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腓骨肌萎縮癥治療進(jìn)展

2017-01-13 09:32張如旭唐北沙
關(guān)鍵詞:肌萎縮腓骨A型

張如旭 唐北沙

·專題綜述·

腓骨肌萎縮癥治療進(jìn)展

張如旭 唐北沙

腓骨肌萎縮癥是臨床最常見(jiàn)的具有高度臨床和遺傳異質(zhì)性的周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)單基因遺傳病,目前已克隆出80余種致病基因。通常于兒童期或青少年期發(fā)病,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為慢性進(jìn)行性四肢遠(yuǎn)端肌無(wú)力和肌萎縮、感覺(jué)減退和腱反射消失,伴高弓足和脊柱側(cè)彎等骨骼畸形。盡管目前尚無(wú)逆轉(zhuǎn)病程的特異性治療方法,但康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、外科矯形手術(shù)和藥物治療等對(duì)癥支持治療可以改善運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、提高生活質(zhì)量。基于發(fā)病機(jī)制的治療研究有望提供精準(zhǔn)有效的靶向治療。

夏科?馬里?圖斯??; 康復(fù); 矯形外科手術(shù); 藥物療法; 綜述

腓骨肌萎縮癥(CMT)亦稱遺傳性運(yùn)動(dòng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)?。℉MSN),由法國(guó)神經(jīng)病學(xué)家Charcot和Marie以及英國(guó)神經(jīng)病學(xué)家Tooth于1886年率先報(bào)告[1]。腓骨肌萎縮癥是臨床最常見(jiàn)的具有高度臨床異質(zhì)性和遺傳異質(zhì)性的周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)單基因遺傳病,患病率約為1/2500[1]。通常于兒童期或青少年期發(fā)病,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為慢性進(jìn)行性四肢遠(yuǎn)端肌無(wú)力和肌萎縮、感覺(jué)減退和腱反射消失,伴高弓足和脊柱側(cè)彎等骨骼畸形。多數(shù)患者疾病進(jìn)展緩慢,出現(xiàn)輕至中度功能損害,但不影響預(yù)期壽命。根據(jù)神經(jīng)電生理學(xué)和病理學(xué)特征,腓骨肌萎縮癥可以分為脫髓鞘型(CMT1型)、軸索型(CMT2型)及脫髓鞘和軸索變性共存的中間型(ICMT型);根據(jù)遺傳位點(diǎn)和致病基因,可以分為不同基因亞型,目前已克隆出80余種致 病 基 因(http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/)[2?4]。PMP22基因大片段重復(fù)突變導(dǎo)致的CMT1A型是最常見(jiàn)亞型,約占所有腓骨肌萎縮癥的50%;其次是GJB1基因突變導(dǎo)致的CMT1X型,占10%~15%;再次是MFN2基因突變導(dǎo)致的CMT2A型,占CMT2型的20%,以及MPZ基因突變導(dǎo)致的CMT1B型、CMT2I型和CMT2J型,各占CMT1型和CMT2型的5%[5?8]。CMT1 型致病基因是編碼髓鞘蛋白或調(diào)控髓鞘合成的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;CMT2型具有較高的遺傳異質(zhì)性,致病基因的編碼蛋白與軸索結(jié)構(gòu)和功能維持有關(guān),如線粒體運(yùn)輸和功能、細(xì)胞骨架維持、mRNA代謝、離子通道、內(nèi)吞體和細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等[9?10]。

目前尚無(wú)逆轉(zhuǎn)腓骨肌萎縮癥病程的治療方法,主要是對(duì)癥支持治療,包括康復(fù)治療、外科矯形手術(shù)、藥物治療等,以最大限度恢復(fù)獨(dú)立活動(dòng)能力、提高生活質(zhì)量和盡可能減少殘疾的發(fā)生與發(fā)展為目標(biāo)。應(yīng)根據(jù)患者年齡、骨骼畸形類型和程度、肌力失衡范圍和程度,以及患者治療期望值等因素制定治療方案,此外,還應(yīng)高度重視患者心理問(wèn)題,上述綜合治療方案需多學(xué)科協(xié)作[11]。隨著越來(lái)越多致病基因的逐步明確和相關(guān)發(fā)病機(jī)制的深入認(rèn)識(shí),特異性靶向治療成為腓骨肌萎縮癥治療的發(fā)展方向,目前的研究重點(diǎn)在于制定基于發(fā)病機(jī)制的治療策略,并已開(kāi)展相關(guān)藥物基礎(chǔ)與臨床試驗(yàn)。

