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肺纖維化疾病生物標(biāo)志物的研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-15 18:42何興軒
關(guān)鍵詞:矽肺肺纖維化標(biāo)志物

陳 明,曾 明,何興軒

(1.中南大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院衛(wèi)生毒理系,湖南長(zhǎng)沙 410078;2.Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences,Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York,NY 10029,USA)

·綜 述·

肺纖維化疾病生物標(biāo)志物的研究進(jìn)展

陳 明1,曾 明1,何興軒2

(1.中南大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院衛(wèi)生毒理系,湖南長(zhǎng)沙 410078;2.Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences,Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York,NY 10029,USA)

肺纖維化是一組由多種病因引起的慢性肺部疾病,其病因復(fù)雜,發(fā)病機(jī)制不明,目前大部分肺纖維化疾病尚無有效治療方法,患者生存質(zhì)量和預(yù)后較差。近年來,關(guān)于肺纖維化疾病的易感和效應(yīng)生物標(biāo)志物研究取得重要進(jìn)展,其對(duì)疾病的篩查和早期診斷,乃至療效評(píng)估和預(yù)后判斷都具有重要意義。本文綜述了與特發(fā)性肺纖維化(IPF)相關(guān)的MUC5B基因多態(tài)性和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶7、與矽肺相關(guān)的血紅素加氧酶1和血硒及與多種肺纖維化疾病相關(guān)的涎液化糖鏈抗原6、肺表面活性蛋白D和鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路等潛在生物標(biāo)志物的研究進(jìn)展,為深入探討肺纖維化疾病的預(yù)防和診治提供新思路。

肺;纖維化;生物標(biāo)志物

肺纖維化是由多種病因引起的以大量成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和聚集,間質(zhì)膠原增多及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extra?cellular matrix,ECM)沉積,同時(shí)伴有炎癥和損傷導(dǎo)致組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞和功能受損為特征的一組慢性肺部疾病,包括特發(fā)性肺纖維化(idiopathic pulmo?nary fibrosis,IPF)、塵肺、過敏性肺炎、結(jié)節(jié)?。ㄓ址Q肉樣瘤病)及藥物和放射線導(dǎo)致的肺纖維化[1]。IPF是常見的肺纖維化疾病之一,2000~2012年歐洲和北美地區(qū)的IPF發(fā)病率約為3~9/10萬(wàn)人年,東亞和南美地區(qū)稍低,但I(xiàn)PF的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),且隨年齡而增加[2]。美國(guó)≥65歲醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)人群中IPF的發(fā)病率達(dá)93.7/10萬(wàn)人年,患者確診后的中位生存期約為3.8年[3]。矽肺也是一種嚴(yán)重的肺纖維化疾病,以肺部廣泛結(jié)節(jié)性纖維化為主,近年來我國(guó)每年報(bào)告的矽肺新患者約1萬(wàn)例,占職業(yè)病總報(bào)告例數(shù)的30%~40%[4]。肺纖維化疾病的病因復(fù)雜,發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,不同患者病情變化差異較大,臨床上通過患者癥狀和影像學(xué)及病理組織學(xué)結(jié)果等進(jìn)行診斷,但往往一經(jīng)診斷已處于晚期,患者在疾病早期多為可逆炎癥性的病理改變,而發(fā)展至肺纖維化階段則無法逆轉(zhuǎn),這對(duì)患者的預(yù)后和結(jié)局極為不利,且目前缺乏有效的治療藥物和方法,患者生存期和生命質(zhì)量普遍低,疾病死亡率高,因此肺纖維化疾病的早防和早診顯得極為重要。近年來,學(xué)者們致力于探尋和研究各種肺纖維化疾病相關(guān)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,如易感生物標(biāo)志以篩檢高危人群,效應(yīng)生物標(biāo)志反映早期生物效應(yīng)、肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)和(或)功能改變及疾病形成,連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)其水平有助于診斷疾病、評(píng)估療效、預(yù)測(cè)患者臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸和結(jié)局等。雖然目前尚無相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物應(yīng)用于臨床,但研究也取得了重要進(jìn)展,本文將重點(diǎn)介紹幾種IPF和矽肺等肺纖維化疾病相關(guān)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物的進(jìn)展。

