趙天明,倪吉祥,胡學(xué)華
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·新進(jìn)展·
淋巴管平滑肌瘤病最新研究進(jìn)展
趙天明,倪吉祥*,胡學(xué)華
淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(LAM)是一種主要發(fā)生在育齡期女性的罕見疾病。肺部呈囊性改變,常導(dǎo)致呼吸困難、反復(fù)氣胸,終末期出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭。目前治療方法有限,遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后極差。近年來學(xué)者們對該病的認(rèn)識已逐步深入,認(rèn)為LAM的發(fā)生與結(jié)節(jié)性硬化癥(TSC)基因突變導(dǎo)致雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信號通路過度激活有關(guān),抑制mTOR信號通路是治療該病的有效方法。本文簡述了該病的流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)、病理表現(xiàn)和發(fā)病機(jī)制、臨床表現(xiàn)及診斷要點(diǎn),系統(tǒng)描述了該病目前的治療方法以及潛在的治療藥物,以期提高臨床醫(yī)師對該病的認(rèn)識,為LAM的診斷治療提供依據(jù)。
淋巴管肌瘤??;綜述;診斷;治療
趙天明,倪吉祥,胡學(xué)華.淋巴管平滑肌瘤病最新研究進(jìn)展[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(24):3056-3062.[www.chinagp.net]
ZHAO T M,NI J X,HU X H.The latest research progress of lymphangioleiomyomatosis[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(24):3056-3062.
淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(LAM)是一種罕見的彌漫性肺間質(zhì)病變,主要發(fā)生在育齡期婦女,平均發(fā)病年齡34歲[1],其可分為散發(fā)的LAM(S-LAM)和結(jié)節(jié)性硬化癥(TSC)并發(fā)LAM(TSC-LAM)。LAM早期癥狀輕微,主要表現(xiàn)為活動后呼吸困難,可反復(fù)發(fā)生氣胸、乳糜性胸腔積液,半數(shù)患者以氣胸發(fā)病,且在整個病程中,約有80%患者會發(fā)生自發(fā)性氣胸[2-3],部分患者可伴有腹膜后及盆腔異常淋巴結(jié),從而導(dǎo)致乳糜性腹腔積液;LAM晚期患者常因嚴(yán)重低氧血癥而死亡[2]。LAM發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分清楚,目前認(rèn)為,LAM患者存在TSC1、TSC2基因突變,可以導(dǎo)致哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)所介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞信號通路持續(xù)活化[4]。而雷帕霉素可抑制mTOR通路,因此其成為治療LAM的有效藥物[5-6]。基于此,本文歸納了LAM的流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)、病理機(jī)制和發(fā)病機(jī)制、臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷、治療及預(yù)后的相關(guān)進(jìn)展,以期為臨床診斷和治療提供依據(jù),進(jìn)一步提高臨床醫(yī)師診療水平。
LAM主要發(fā)生在育齡期婦女,平均發(fā)病年齡34歲,女性患病率約為3.4/1 000 000~7.8/1 000 000,年發(fā)病率0.23/1 000 000~0.31/1 000 000[1,7],兒童及男性更為罕見[8-9]。最初人們認(rèn)為,LAM是一種良性病變,但近年來隨著對該病研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)其是一種低級別的并具有轉(zhuǎn)移性的腫瘤病變[10],且LAM患者無肺移植中位生存期為29年,10年無肺移植生存率約為86%[2]。有研究分析101例女性TSC患者肺部CT表現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),48例(47.5%)患者有肺部囊性改變,符合TSC-LAM的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而早期TSC呼吸道癥狀輕微,可能導(dǎo)致TSC-LAM漏診[11]。TSC患者年齡越大發(fā)生LAM的概率越高,高達(dá)81%的>40歲的患者有肺部囊性改變,并且大多數(shù)患者最終會出現(xiàn)呼吸困難[11]。但是并發(fā)肺部囊性改變的男性TSC患者相對少見[12]。
