王均清,徐全剛,魏世輝
副腫瘤綜合征相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)病變的研究進(jìn)展
王均清,徐全剛,魏世輝
副腫瘤綜合征指在某些惡性腫瘤或潛在惡性腫瘤患者體內(nèi),腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生與釋放生理活性物質(zhì),或引起機(jī)體自身免疫而導(dǎo)致的一組臨床癥狀。副腫瘤綜合征相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)病變十分少見但是臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,可由于早期視功能障礙而就診,有時(shí)可以提前數(shù)月發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)腫瘤病灶,因而得到及時(shí)的診斷及治療,有效的提高患者的生存率。本文總結(jié)了副腫瘤綜合征相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)病變的臨床表現(xiàn),發(fā)病機(jī)制及治療策略。
副腫瘤綜合征;視神經(jīng)病變;研究進(jìn)展
副腫瘤綜合征(paraneoplastic syndrome,PNS)指在某些惡性腫瘤或潛在惡性腫瘤患者體內(nèi),腫瘤未轉(zhuǎn)移的情況下,腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生與釋放生理活性物質(zhì),或引起機(jī)體自身免疫而導(dǎo)致的一組臨床癥狀,又稱為惡性腫瘤的遠(yuǎn)達(dá)效應(yīng)[1]。粗略估計(jì),10%的癌癥患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)PNS[2]。PNS的發(fā)病機(jī)制不明,可能由于腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)的某些抗原同時(shí)也表達(dá)在神經(jīng)元或者膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中,因此觸發(fā)的免疫反應(yīng)可以作用于視神經(jīng)或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。
副腫瘤性視神經(jīng)病變(paraneoplastic optic neuropathy,PON)是由于機(jī)體惡性腫瘤引發(fā)的視神經(jīng)的髓鞘脫失、軸索的不可逆損傷及膠質(zhì)填充的病理改變[3]。本病發(fā)生率不高,在一家三甲腫瘤醫(yī)院的調(diào)查中,僅有0.01%癌癥患者的副腫瘤綜合征涉及視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[1]。1992年,Malik等[4]首先在一名患有小細(xì)胞肺癌的63歲男性血清中找到了針對(duì)神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞質(zhì)的抗體,并提出了腫瘤自身免疫相關(guān)假設(shè)。至今對(duì)副腫瘤性視神經(jīng)病變的研究中,大多數(shù)病例與小細(xì)胞肺癌相關(guān)[5-12]。其他包括:B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤[13-15],胰高血糖素瘤[16],神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤[17-18],子宮肉瘤[19],乳腺瘤[20-21],前列腺瘤[22],鼻咽癌[23],支氣管癌[24],甲狀腺乳頭狀瘤[25-26],非小細(xì)胞肺癌[27-28],和腎細(xì)胞癌[25,29-30]。
在臨床上,經(jīng)典的PON常表現(xiàn)為亞急性,雙側(cè),無(wú)痛的視力下降,病程可從數(shù)天到數(shù)周且進(jìn)行性加重。雙眼視盤可以正常,水腫或者萎縮,視網(wǎng)膜可有出血。熒光素眼底血管造影可顯示視盤熒光滲漏,
伴有或不伴有外周視網(wǎng)膜熒光滲漏。視野缺損表現(xiàn)多樣,包括擴(kuò)大的生理盲點(diǎn),弓形視野缺損,旁中心暗點(diǎn),ERG可表現(xiàn)正常,周邊視野缺損或者廣泛的視野缺損[25]。雙顳側(cè)偏盲也曾報(bào)道表現(xiàn)在視交叉首先受累的PON患者中[31]。ERG可表現(xiàn)為視桿視錐細(xì)胞30 Hz反應(yīng)延遲,也可正常。
MRI表現(xiàn)腦實(shí)質(zhì)為不均勻的長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),視神經(jīng)及脊髓的增強(qiáng)信號(hào),但有時(shí)這些異常并不明顯[25,10]。腦脊液檢查常見淋巴細(xì)胞、蛋白、寡克隆區(qū)帶的升高,CRMP-5抗體的滴度相等或高于血清,但并無(wú)腫瘤細(xì)胞[25]。PON經(jīng)常伴隨其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙[25,32]。由于許多患者同時(shí)具有視神經(jīng)病變和脊髓病變,臨床表現(xiàn)與視神經(jīng)脊髓炎十分相似[14,33]。
2.1 CRMP-5抗體