1 IPF相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物

1.1 黏蛋白5B(mucin 5B,MUC5B)

MUC5B是支氣管腺體分泌的一種凝膠形成型黏蛋白,是呼吸道黏液的主要成分,在保護(hù)呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞和氣道黏膜免疫防御中具有關(guān)鍵作用[5]。近年來研究顯示,MUC5B基因變異與IPF疾病發(fā)病相關(guān)。Seibold等[6]應(yīng)用全基因組連鎖掃描檢測(cè)了83例家族性間質(zhì)性肺炎、492例散發(fā)性IPF患者和322例對(duì)照人群的肺組織中黏蛋白基因的遺傳變異,發(fā)現(xiàn)編碼MUC5B基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)一個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)(G>T的變異),記為rs35705950 SNP。結(jié)果顯示,攜帶突變T基因(純合子突變TT型和雜合子突變GT型)者與無突變T基因者相比,其家族性間質(zhì)性肺炎的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)〔比值比(odds ratio,OR)分別為6.8和20.8〕與散發(fā)性IPF的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR值分別為9.0和21.8)均增加,這提示MUC5B基因變異可能是家族性間質(zhì)性肺炎和IPF發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素。隨后Wei等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),MUC5B基因變異與IPF的關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)度高于過敏性肺炎等其他間質(zhì)性肺疾?。╥ntersti?tial lung disease,ILD)。Stock等[8]研究也表明,rs35705950 SNP是IPF發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素,與肉樣瘤病及系統(tǒng)性硬化癥相關(guān)ILD(systemic sclerosisassociated ILD,SSc-ILD)無相關(guān)性。Borie等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),T等位基因的分布不受年齡、性別、肺功能和吸煙習(xí)慣等的影響,但可能與種族相關(guān),其在法國(guó)黑人IPF患者中未檢測(cè)到危險(xiǎn)的T等位基因。Hori?masu等[10]檢測(cè)日本和德國(guó)IPF患者血中DNA也發(fā)現(xiàn),MUC5B rs35705950 SNP的T等位基因頻率雖均高于其健康對(duì)照人群,但日本的IPF、非特異性間質(zhì)性肺炎患者及健康人群中T基因頻率皆顯著低于德國(guó)(3.4%,1.7%和0.8%vs 33.1%,27.4%和4.3%)。Wang等[11]檢測(cè)中國(guó)IPF患者血樣本DNA也發(fā)現(xiàn),健康人群中T等位基因頻率明顯低于文獻(xiàn)中對(duì)白種人群的記錄(0.66%vs 10%)。另一項(xiàng)研究[12]也指出,rs35705950 SNP是墨西哥IPF患者的危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=7.36),但與韓國(guó)IPF患者無明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。綜上,對(duì)肺組織和血液樣本的檢測(cè)結(jié)果均顯示,MUC5B rs35705950 SNP是IPF患病的危險(xiǎn)因素,提示其可作為IPF疾病的易感性生物標(biāo)志物,但其是否對(duì)不同種族人群具有不同的意義需要深入研究。

此外,MUC5B突變可能對(duì)評(píng)估IPF疾病的預(yù)后具有一定價(jià)值。在歐和美進(jìn)行的兩項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究均顯示,基因型為GT和TT的IPF患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯低于基因型為GG的患者;且在增加MUC5B基因型這一因素后IPF生存模型的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確率顯著提高[13]。MUC5B基因突變被認(rèn)為是IPF發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素,又顯示出與IPF患者生存率提高存在關(guān)聯(lián),可能的解釋是其引起IPF發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加而危害程度較小,導(dǎo)致其發(fā)病率增高而死亡率相對(duì)降低。但Jiang等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MUC5B rs35705950基因多態(tài)性不僅增加IPF的易感性,同時(shí)也增加疾病的嚴(yán)重程度,降低患者的總體生存率,其5年隨訪研究顯示與野生型純合子的IPF患者相比,攜帶T等位基因的IPF患者用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,F(xiàn)VC)和一氧化碳彌散量(diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide of the lung,DLCO)均下降,總體生存率也有所降低。