2.1 病理表現(xiàn) LAM可累及肺外器官,引起腹膜后、盆腔淋巴結(jié)腫大,甚至并發(fā)腎血管肌脂瘤(AML)[13]。通常采用支氣管鏡肺活檢及手術(shù)肺活檢取得臨床病理標(biāo)本,組織病理可見肺部彌漫性囊性改變;顯微鏡下可見LAM結(jié)節(jié),其中心由異常增生的梭形細(xì)胞組成,周圍由類上皮樣細(xì)胞包繞,而增生的LAM細(xì)胞分布于囊腔壁、肺部小血管、淋巴管及支氣管,導(dǎo)致氣道阻塞、血管壁增厚、淋巴管阻塞,從而引起患者呼吸困難、氣胸、乳糜胸等癥狀[14];免疫組化特征為抗平滑肌肌動蛋白(SMA)抗體、人黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原HMB45陽性,有時可出現(xiàn)波形蛋白(vimentin)、結(jié)蛋白(desmin)陽性[15],這對LAM的診斷具有重要意義。
2.2 發(fā)病機(jī)制
2.2.1 TSC基因突變 LAM的發(fā)生與TSC基因突變有關(guān)。TSC是一種由TSC1基因突變或TSC2基因突變引起的常染色體顯性遺傳病,可表現(xiàn)為智力低下、自閉癥、癲癇、錯構(gòu)瘤性病變[16]。通常認(rèn)為,TSC-LAM與TSC1基因突變有關(guān),而S-LAM則與TSC2基因突變有關(guān)[3,16]。TSC1、TSC2基因分別編碼錯構(gòu)瘤蛋白(hamartin)和馬鈴薯球蛋白(tuberin),并組成TSC復(fù)合物,參與細(xì)胞增殖。TSC復(fù)合物是小GTP酶Rheb(Ras-homolog enriched in brain)的抑制劑,而Rheb是mTOR活化所必需的刺激蛋白,因此正常情況下,mTOR通路處于抑制狀態(tài),TSC1/TSC2基因突變抑制TSC復(fù)合物的形成,從而解除對Rheb的抑制作用,使得mTOR被激活,從而導(dǎo)致LAM細(xì)胞增殖[17]。另一方面,TSC2基因突變后,其對mTOR復(fù)合物2(mTORC2)的抑制程度降低,從而使得下游Rho-鳥苷三磷酸酶(Rho-GTPases)活性增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致LAM細(xì)胞過度生長、轉(zhuǎn)移和凋亡[18]。
2.2.2 雌、孕激素 極大部分LAM患者為女性,其肺部LAM結(jié)節(jié)中雌、孕激素受體陽性[19]。研究表明,妊娠和外源性雌激素導(dǎo)致LAM患者肺部癥狀進(jìn)一步惡化[20-21],絕經(jīng)前LAM患者肺功能惡化常比絕經(jīng)后LAM患者更快[22]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)及動物實(shí)驗(yàn)也表明,雌激素能促進(jìn)TSC缺失的平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,雌、孕激素可能參與LAM的發(fā)生[23]。曾有研究將抗雌激素治療用于LAM,但目前無明顯的證據(jù)表明抗雌激素治療對該病有益[22]。
2.2.3 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs) 肺部囊性改變是LAM的典型特點(diǎn),這與肺組織內(nèi)膠原蛋白和彈性纖維變性有關(guān)[24]。MMPs可促進(jìn)膠原蛋白、蛋白多糖、彈性纖維等細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分降解,且MMPs與其天然抑制劑(TIMPs)表達(dá)失衡可能參與LAM的發(fā)生發(fā)展[25]。研究表明,LAM患者血清MMP-9較正常人明顯升高,TIMP-1較正常人明顯降低,表明MMPs參與LAM的發(fā)生[26-27]。
2.2.4 血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF) LAM被認(rèn)為是一種低級別惡性腫瘤,可通過淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。LAM細(xì)胞可表達(dá)VEGF和淋巴管生長因子,促進(jìn)淋巴管增生,參與LAM細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。LAM患者血清VEGF-D水平明顯增高,對診斷LAM具有重要價值[28]。