一、傳統(tǒng)的對(duì)癥支持治療

1.康復(fù)治療 康復(fù)治療在腓骨肌萎縮癥疾病管理中占主導(dǎo)地位,以改善行走能力和生活質(zhì)量為基本目標(biāo),包括力量訓(xùn)練和拉伸訓(xùn)練以維持肌力、防止肌萎縮,以及適當(dāng)?shù)妮o具(矯形器)以鼓勵(lì)患者活動(dòng)并提高安全性[12],同時(shí)囑患者控制體重,避免肥胖增加運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)擔(dān)。運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉是康復(fù)治療的重要環(huán)節(jié),包括耐力訓(xùn)練、力量訓(xùn)練和拉伸訓(xùn)練,以維持肌力、提高有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力、改進(jìn)體能、保持運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度、避免關(guān)節(jié)攣縮為目標(biāo),其中,耐力訓(xùn)練和力量訓(xùn)練以近端未受累肌肉為主,如膝關(guān)節(jié)伸曲、髖關(guān)節(jié)伸展和外展等,以增加行走過(guò)程中對(duì)遠(yuǎn)端肌無(wú)力的代償、改善運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[13]。一項(xiàng)為期24周的耐力訓(xùn)練研究顯示,伸膝、伸髖和髖外展活動(dòng)可以增加膝關(guān)節(jié)扭矩,從而改善運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[14]。一項(xiàng)納入20例腓骨肌萎縮癥患者的研究進(jìn)行為期12周的家庭耐力訓(xùn)練,結(jié)果顯示,肌力、日常生活活動(dòng)能力(ADL)和瘦體重均有所提高,且患者表現(xiàn)出良好的依從性[15],表明腓骨肌萎縮癥患者可以通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單、低成本和基于家庭的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練獲益。肌無(wú)力和關(guān)節(jié)攣縮導(dǎo)致的體能和行走能力下降常導(dǎo)致疲勞癥狀,因此,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練成為康復(fù)治療的重要組成部分。研究顯示,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練如騎行可以改善患者心肺功能、肌力和日常生活活動(dòng)能力[16]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)8例腓骨肌萎縮癥患者采用結(jié)合心肺功能和本體感覺(jué)康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的研究顯示,6分鐘步行試驗(yàn)(6MWT)步距延長(zhǎng)[17]。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以通過(guò)提高核心肌力、增強(qiáng)自我調(diào)整能力以降低跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18?19]。拉伸訓(xùn)練可以預(yù)防關(guān)節(jié)攣縮和維持關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度[20]。由于足部畸形、足下垂和跟腱攣縮是腓骨肌萎縮癥患者最顯著的臨床癥狀,個(gè)體化矯形器是康復(fù)治療的基石。研究顯示,矯形器可以提高患者的姿勢(shì)控制能力、保持體位穩(wěn)定、降低運(yùn)動(dòng)耗能量[21]。臨床有多種類型(固定式、后片彈性、鏈?zhǔn)健⒌孛娣瓷涫剑┖透鞣N材料(熱塑性塑料、金屬、皮革和碳纖維)踝?足矯形器(AFO)可供選擇,其中,對(duì)矯形鞋的關(guān)注點(diǎn)是穿戴后活動(dòng)能力、疼痛、舒適度、相關(guān)鞋類選擇、特定情況下足踝支持能力等方面[22],需根據(jù)患者肌力、功能狀態(tài)和需求進(jìn)行個(gè)體化訂制,以達(dá)到最佳舒適度。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,約75%腓骨肌萎縮癥患者手部輕至中度受累,特別是雙手內(nèi)在?。?3];與正常對(duì)照者相比,腓骨肌萎縮癥患者手部功能下降約60%[24]?;颊邇?yōu)勢(shì)手佩戴氯丁橡膠拇對(duì)掌夾板可以改善手部活動(dòng)度、上肢感覺(jué)功能和工作能力,而夜間佩戴踝關(guān)節(jié)夾板行背屈固定則未能增加踝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度[25?26]。對(duì)于伴感覺(jué)神經(jīng)性耳聾的患者,人工耳蝸植入術(shù)也是一種康復(fù)選擇[27]。