1.2 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶7(matrix metalloprotease-7,MMP-7)

MMP是一組結(jié)構(gòu)和功能相似的內(nèi)肽酶,MMP-7是其中一員,由激活的Ⅱ型肺泡上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,通過調(diào)控ECM代謝,激活或降解生長(zhǎng)因子、趨化因子和細(xì)胞表面受體,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞遷移等在肺纖維化疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用。正常狀態(tài)下MMP分泌較低,而在組織損傷修復(fù)過程中分泌明顯增加[15]。Zuo等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),IPF患者肺泡和細(xì)支氣管上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)含有大量MMP-7,而正常肺實(shí)質(zhì)中含量極微,用博來霉素氣管滴注MMP-7基因敲除小鼠發(fā)現(xiàn)其并不發(fā)生肺纖維化,這提示MMP-7可能是肺纖維化形成的一個(gè)重要調(diào)控因子。Foster等[17]在IPF患者支氣管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中也檢測(cè)到表達(dá)增加的MMP-7。此外,IPF患者BALF中有過量MMP-7的前體物質(zhì)(proMMP-7)和少量激活的MMP-7,其含量顯著高于健康對(duì)照組[18]。Morais等[19]分析MMP-7對(duì)IPF和其他肺纖維化疾病的鑒別診斷能力發(fā)現(xiàn),IPF患者血清MMP-7水平明顯高于健康對(duì)照組、普通型間質(zhì)性肺炎、繼發(fā)性非特異性間質(zhì)性肺炎和肉樣瘤病患者;通過受試者工作特征曲線分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)MMP-7截?cái)嘀禐?.91 μg·L-1時(shí),其曲線下面積、靈敏度和特異度分別為0.73%,72.3%和66.3%,這表明MMP-7可有效區(qū)分IPF與其他肺纖維化疾病。Rosas等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),IPF患者血清中MMP-7濃度明顯高于過敏性肺炎、肉瘤樣病和慢性阻塞性肺疾?。╟hronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)患者,結(jié)合血清MMP-1和MMP-7水平可有效鑒別亞急性(慢性)過敏性肺炎和IPF,敏感度和特異度分別為96.3%和87.2%。IPF患者血清和BALF中MMP-7均明顯高于結(jié)節(jié)病患者,且與患者肺彌散功能指標(biāo)DLCO呈負(fù)相關(guān)[21]。與輕度IPF和COPD患者比較,中度IPF患者肺組織中MMP-7基因表達(dá)也明顯增高[22]。與以上結(jié)果不同,Kennedy等[23]研究顯示,與正常對(duì)照組比較,IPF和SSc-ILD患者血清MMP-7水平均明顯增加(分別為2.85和5.41 μg·L-1)。

研究表明,MMP-7可能是IPF潛在的預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物。Richards等[24]在探索性和驗(yàn)證性隊(duì)列研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),MMP-7含量低的IPF患者中位生存期較高(分別為4.6和4.3年),而MMP-7含量高的IPF患者中位生存期顯著較低,分別為2.0和2.2年;以性別、肺功能指標(biāo)FVC和DLCO及血漿MMP-7濃度作為變量建立個(gè)人死亡率預(yù)測(cè)指數(shù),在驗(yàn)證性隊(duì)列研究中應(yīng)用此指數(shù)可預(yù)測(cè)患者死亡率,這提示綜合患者臨床表現(xiàn)和分子生物標(biāo)志物對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)IPF患者預(yù)后具有重要價(jià)值。MUC5B基因變異和MMP-7是近幾年研究較多且潛力較大的IPF相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物,有多個(gè)大樣本隊(duì)列研究的重復(fù)驗(yàn)證,在IPF疾病診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估中可能具有重大價(jià)值。

2 矽肺相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物

2.1 血紅素加氧酶1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)