2.2.5 其他可能機(jī)制 LAM細(xì)胞還能表達(dá)多種趨化因子和趨化因子受體,如黏附分子CD44v6可能與LAM細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)[29]。LAM細(xì)胞和LAM血清中腎素血管緊張素、血管緊張素Ⅱ、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶、血管緊張素Ⅰ受體、血管緊張素Ⅱ受體增高,其可能參與LAM細(xì)胞增殖和遷移[30-31]。此外,紅細(xì)胞生成素受體也存在于LAM細(xì)胞,激活紅細(xì)胞生成素通路可導(dǎo)致LAM細(xì)胞增殖[31]。LAM細(xì)胞具有轉(zhuǎn)移特性,在血液、淋巴液甚至尿液均可檢測到LAM細(xì)胞,因此WHO將LAM定義為低級別惡性腫瘤[32-33]。LAM細(xì)胞起源于何處目前仍不清楚,據(jù)報(bào)道,肺移植術(shù)后LAM患者血液中也能檢測到LAM細(xì)胞,說明LAM細(xì)胞可能起源于除肺外的其他部位,如血管平滑肌脂肪瘤、子宮平滑肌瘤和血管周的類上皮細(xì)胞瘤[34-35]。
女性LAM患者平均診斷年齡為35~40歲,其通常起病隱匿,早期可能已經(jīng)有活動耐力下降的表現(xiàn),但癥狀較輕、無特異性,容易導(dǎo)致漏診、誤診;隨著病情進(jìn)展,逐漸出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀,以反復(fù)自發(fā)性氣胸和進(jìn)行性呼吸困難最為常見[36-37]。其中TSC-LAM患者自發(fā)性氣胸發(fā)生率約為47%,S-LAM患者自發(fā)性氣胸發(fā)生率高達(dá)57%[36];而TSC-LAM、S-LAM患者呼吸困難發(fā)生率均約為70%[2]。LAM其他癥狀還包括咯血、肺部感染、乳糜胸、胸痛等。此外,90%以上的TSC-LAM患者合并有腹腔、盆腔血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,而S-LAM患者發(fā)生率相對較低,為30%~40%[2,38]。同時,TSC-LAM患者還伴有TSC的皮損表現(xiàn),如面部皮脂腺瘤、腰骶部鯊魚皮斑、甲床下纖維瘤等[2],這對TSC-LAM和S-LAM的鑒別診斷具有一定意義。
對于女性患者,特別是育齡期女性,反復(fù)出現(xiàn)自發(fā)性氣胸或乳糜樣胸腔積液,或者出現(xiàn)慢性進(jìn)展的呼吸困難,應(yīng)高度警惕LAM。肺部高分別率CT(HRCT)對擬診斷LAM具有重要意義,常表現(xiàn)為彌漫性薄壁囊性改變,但僅有該表現(xiàn)并不能確診LAM,需結(jié)合肺活檢病理表現(xiàn)和免疫組化HMB-45陽性才可確診[3,39]。另外,在沒有肺活檢的情況下,有AML、胸腔乳糜性積液或腹腔乳糜性積液、淋巴管平滑肌瘤或淋巴結(jié)受累、結(jié)節(jié)性硬化中的1項(xiàng),再結(jié)合典型的肺部CT表現(xiàn)也能確診LAM[38]。再者,血清VEGF-D>800 pg/ml結(jié)合典型的肺部囊性改變可診斷LAM,同時也可作為鑒別LAM和其他肺部囊性病變的依據(jù),如肺氣腫、肺朗格漢斯細(xì)胞增生癥、Birt-Hogg-Dube綜合征、囊性肺纖維化、濾泡性細(xì)支氣管炎等[40-41]。
5.1 mTOR抑制劑 mTOR通路的過度激活是LAM發(fā)生的重要機(jī)制,因此抑制mTOR通路成為治療LAM的一種方法。西羅莫司(sirolimus)和依維莫司(everolimus)作為mTOR復(fù)合物1抑制劑,用于治療LAM。早期,BISSLER等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對于存在AML的LAM或者TSC患者,給予西羅莫司治療可使AML體積縮小。隨后,MCCORMACK等[6]的一項(xiàng)國際多中心隨機(jī)雙盲的臨床試驗(yàn)(MILES)共納入89例LAM患者,給予西羅莫司和安慰劑治療12個月,監(jiān)測肺功能發(fā)現(xiàn),西羅莫司組第1秒用力呼氣末容積(FEV1)變化(1±2)ml/月、用力肺活量變化(8±3)ml/月,安慰劑組FEV1變化(-12±2)ml/月、用力肺活量變化(-11±3)ml/月,說明西羅莫司能穩(wěn)定FEV1、改善用力肺活量;該研究用EuroQol健康指數(shù)量表評價患者生活質(zhì)量發(fā)現(xiàn),西羅莫司能夠改善患者生活質(zhì)量;但停用西羅莫司一段時間后患者肺功能繼續(xù)下降,表明西羅莫司僅能改善患者呼吸功能,并不能治愈LAM。另一項(xiàng)研究用依維莫司治療LAM患者26周發(fā)現(xiàn),依維莫司同樣能改善患者FEV1,并增加6 min步行距離[42]。