2.外科矯形手術(shù) 腓骨肌萎縮癥患者足部畸形是逐步進(jìn)展的過(guò)程,兒童期和青春期患兒表現(xiàn)為柔性高弓內(nèi)翻足畸形,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)進(jìn)展為固定畸形。早期以穿戴矯形鞋聯(lián)合物理治療為主,盡量避免外科手術(shù);而對(duì)于足踝畸形致功能障礙嚴(yán)重患者,可早期予外科手術(shù);已形成固定畸形或畸形嚴(yán)重患者應(yīng)采取積極的外科手術(shù)治療。手術(shù)治療原則是糾正足部畸形,重建和平衡足踝肌力。由于持續(xù)進(jìn)展的病程以及可能的骨關(guān)節(jié)病變可以導(dǎo)致疼痛,手術(shù)遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后常不甚理想,術(shù)前應(yīng)與患者或其家屬充分溝通,告知手術(shù)效果可能隨時(shí)間的推移而有所變化[28]。備選手術(shù)方案包括單一或聯(lián)合軟組織手術(shù)、截骨術(shù)、關(guān)節(jié)融合術(shù),其中,軟組織手術(shù)包括足底筋膜切開(kāi)術(shù)以減少高弓足畸形;各種類型肌腱轉(zhuǎn)移術(shù)(如腓骨長(zhǎng)肌?腓骨短肌、脛前間隔?脛后間隔)和跟腱延長(zhǎng)術(shù);固定或嚴(yán)重的“馬蹄”形高弓內(nèi)翻足畸形可以采用各種類型截骨術(shù),主要包括跟骨、跖骨(特別是第一跖骨)、跖跗和跗骨;距、距舟與跟骰關(guān)節(jié)融合的三關(guān)節(jié)融合術(shù)可用于治療最嚴(yán)重的足部畸形。由于腓骨肌萎縮癥患者雙足同時(shí)受累,上述外科矯形手術(shù)通常需左右側(cè)分期進(jìn)行。研究顯示,對(duì)早期柔性足部畸形選擇侵入性較小的手術(shù),短期效果較理想,但長(zhǎng)期效果尚待進(jìn)一步隨訪[29?30]。上肢肌腱轉(zhuǎn)移術(shù)也可用于恢復(fù)拇指位置和伸腕功能。研究顯示,有15%~25%腓骨肌萎縮癥患者存在脊柱側(cè)彎,嚴(yán)重者應(yīng)行外科矯形手術(shù)[31]。

3.其他方法 疼痛是腓骨肌萎縮癥的常見(jiàn)癥狀,主要是神經(jīng)性疼痛,包括痙攣和感覺(jué)異常;部分為骨關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,表現(xiàn)為背部、膝關(guān)節(jié)、踝關(guān)節(jié)、足部和手部疼痛。常用的神經(jīng)病理性疼痛治療藥物如三環(huán)類抗抑郁藥和抗驚厥藥難以緩解疼痛,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練和物理治療可以使疼痛減輕[32]。腓骨肌萎縮癥患者亦常出現(xiàn)疲勞感,可能與肌力下降、心肺功能障礙和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(OSAS)等有關(guān)。一項(xiàng)納入4例CMT1A型患者的臨床研究顯示,莫達(dá)非尼200 mg/d可以有效緩解疲勞感,然而該藥能否在臨床推廣應(yīng)用尚待擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步研究[33]。與正常對(duì)照者相比,腓骨肌萎縮癥患者更易出現(xiàn)焦慮和抑郁癥狀,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,約46%患者出現(xiàn)焦慮癥狀,15%患者出現(xiàn)抑郁癥狀,因此,系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和必要的抗焦慮藥和抗抑郁藥可以減輕心理障礙對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的影響[34];睡眠障礙如睡眠呼吸暫停和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征、不寧腿綜合征(RLS)發(fā)生率和睡眠期周期性肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)指數(shù)(PLMSI)亦較高,其中,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征予經(jīng)鼻持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣(nCPAP),不寧腿綜合征予擬多巴胺類藥[35]。值得注意的是,應(yīng)避免使用導(dǎo)致外周神經(jīng)毒性作用的藥物如一氧化二氮、甲硝唑、他汀類調(diào)脂藥、核苷類似物、呋喃妥因,以及化療藥物如順鉑、奧沙利鉑、長(zhǎng)春新堿和紫杉醇衍生物等,其中,長(zhǎng)春新堿用于治療未明確診斷的腓骨肌萎縮癥致類似吉蘭?巴雷綜合征(GBS)的急性周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變的病例已見(jiàn)報(bào)道[36]。