HO-1是血紅素分解代謝過程中的限速酶,能將其代謝為膽紅素、Fe2+和CO,HO-1可在底物血紅素、重金屬、內(nèi)毒素、炎癥細(xì)胞因子及前列腺素等的誘導(dǎo)下生成增加,肺上皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞都能生成HO-1;HO-1對(duì)氧化劑誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞和組織損傷具有保護(hù)作用,在維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)中具有重要作用[25]。二氧化硅(SiO2)粉塵引起肺組織氧化應(yīng)激是矽肺發(fā)生的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一,ROS生成增加可直接損傷細(xì)胞和組織,也可通過促進(jìn)炎癥因子分泌等最終引起肺組織廣泛纖維化,而HO-1作為抗氧化酶可保護(hù)ROS引起的氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)病理過程,從而減輕肺組織炎癥反應(yīng)等[26]。SatoT等[27]比較矽肺與COPD患者及健康人群肺組織中HO-1水平,并用SiO2粉塵懸浮液氣管滴注小鼠建立矽肺模型。結(jié)果顯示,矽肺患者和模型小鼠肺組織中SiO2沉積部位有大量HO-1表達(dá),矽肺患者HO-1及血漿8-羥基脫氧鳥苷(8-hydroxydeoxy?guanosine,8-OHdG)(一種氧化損傷的標(biāo)志物)均明顯高于對(duì)照組和COPD患者,且HO-1水平與血漿8-OHdG呈負(fù)相關(guān),與肺活量和1 s用力呼氣量(forced expiratory volume in first second,F(xiàn)EV1)呈正相關(guān);此外,矽肺小鼠HO-1水平隨染塵時(shí)間增加而升高,表明SiO2粉塵可誘導(dǎo)肺組織HO-1生成增加。Nagatomo等[28]也得到相似結(jié)果,其免疫組化實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示矽肺模型大鼠肺組織中HO-1陽(yáng)性的細(xì)胞多為肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞,且HO-1表達(dá)隨染塵時(shí)間和劑量增加而明顯增加。但有研究顯示,矽肺患者體內(nèi)HO-1水平并非隨病情增加而逐漸增加。李俠等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),矽肺Ⅰ~Ⅲ期患者血清HO-1的水平均顯著高于健康對(duì)照組,但隨著矽肺期別的增加HO-1的含量呈下降趨勢(shì)。Fukui等[30]的動(dòng)物研究也顯示,大鼠BALF中HO-1水平在氣管滴注SiO2微粒懸浮液后先升高后下降,在滴注后24 h升高,在72 h降至基準(zhǔn)線,這提示HO-1可能作為一種效應(yīng)標(biāo)志物用于矽肺早期診斷。由于上述實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究多為檢測(cè)一次染塵后機(jī)體HO-1的水平,與矽肺人群間斷連續(xù)性接塵的模式存在差別,人群研究也未連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)HO-1的表達(dá)水平,其結(jié)果的臨床和實(shí)際意義還需要多中心、大樣本的隊(duì)列研究等的證實(shí)。

2.2 血硒

硒是人體重要的微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一,也是谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSHPx)活性中心硒半胱氨酸的重要組成部分,GSH-Px能催化還原型谷胱甘肽成為氧化型谷胱甘肽,使有毒的過氧化物還原成無毒的羥基化合物,從而保護(hù)細(xì)胞膜的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能不受過氧化物的干擾及損害。因此,硒也具有潛在的抗氧化功能[31]。血清硒蛋白P含有大約40%~60%的血清硒,可用于估算體內(nèi)硒的水平[32]。日本的1項(xiàng)病例對(duì)照研究顯示,矽肺患者血清硒與硒蛋白P的濃度呈正相關(guān)(OR值分別為0.768和0.781),血清硒顯著低于正常對(duì)照組(74.0 vs 116 μg·L-1),患者血清硒蛋白P也低于對(duì)照組(4.2 vs 5.8 mg·L-1);且Ⅳ塵肺患者的血清硒和硒蛋白P水平均顯著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期矽肺患者,并隨矽肺嚴(yán)重程度呈下降趨勢(shì)[33]。張淑敏等[34]開展的一項(xiàng)包含71例矽肺患者和38例健康人群的回顧性病例對(duì)照研究也得到相似結(jié)果,矽肺患者血清硒和硒蛋白P的濃度分別為69.0 μg·L-1和4.5 mg·L-1,均顯著低于對(duì)照組的125.0 μg·L-1和6.2 mg·L-1,且Ⅲ期矽肺患者的血清硒和硒蛋白P水平均顯著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期矽肺患者。這說明矽肺患者血清硒水平低于正常人群,且與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),可能對(duì)于矽肺的診斷和分期具有重要意義。