此外,西羅莫司還能減少胸腔或腹腔乳糜性積液的生成[43]。對于有肺功能下降、胸腔乳糜性積液伴有呼吸道癥狀、AML較大的LAM患者,西羅莫司或依維莫司是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法[43-44]。西羅莫司血藥濃度通常維持在5~15 ng/ml[6]。也有報(bào)道提出,低濃度西羅莫司也能穩(wěn)定FEV1、改善肺活量,并能降低藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率[45]。西羅莫司常見不良反應(yīng)包括口腔潰瘍、惡心、腹瀉、皮疹等[45]。因此,西羅莫司作為LAM的治療方式,在治療期間應(yīng)注意監(jiān)測血藥濃度,使其在參考范圍(5~15 ng/ml)[6],這樣既能保證療效也能降低藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。
5.2 他汀類藥物 西羅莫司和依維莫司僅能抑制mTOR復(fù)合物1的活性,而TSC2基因突變能導(dǎo)致下游Rho-GTPases過度活化,促使細(xì)胞的生長、轉(zhuǎn)移和凋亡,因此抑制Rho-GTPases理論上也成為治療LAM的一種方法[18]。他汀類藥物抑制羥甲基單酰輔酶A(HMG-CoA)還原酶調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇代謝,也能抑制Rho-GTPases,從而阻斷TSC2基因突變引起的LAM細(xì)胞增殖[2]。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究分析了42例接受他汀類藥物治療的LAM患者的治療結(jié)果,結(jié)果表明,他汀類藥物能夠改善一氧化碳彌散量,但對FEV1的改善無明顯差異[46]。另一項(xiàng)回顧性研究根據(jù)LAM患者所接受的治療藥物,將其分為3組(分別接受西羅莫司、西羅莫司聯(lián)合辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀治療),結(jié)果表明,西羅莫司聯(lián)合辛伐他汀治療并未增加西羅莫司的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率[47]。但以上均為回顧性研究,他汀類藥物是否能夠使LAM患者獲益尚需進(jìn)一步研究,目前正在進(jìn)行辛伐他汀治療LAM的前瞻性研究[48]。
5.3 支氣管擴(kuò)張劑 LAM患者存在阻塞性通氣功能下降,臨床上對于住院患者常使用支氣管擴(kuò)張劑,但僅有約1/4的患者有較好的效果[39]。因此歐洲呼吸學(xué)會制定的LAM指南建議,對存在阻塞性通氣功能障礙或?qū)χ夤軘U(kuò)張劑有反應(yīng)的LAM患者可以吸入支氣管擴(kuò)張劑[39]。吸入沙丁胺醇能夠舒張支氣管,改善部分患者呼吸困難癥狀,但其是否能夠延緩肺功能下降,目前正處于Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)(NCT01799538)[49]。
5.4 多西環(huán)素 女性LAM患者血清MMP-2、MMP-9升高,其與LAM肺部囊性改變有關(guān),而多西環(huán)素是一種非特異性MMPs受體抑制劑[50],因此推測多西環(huán)素可用于治療LAM。有研究對1例嚴(yán)重肺部損傷的LAM患者給予多西環(huán)素治療發(fā)現(xiàn),患者氣體交換得到改善,F(xiàn)EV1占預(yù)計(jì)值百分比(FEV1%)從21%增加到35%[51]。有研究對41例LAM患者給予多西環(huán)素治療6個月發(fā)現(xiàn),血液、尿液MMP-2、MMP-9降低,惡心、腹瀉、上腹痛是常見不良反應(yīng),但大多數(shù)患者能夠耐受[52]。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲安慰劑的臨床試驗(yàn)對20例LAM患者給予多西環(huán)素治療24個月發(fā)現(xiàn),多西環(huán)素并不能改善FEV1、6 min步行距離、生活質(zhì)量,而惡心、腹瀉、光過敏等不良反應(yīng)明顯增加[53]。基于以上研究結(jié)果,美國胸科學(xué)會和日本呼吸學(xué)會聯(lián)合制定的LAM診斷和管理指南[54]并不推薦多西環(huán)素治療LAM。
5.5 抗雌激素 LAM主要危及女性,對于育齡期或口服雌激素的患者,病情常進(jìn)展更快[21]。LAM細(xì)胞能夠表達(dá)雌、孕激素受體,激活絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK),進(jìn)而刺激細(xì)胞增殖??勾萍に刂委熢糜贚AM,但僅對少部分患者有效[55],也沒有隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)來證實(shí)其臨床療效,因此目前歐洲LAM指南并未推薦這種治療方法[39]。