膠原反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(Collapsin response-mediating proteins,CRMPs),包括五種高表達(dá)于發(fā)育期大腦的細(xì)胞溶質(zhì)蛋白,其中CRMP-5,也稱為CV2[34-35],大小為62 kDa,存在于正常人視網(wǎng)膜、視神經(jīng)及中樞或外周神經(jīng)元中。CRMP-5的異常表達(dá)是最常見的腫瘤標(biāo)記物之一,常與視神經(jīng)炎、腦脊髓炎、邊緣性腦炎和亞急性感覺(jué)神經(jīng)病變有關(guān)[36];也曾被報(bào)道在小細(xì)胞肺癌的癌細(xì)胞胞質(zhì),前列腺癌及乳腺癌中[3,25,32]。癌細(xì)胞中CRMP-5可能會(huì)引起宿主的自身免疫反應(yīng),并進(jìn)一步發(fā)展為PON眼內(nèi)外的臨床表現(xiàn)。由于CRMP-5在體內(nèi)的廣泛表達(dá),因此引起廣泛的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙。對(duì)CEMP-5抗體陽(yáng)性的PON患者的視神經(jīng)進(jìn)行活檢,結(jié)果顯示大量血管周圍淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)及脫髓鞘病變[10,25,29,31]。
CRMP-5與視神經(jīng)炎(optic neuritis,ON)之間的關(guān)系是較為確切的。Yu等[32]在68 000名疑似PNS的患者中篩選出116名血清CRMP-5-IgG陽(yáng)性的患者,其中7%被診斷為ON,其中多數(shù)合并肺癌(77%,多為小細(xì)胞型),少數(shù)伴有胸腺瘤(6%)。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)異常可見:外周神經(jīng)病變(47%),自發(fā)神經(jīng)病變(31%),小腦共濟(jì)失調(diào)(26%),亞急性癡呆(25%),嗅覺(jué)缺失(10%),視神經(jīng)病變(7%),神經(jīng)肌肉接頭異常(12%)和舞蹈?。?1%)。Cross等[25]在172名患者中篩選出16名血清CRMP-5-IgG陽(yáng)性的患者,檢出小細(xì)胞肺癌的比例為68.75%,其余檢出的腫瘤包括腎透明細(xì)胞癌、皮膚基底細(xì)胞癌和甲狀腺乳頭狀癌。15名出現(xiàn)了視力下降,視盤水腫及盤沿出血,9名患者玻璃體有明顯的炎性細(xì)胞,幾乎所有患者都合并其他異常的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn):包括精神障礙、運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙、感覺(jué)障礙和病理征的陽(yáng)性,3人類似視神經(jīng)脊髓炎(NMO)的表現(xiàn),但對(duì)其中1人行病灶的組織切片,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的視神經(jīng)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)大量CD8+T細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),且與髓鞘脫失的部位相對(duì)應(yīng),與NMO的病理特征并不一致。因此在血清學(xué)陰性且高齡發(fā)病的NMO中,與PON的鑒別診斷是非常必要的[37]。值得注意的是,長(zhǎng)期吸煙者也可能出現(xiàn)CRMP-5的陽(yáng)性,因此也有必要對(duì)吸煙與ON之間的關(guān)系加以探討。
2.2 AQP-4抗體
ON是診斷視神經(jīng)脊髓炎(NMO)的必要條件,而合并NMO-IgG血清學(xué)陽(yáng)性的ON和復(fù)發(fā)性長(zhǎng)節(jié)段橫貫性脊髓炎(LETM)都屬于NMO譜系疾病(NMOSDs)。NMO-IgG的靶抗原是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表面的水通道蛋白4(AQP-4),因此也可稱為AQP-4抗體。AQP-4在胸腺表達(dá),曾有文獻(xiàn)表明,重癥肌無(wú)力及NMO與胸腺瘤/胸腺癌有一定的聯(lián)系[38]。AQP-4也在骨骼肌,乳腺及唾液腺的腺上皮、肺、腎、胃和結(jié)腸表達(dá)[39]。這些部位的癌細(xì)胞有可能釋放某種蛋白或者直接攻擊AQP-4的類似自身組織,觸發(fā)機(jī)體自身免疫反應(yīng)。Mayo診所的Pittock醫(yī)生等人[39]在2008年首次描述了AQP4-Ab血清學(xué)陽(yáng)性和副腫瘤癥狀的關(guān)系[39]。他們首先根據(jù)180 000份腫瘤患者血樣找出了9名NMO-IgG持續(xù)強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性的患者,其中有2例診斷為NMO,5例診為L(zhǎng)ETM,2例診為腫瘤腦轉(zhuǎn)移,癥狀在腫瘤發(fā)生前(3/9)或后(4/9)均可出現(xiàn)(2人未記錄時(shí)間);而后,復(fù)習(xí)141名AQP4-Ab陽(yáng)性的患者的病歷,發(fā)現(xiàn)有8人(7%)與腫瘤相關(guān),其中4人在NMOSDs癥狀發(fā)作時(shí)有既往腫瘤史,4人在11~180個(gè)月后診斷腫瘤。作者認(rèn)為合并血清AQP4-Ab陽(yáng)性的患者甚至可以不出現(xiàn)NMOSDs的表現(xiàn),因此AQP4-Ab也可能由腫瘤相關(guān)的免疫反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生。陸續(xù)有病例報(bào)道了發(fā)生于腫瘤背景下的AQP4-Ab陽(yáng)性NMO[40]。有小樣本的研究認(rèn)為,在50歲以上發(fā)病的、合并AQP4-Ab陽(yáng)性的NMO患者中,惡性腫瘤的檢出率可達(dá)20%[41]。因此臨床表現(xiàn)不典型的NMOSD患者建議行副腫瘤自身抗體的篩查,不典型癥狀包括:合并葡萄膜炎、合并邊緣區(qū)腦炎、合并共濟(jì)失調(diào)及合并外周神經(jīng)病變等。