3 其他肺纖維化疾病相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物

3.1 涎液化糖鏈抗原6(Krebs von den Lungen-6,KL-6)

KL-6又名MUC1,是黏蛋白家族中的一組附膜糖蛋白,主要由肺泡Ⅱ型上皮細(xì)胞和支氣管上皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)。當(dāng)上皮細(xì)胞受損,KL-6會(huì)進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),檢測(cè)其水平有助于判斷肺泡損傷、Ⅱ型肺泡細(xì)胞再生和多種肺部疾病的活動(dòng)情況[35]。近年來研究顯示,KL-6可作為診斷某些肺部疾病并發(fā)肺纖維化的血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物。韓文銘等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),COPD合并肺間質(zhì)纖維化的患者血清KL-6含量明顯增加。接受放療的肺部惡性腫瘤患者在出現(xiàn)放射性肺炎臨床癥狀前血清KL-6水平即顯著升高,并呈肺部病變加重范圍越大則血清KL-6水平越高的傾向;給予糖皮質(zhì)激素治療后,隨著臨床癥狀和肺部影像的改善,患者血清KL-6水平逐漸下降;這提示動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)放療患者的血清KL-6水平有利于較早預(yù)知放射性肺炎的發(fā)生,并對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)治療效果具有一定作用[37]。血清KL-6有助于評(píng)估藥物誘導(dǎo)的ILD疾病的活動(dòng)情況及生存預(yù)后。Kawase等[38]研究顯示,341名使用表皮生長(zhǎng)因子-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑治療的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中有20例發(fā)生ILD,9例死于ILD,發(fā)生ILD時(shí)患者的血清KL-6值與基線值之比可準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分患者是否發(fā)生急性間質(zhì)性肺炎,并對(duì)患者的預(yù)后生存情況判斷具有較高準(zhǔn)確性。KL-6在評(píng)估過敏性肺炎疾病活動(dòng)情況中可能有一定價(jià)值。Ohnishi等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),急性過敏性肺炎患者的血清KL-6濃度顯著高于慢性過敏性肺炎患者(1883×103vs 683× 103U·L-1)。此外,Bonella等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),SSc-ILD患者血清KL-6含量較健康人群明顯升高,患者血清KL-6水平與其高分辨率CT纖維化評(píng)分顯著正相關(guān)(r= 0.68),與DLCO和FVC呈負(fù)相關(guān),與疾病活動(dòng)系數(shù)顯著相關(guān)(r=0.73)。Kumánovics等[41]的回顧性隊(duì)列研究也顯示,SSc-ILD患者血清KL-6水平與其肺功能呈負(fù)相關(guān),其基線值較高的SSc-ILD患者死亡率較高,這提示KL-6可能是評(píng)估SSc-ILD患者肺功能狀態(tài)及預(yù)后的潛在標(biāo)志物。綜上,多種肺纖維化疾病均檢測(cè)到含量升高的血清KL-6,其敏感度高而特異性相對(duì)較低,可能在肺纖維化疾病的輔助診斷或預(yù)后評(píng)估中具有重要價(jià)值,相關(guān)研究還需要繼續(xù)開展。

3.2 肺表面活性蛋白D(surfactant proteins-D,SP-D)