5.6 其他潛在的治療藥物 目前關(guān)于LAM的其他藥物治療還處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段[56-61]。(1)塞卡替尼作為一種化療藥物,能夠抑制腫瘤的生長、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲,而LAM是一種低級別惡性疾病,因此塞卡替尼能否抑制LAM細(xì)胞生長、轉(zhuǎn)移,延緩LAM病程進(jìn)展仍需臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,相關(guān)研究仍處于Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn)階段(Saracatinib,NCT02116712)[56]。(2)來曲唑是新一代高選擇性芳香化酶抑制劑,為人工合成的芐三唑類衍生物,通過抑制芳香化酶,使雌激素下降,從而消除雌激素對腫瘤生長的刺激作用,現(xiàn)被用于治療雌、孕激素受體陽性的絕經(jīng)后晚期乳腺癌患者[57]。而LAM主要發(fā)生在育齡期女性,同樣存在雌、孕激素受體陽性,因此目前正在開展來曲唑治療LAM的臨床試驗(yàn)(Letrozol,NCT01353209,phase2)[58]。(3)研究表明,奧曲肽能夠減少胸腔乳糜性積液[62-64],因此目前有關(guān)于奧曲肽治療LAM胸腔乳糜性積液的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)(Octreotide,NCT00005906)[59]。(4)LAM病變肺組織環(huán)氧合酶(COX)-2、血清前列腺素E2(PGE2)增高,用COX抑制劑阿司匹林處理TSC2基因缺失的ELT3細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞生長受抑制,PGE2降低[65],表明阿司匹林對LAM可能有益。塞來昔布作為選擇性COX-2抑制劑,其是否能用于LAM的治療仍處于Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)階段(Celecoxib,NCT02484664)[60]。(5)LAM患者血清VEGF-D明顯升高且其與病情嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),VEGF-D可作為診斷LAM的一個重要指標(biāo)[40-41],而尼達(dá)尼布(Nintedanib)是一種有效的三重血管激酶抑制劑,可以抑制血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長因子受體(VEGFR),其是否對LAM有效,仍處于Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)階段[61]。
5.7 肺移植 對于終末期LAM患者,唯一有效的治療方法仍然是肺移植[66]。1980年ESTENNE等[67]首次對LAM患者成功地進(jìn)行了肺移植。BOEHLER等[68]報(bào)道,34例LAM患者行肺移植后1年、2年生存率分別為69%和58%。隨著肺移植技術(shù)的發(fā)展,2011年MACHUCA等[69]報(bào)道,LAM患者肺移植平均年齡在42歲左右,肺移植后1年生存率高達(dá)90%,生存期約67個月。
雖然mTOR抑制劑可以用于治療LAM,但在肺移植前后的一段時間內(nèi)并不推薦使用mTOR抑制劑,這是因?yàn)槠溆绊懼夤芪呛峡诘挠蟍70-71],所以對于肺移植后患者,可在支氣管鏡下觀察支氣管吻合口愈合情況,在愈合良好之后再考慮使用mTOR抑制劑。肺移植等待供體需要很長時間,在這段時間內(nèi)如果不使用mTOR抑制劑,LAM患者可能因呼吸功能急劇惡化而失去手術(shù)機(jī)會甚至死亡,那么在這段時間內(nèi)是否使用mTOR抑制劑有待進(jìn)一步研究。但有學(xué)者指出,在權(quán)衡收益風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比的情況下,可選用代謝較快的依維莫司來治療LAM,使血藥濃度維持在一個相對較低的水平(3~8 ng/ml)[70,72]。