二、靶向治療

1.CMT1型靶向治療 (1)PXT?3003:PXT?3003是法國(guó)Pharnext公司采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)方法篩選出的口服藥,基于對(duì)抑制PMP22基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和對(duì)神經(jīng)元保護(hù)作用的預(yù)測(cè),選擇3種藥物的固定劑量比例組合,即γ?氨基丁酸(GABA)受體激動(dòng)劑巴氯芬,阿片受體阻斷劑納曲酮和天然代謝物 D?山梨醇[37?38]。PXT?3003 可以促進(jìn) CMT1A 型轉(zhuǎn)基因大鼠背根神經(jīng)節(jié)(DRG)神經(jīng)元和施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)模型的髓鞘形成,并下調(diào)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞PMP22 mRNA表達(dá);減少PMP22 mRNA/MPZ mRNA比例,促進(jìn)小纖維髓鞘形成,增強(qiáng)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo),改善臨床表型;PXT?3003還可以改善大鼠神經(jīng)擠壓模型中軸突再生和再髓鞘化[38]。PXT?3003的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,來(lái)自法國(guó)6個(gè)醫(yī)療中心的80例存在輕至中度功能障礙的成年CMT1A型患者隨機(jī)分為4組,接受為期1年的3種劑量PXT?3003或安慰劑治療,以腓骨肌萎縮癥神經(jīng)病變?cè)u(píng)分(CMTNS)和總體神經(jīng)病變限制量表(ONLS)作為主要終點(diǎn)事件,采用臨床表現(xiàn)和電生理學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)療效,相關(guān)不良事件發(fā)生率評(píng)價(jià)安全性和耐受性,結(jié)果顯示,PXT?3003高劑量組(含巴氯芬6 mg、納曲酮0.70 mg、D?山梨醇210 mg)CMTNS和ONLS評(píng)分較其他組提高8%(0.4%~16.2%)和12.1%(2.0%~23.2%),且1年內(nèi)病情無(wú)惡化病例數(shù)更多,證實(shí)PXT?3003的有效性和安全性,提示PXT?3003有可能使CMT1A型患者更多獲益,值得進(jìn)一步深入研究[39]。目前正在歐美地區(qū)27個(gè)醫(yī)療中心招募300例CMT1A型患者進(jìn)行多中心隨機(jī)雙盲對(duì)照的PXT?3003Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn),以進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)其有效性和安全性。(2)維生素C和鈉依賴型維生素C轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2(SVCT2):二者在周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)具有重要功能。維生素C通過(guò)形成含膠原和層黏連蛋白(LN)的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM),在背根神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元和施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)模型中促進(jìn)髓鞘形成[40]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,維生素C可以使CMT1A型轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠PMP22 mRNA表達(dá)水平下降90%[41]。隨后開(kāi)展的多中心臨床試驗(yàn)予兒童和成年CMT1A型患者不同劑量維生素C[30 mg/(kg·d)、1~4 g/d、1.50 g/d]治療1~2年,結(jié)果顯示對(duì)主要臨床終點(diǎn)并無(wú)顯著影響,考慮陰性結(jié)果可能與療程較短、維生素C在周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)未達(dá)有效治療濃度等因素有關(guān),維生素C藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)和個(gè)體差異尚待進(jìn)一步深入研究[42?45]。(3)孕酮受體阻斷劑:激素是PMP22基因表達(dá)的表觀遺傳調(diào)控因子。補(bǔ)充孕酮可以增加大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)PMP22 mRNA表達(dá)水平,CMT1A轉(zhuǎn)基因大鼠予孕酮受體阻斷劑Onapristone可以改善肌無(wú)力和肌萎縮,且PMP22 mRNA水平下降,但病理學(xué)和神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度(NCV)無(wú)明顯變化[46]。由于孕酮受體阻斷劑不適用于人體長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用,目前尚未開(kāi)展相應(yīng)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)。(4)神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子?3(NT?3):神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子?3主要由施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞表達(dá),對(duì)周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育有重要作用。