2.3 其他類別抗體的PON
也有報(bào)道提到了合并抗Hu抗體[42]、抗Tr抗體和抗Yo抗體[43]的PON,但對(duì)其臨床表現(xiàn)均未做詳細(xì)描述。另外,孤立性PON也可能合并抗神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞抗體的陽(yáng)性。
在既往沒(méi)有腫瘤病史的患者中,PON很難診斷。PON既可以作為腫瘤的先兆,也能在腫瘤發(fā)生甚至治療后被觸發(fā)。我們?cè)偨Y(jié)了3名PON患者的臨床特征,出現(xiàn)眼部癥狀至腫瘤確診時(shí)間分別為確診前2個(gè)月,確診后4個(gè)月及4年[44]。當(dāng)首診患者表現(xiàn)為亞急性視力下降,伴隨視盤水腫,大小不均的玻璃體細(xì)胞,尤其是在出現(xiàn)無(wú)法解釋的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)障礙,并高度懷疑腫瘤時(shí),對(duì)病史的詳細(xì)問(wèn)詢和全身查體尤其重要。當(dāng)懷疑PON時(shí),應(yīng)進(jìn)行CRMP-5抗體檢驗(yàn)。若檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果中血清及腦脊液中CRMP-5抗體陽(yáng)性,應(yīng)及時(shí)行肺癌的排查。由于PON發(fā)生率不高,在確診時(shí),需與多種疾病相鑒別,包括:壓迫性視神經(jīng)病變,中毒或營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良性視神經(jīng)病變,放射性視神經(jīng)病變,非動(dòng)脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變,視神經(jīng)炎及癌性腦膜炎[45]。
針對(duì)原發(fā)性腫瘤的早期發(fā)現(xiàn),及時(shí)治療可能會(huì)使視力穩(wěn)定,甚至有所提高[9,43],但在某些病例中,視力仍會(huì)持續(xù)的下降[31]。在至今報(bào)道過(guò)的隨訪時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的病例中,該患者經(jīng)過(guò)手術(shù),化療及放療,14年后隨訪的矯正視力為右眼0.6,左眼0.5[6,46]。由此可見,副腫瘤性視神經(jīng)病變間接給予了早期診斷并給予治療腫瘤的可能性?;赑ON的免疫特性,在治療腫瘤的同時(shí),激素及免疫抑制劑也可以作為一種治療手段[8,12,23],但目前并無(wú)具體用藥指南。也可行玻璃體腔內(nèi)注射糖皮質(zhì)激素,這取決于玻璃體炎及視網(wǎng)膜血管滲漏的嚴(yán)重程度。Pulido等[21]曾向兩名血清及腦脊液CRMP-5抗體皆為陽(yáng)性,并表現(xiàn)為玻璃體炎及視盤水腫的PON患者的玻璃體腔注射4 mg曲安奈德,注射后兩名患者視盤水腫消退,玻璃體腔內(nèi)炎癥細(xì)胞消失,視力都有了提高。
總之,PON是一種少見的副腫瘤綜合征,癥狀和體征多樣。診斷主要依靠臨床表現(xiàn)和相關(guān)輔助檢查。近年來(lái)副腫瘤綜合征患者血清或腦脊液中CRMP-5抗體及AQP-4抗體的發(fā)現(xiàn)可幫助PON的診斷,為癌癥早期甚至超早期診斷提供了依據(jù),從而也可以提高患者生存率。治療主要為針對(duì)原發(fā)腫瘤的手術(shù)及放化療,并輔助行糖皮質(zhì)激素及免疫抑制劑等治療。
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Neoplastic optic neuropathy:evaluation and management
WANG Junqing,XU Quangang WEI Shihui.
Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100040,China
Paraneoplastic syndrome are complexes of signs and symptoms in cancer-bearing patients resulting from dysfunction of tissues remote from the site of a malignant neoplasm or its metastases.Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy is rare and heterogeneous,as a group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy.Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected,underlying malignancy,sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented,and gives the patient an increased chance at survival.
paraneoplastic syndrome;optic neuropathy;review
R774.6;R73
A
1002-4379(2017)01-0062-04
10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2017.01.018
中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科,北京100853
魏世輝,E-mail:weishihui706@hotmail.com