肺表面活性物質(zhì)是由肺泡Ⅱ型上皮細(xì)胞合成并分泌的一種脂蛋白復(fù)合物,具有降低肺泡表面張力、提高肺順應(yīng)性、促進(jìn)肺氣體交換、參與肺的防御等生理功能;其主要成分是90%磷脂和8%~10%肺表面活性蛋白,SP有SP-A,SP-B,SP-C和SP-D 4種亞型,SP-D主要由肺Ⅱ型上皮細(xì)胞和位于下呼吸道的Clara細(xì)胞分泌[42],正常情況下血液中只存在少量,當(dāng)組織受損時(shí)SP-D會(huì)進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),故檢測(cè)血清SP-D有助于評(píng)估肺組織損傷等改變[43]。Kotecha等[44]發(fā)現(xiàn),囊性纖維化(cystic fibrosis,CF)患者BALF中SP-D含量明顯高于對(duì)照人群,為其2.4倍(5332 vs 2214 μg·L-1)。兒童和成人CF患者的血清SP-D也均顯著高于其相應(yīng)的健康對(duì)照人群,但兒童和成人SP-D含量無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,這提示血清SP-D的變化可能對(duì)診斷CF疾病具有潛在價(jià)值[45]。但Noah等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn),CF患者BALF中SP-D水平顯著低于對(duì)照組,合并感染的CF患者尤甚;免疫組化實(shí)驗(yàn)也顯示,感染和炎癥的CF患者肺組織中SP-D表達(dá)較低。此外,急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、ILD、IPF患者血清SP-D也顯著高于對(duì)照人群[43]。韓文慧等[47]研究顯示,0+期(胸片表現(xiàn)尚不夠診斷為Ⅰ期者)重癥煤工塵肺患者的全肺灌洗回收液中SP-D含量顯著高于輕癥組,并與患者CT肺正常密度容積百分比呈高度負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.801)。比較不同肺纖維化疾病患者的SP-D水平,Satos等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn),特發(fā)性胸膜肺實(shí)質(zhì)彈力纖維增生癥患者的SP-D含量顯著高于IPF和非特異性肺間質(zhì)肺炎患者。而結(jié)締組織相關(guān)間質(zhì)性肺疾病患者與健康對(duì)照人群或慢性肺間質(zhì)肺炎患者的血清SP-D含量并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[49]。以上肺纖維化疾病患者血清SP-D水平均不同于健康人群,提示以SP-D診斷各型肺纖維化疾病可能具有一定價(jià)值,但目前缺乏系統(tǒng)的人群研究,且針對(duì)CF疾病的結(jié)果不一,進(jìn)一步的研究還有待開展。

3.3 鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路相關(guān)物質(zhì)

鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路是指鞘磷脂、神經(jīng)酰胺、鞘氨醇和鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P)等鞘磷脂代謝物質(zhì)在鞘磷脂酶、神經(jīng)酰胺酶、鞘氨醇激酶、鞘磷脂合酶、神經(jīng)酰胺合酶,磷酸化酶等的作用下相互轉(zhuǎn)換,將細(xì)胞外信號(hào)分子經(jīng)細(xì)胞膜傳入細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)揮效應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、增殖、凋亡和分化的過程[1]。近年來,研究顯示鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路在肺纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展中具有重要作用。Dhami等[50]用博來霉素氣管滴注野生小鼠可致其發(fā)生肺纖維化,其肺組織內(nèi)酸性鞘磷脂酶(acid sphingomyelinases,ASM酶)及酸性神經(jīng)酰胺酶(acid ceramidase,ACD酶)活性與對(duì)照組相比均明顯增高。金豐等[51]研究也顯示,在矽塵誘導(dǎo)小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞NIH3T3纖維化的過程中,ASM酶的活性隨細(xì)胞纖維化程度的加重而升高,且給予ASM酶抑制劑可降低細(xì)胞膠原蛋白Ⅲ的表達(dá),這表明ASM酶/ACD酶的激活參與肺纖維化的形成,抑制ASM酶活性可能減輕肺纖維化。鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路的中心分子神經(jīng)酰胺在多種肺纖維化疾病中表達(dá)增加。CF患者肺組織免疫組化結(jié)果顯示,與肺動(dòng)脈高壓和肺氣腫患者及健康肺捐獻(xiàn)者相比,其下呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞中神經(jīng)酰胺水平明顯升高[52]。Scarpa等[53]在COPD患者肺組織中也檢測(cè)到含量增高的神經(jīng)酰胺,并與患者氣體交換功能受損相關(guān),這提示升高的神經(jīng)酰胺可能對(duì)診斷肺纖維化具有指導(dǎo)意義。S1P是神經(jīng)酰胺的下游代謝產(chǎn)物,其可能也是肺纖維化疾病的潛在診斷標(biāo)志物。IPF患者肺組織中鞘氨醇激酶1表達(dá)顯著升高,患者血清和BALF中S1P含量也明顯高于對(duì)照組,且BALF中S1P含量與患者DLCO,F(xiàn)EV1和FVC呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r值分別為-0.87,-0.72和-0.68)[54]。鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路參與肺纖維化的形成,其相關(guān)代謝物和酶活性的變化可能對(duì)診斷肺纖維化具有重要作用,但其在各種肺纖維化疾病中的表達(dá)是否存在差別,血清和肺組織及BALF中鞘磷脂類信號(hào)通路相關(guān)物質(zhì)水平對(duì)診斷肺纖維化疾病是否具有意義亟待深入研究。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