LAM作為一種嚴(yán)重威脅年輕女性的慢性疾病,以前研究者認(rèn)為除肺移植外尚無有效治療藥物[73],在近15年里,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)mTOR通路的過度激活可引起LAM,藥物治療的地位也被提升[54]。mTOR通路抑制劑能夠穩(wěn)定患者呼吸功能、縮小AML、提高生活質(zhì)量,成為目前主要治療藥物[54]。其他藥物如辛伐他汀、來曲唑、塞卡替尼也作為臨床試驗(yàn)用于LAM,具體療效如何有待進(jìn)一步探討。血清VEGF-D可作為診斷和評價LAM嚴(yán)重程度的一項(xiàng)重要生物標(biāo)志物,然而并不是所有LAM患者血清VEGF-D升高[54,74],因此,找到其他生物標(biāo)志物是非常重要的??傊壳皩AM的發(fā)生發(fā)展并不十分清楚,治療手段也非常有限,需要進(jìn)一步的基礎(chǔ)研究和臨床研究進(jìn)行探索,以期為患者提供更加有效的治療方法。
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(本文編輯:崔麗紅)
The Latest Research Progress of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
ZHAOTian-ming,NIJi-xiang*,HUXue-hua
DepartmentofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine,RenminHospitalofThreeGorgesUniversity,theFirstHospitalofYichang,Yichang443000,China*Correspondingauthor:NIJi-xiang,Associatechiefphysician,Mastersupervisor;E-mail:jxnee77@163.com
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis(LAM) is a rare disease that occurs mainly in women of childbearing age.There are cystic changes in the lungs,which often leads to dyspnea,recurrent pneumothorax,and respiratory failure at the end stage.The current treatment is limited and the prognosis is very poor.In recent years,scholars have been gradually deepenedly understanding the disease,and believe that the occurrence of LAM is related to the over activation of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway caused by tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC) gene mutation,and the inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway is an effective treatment for this disease.This paper introduces the epidemiological characteristics,pathological features and pathogenesis,clinical manifestations and diagnostic points of LAM and systematically describes the current treatment and potential therapeutic agents,in order to improve the clinician′s understanding and provide the basis for the diagnosis and treatment.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis;Review;Diagnosis;Therapy
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81200052)
R 733
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.07.y10
2017-01-23;
2017-06-12)
443000 湖北省宜昌市,三峽大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院 宜昌市第一人民醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科
*通信作者:倪吉祥,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師;
E-mail:jxnee77@163.com