長度與淋巴結轉移風險存在相關性,腫瘤>2 cm較≤2 cm淋巴結轉移風險顯著提高,這與Sepesi等[8]研究結果一致。國內有學者報道,有癌栓的表淺食管癌的淋巴結轉移風險顯著高于無癌栓者[14],本研究并未提示有此聯系,但腫瘤分化越差,淋巴結轉移風險越高,與本研究結果完全一致。
目前對于食管癌的治療仍以手術為主,輔助進行放化療等其他治療[15]。有無淋巴結轉移是影響食管癌患者遠期預后的重要因素[2],進展期食管癌的淋巴結轉移率較高,但早期食管癌的淋巴結轉移率較低[3],隨著內窺鏡技術的日益發(fā)展,內鏡下黏膜切除術(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)或者內鏡黏膜下層剝離術(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)為早期食管癌的治療提供了一種新的治療方法,并且其較傳統外科手術創(chuàng)傷小,圍手術期并發(fā)癥少,對于無淋巴結轉移的患者或者身體條件較差無法耐受手術的患者不失為一種可行的治療方法,但對于有高度淋巴結轉移風險的食管癌患者,內窺鏡治療應高度慎重。
本研究我們報道了112例接受食管癌外科手術的T1b食管鱗癌病例,詳細分析了與淋巴結轉移相關的因素。早期食管癌患者外科手術后5年生存率較高[7],并且外科技術發(fā)展已很成熟,手術風險整體可控,因而在分化較差、腫瘤浸潤較深解剖層面、腫瘤較大的T1b患者中,食管癌根治術應作為目前的標準治療方法。目前內窺鏡技術發(fā)展亦很迅速,主要包括ESD、光學治療(photodynamic therapy,PDT)和 EMR,其運用于高級別瘤變(high grade dysplasia,HGD)及T1a的治療已取得不少成就[16-20],但T1b患者有1個或者多個淋巴結轉移高危因素甚至確診時已出現淋巴結轉移,因而大多數并不適合行內窺鏡治療?,F在對內窺鏡技術的發(fā)展及應用,很多臨床醫(yī)師投入了巨大的熱情,但對于食管癌的治療必須嚴格考慮腫瘤的病理學及生物學特征。外科醫(yī)師也應多關注內窺鏡技術等其他治療技術的發(fā)展,對于不同治療手段應嚴格掌握適應證及嚴格的病例篩選,唯有如此,才能為更多患者提供更好的治療方案,獲得更好的預后。
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Risk factor analysis of lymph node metastasis of submucosal esophageal carcinoma
ZHAO Chen1,ZHOU Yue2,ZHANG Yangyang2,ZHANG Hui1,LUO Jinghua2
1.Department of Thoracic Surgery,Xuzhou Central Hospital,Xuzhou 221009,China;2.Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,The First Affiliated Hospital of NJMU,Nanjing 210029,China
s]ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in T1b esophageal squamous carcinoma and evaluate its risk.MethodsThe clinical data and pathological reports of 112 patients with T1b esophageal squamous carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed.Among them,80 patients without lymph node metastasis were served as control group(group N0),and the other 32 patients with lymph node metastasis were classified into experiment group(group N1).Tumor specimens were reevaluated for tumor length,depth of tumor infiltration as well as lymphatic and vascular infiltration.The depth of submucosal tumor infiltration was divided as upper third,middle third and lower third(submucosal 1,SM1;submucosal 2,SM2;and submucosal 3,SM3),and factors influencing lymph node metastasis were assessed.ResultsUnivariate logistic regression analysis showed that depth of tumor infiltration,tumor length and tumor differentiation were risk factors of lymph node metastasis.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that tumor differentiation was independent risk factor of lymph node metastasis(P<0.001).In the absence of tumor differentiation,multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the second independent risk factor of lymph node metastasis was depth of tumor infiltration(P=0.023).ConclusionThe risk of lymph node metastasis of T1b esophageal squamous carcinoma is high,with many influencing factors,and esophagectomy should sequentially be the standard treatment for those prone to lymph node metastasis.
Esophageal carcinoma;T1b;Lymph node;Metastasis
R654
A
2095-378X(2016)01-0028-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2016.01.010
2015-12-03)
趙 晨(1987—),男,醫(yī)學碩士,研究胸外科臨床與教學
周 悅,電子信箱:chirurgeonzhouyue@163.com