除了以上近年來研究較多的幾種生物標(biāo)志物,還有轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子、端粒酶的突變、YKL-40、Clara細(xì)胞蛋白(CC16)等與肺纖維化疾病相關(guān)的潛在生物標(biāo)志物的研究。因?yàn)楸姸嗌飿?biāo)志物是反映機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)或組織損傷等的指示物,所以單獨(dú)將某種生物標(biāo)志物用于鑒別診斷一組病理表現(xiàn)相似的纖維化疾病尚缺乏特異性。有研究顯示,聯(lián)合≥2種的標(biāo)志物能提高診斷肺纖維化疾病的準(zhǔn)確率,如結(jié)合KL-6,SP-A,SP-D和MMP-7 4種血清標(biāo)志物診斷IPF疾病,其敏感性達(dá)100%,與單一血清診斷指標(biāo)比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)[55]。聯(lián)合患者影像學(xué)信息和SP-D,KL-6和CC16 3種分子生物標(biāo)志物可用于篩檢和預(yù)測(cè)肺纖維化患者是否并發(fā)肺氣腫[56]。這提示建立包含患者臨床表現(xiàn)和影像學(xué)特征及分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物的診斷模型可能對(duì)診斷某些肺纖維化疾病具有實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值。期待在今后的研究中,深入探討現(xiàn)有生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物并研究其聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的實(shí)際意義,提出靈敏度和特異度都可觀的篩檢和診斷方法及預(yù)后評(píng)估模型。

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Research progress in biomarkers of pulmonary fibrosis diseases

CHEN Ming1,ZENG Ming1,HE Xing-xuan2
(1.Department of Health Toxicology,School of Public Health,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China;2.Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences,Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York 10029,USA)

Pulmonary fibrosis is a group of chronic lung diseases induced by various causes. Because of its complex etiology and pathogenesis,most of the pulmonary fibrosis diseases have no effective treatment currently and the quality of life and prognosis of patients are poor.Recent studies on biomarkers of susceptibility and effect associated with pulmonary fibrosis have made great progress,which is of great significance for screening and early diagnosis of the disease,and even for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis.This paper reviews some potential biomarkers of pulmonary fibrosis diseases,including the mucin 5B promoter variant and matrix metalloprotease-7 associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,heme oxygenase-1 and serum Se related to silicosis,Krebs von den Lungen-6,surfactant proteins-D and sphingolipids signaling associated with various pulmonary fibrosis,in order to provide new ideas for further research on the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis diseases.

lungs;fibrosis;biomarkers

ZENG Ming,E-mail:mingz19@Hotmail.com;HE Xing-xuan,E-mail:xingxuan.he@gmail.com

R446

A

1000-3002-(2017)02-0187-08

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.02.10

Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673225);and Funda?mental Research Funds for Central Universities of Central South University(2016zzts489)

2016-09-06 接受日期:2017-02-08)

(本文編輯:齊春會(huì))

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81673225);中南大學(xué)中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金(2016zzts489)

陳 明,女,碩士研究生,主要從事環(huán)境毒理學(xué)研究。通訊作者:曾 明,E-mail:mingz19@hotmail.com;何興軒,

E-mail:xingxuan.he@gmail.com

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