在CMT1A型患者神經(jīng)節(jié)段異種移植模型和CMT1E型模型小鼠Trembler(J)中觀察到神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)素因子?3的3種重要生物學(xué)效應(yīng):施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞數(shù)目增加、有髓纖維數(shù)目增加和軸突神經(jīng)纖維細(xì)胞骨架正?;?,促進(jìn)腺相關(guān)病毒介導(dǎo)的NT?3基因治療研究的開(kāi)展。神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子?3皮下注射可以促進(jìn)Trembler(J)小鼠神經(jīng)再生,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,Trembler(J)小鼠肌肉注射重組腺相關(guān)病毒介導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子?3(rAAV1.NT?3),可以獲得持續(xù)有效的血藥濃度,小鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、病理學(xué)和神經(jīng)電生理學(xué)均顯著改善[47]。在一項(xiàng)納入8例CMT1A型患者的初步臨床試驗(yàn)中,神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子?3 150 mg/kg(3次/周)皮下注射6個(gè)月,可以改善感覺(jué)損害,促進(jìn)腓腸神經(jīng)再生、增加有髓纖維密度、增加神經(jīng)病變損傷評(píng)分(NIS)。目前尚未進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子?3 用于 CMT1A 型患者的臨床試驗(yàn)[48]。(5)神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1(NRG1)和ErbB受體:周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘厚度與相應(yīng)軸突直徑主要受施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞表達(dá)的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1和ErbB(ErbB2和ErbB3)受體異二聚體之間的相互作用調(diào)節(jié)[49?50]。神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1將軸突直徑信息經(jīng)ErbB2/ErbB3受體激活的磷脂酰肌醇3?激酶(PI3K)/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(AKT)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),介導(dǎo)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路調(diào)節(jié)周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘形成。ErbB受體信號(hào)由細(xì)胞胞吞作用調(diào)控[49?50]。晚近研究顯示,胞吞作用和磷脂酰肌醇代謝障礙致ErbB受體運(yùn)輸和信號(hào)紊亂,可能是CMT1型不同致病基因( 如 PMP22,CX32,SIMPLE,SH3TC2,MTMR2,MTMR13,MTMR5,Ndrg1)的共同發(fā)病機(jī)制[51?52]。目前正開(kāi)展將ErbB受體信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路作為CMT1型潛在治療靶點(diǎn)的研究。Fledrich等[51]在PMP22轉(zhuǎn)基因CMT1A型大鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),出生早期施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞PI3K/AKT和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MEK)/細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路不平衡導(dǎo)致持續(xù)性分化缺陷。在CMT1A型模型大鼠的臨床前實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),出生早期予神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1,可以克服大鼠周圍神經(jīng)發(fā)育缺陷、維持軸突完整至成年,表明有限時(shí)間窗內(nèi)施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的正確分化對(duì)軸索結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的長(zhǎng)期維持至關(guān)重要,如果早期即開(kāi)始治療,患者可能無(wú)需終身治療[51]。神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1可能成為有希望的治療藥物,但其作為ErbB受體/表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(EGFR2)激動(dòng)劑具有一定的促腫瘤傾向,因此不宜用于兒童 CMT1A 型患者[51?52]。ErbB 受體信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)對(duì)多種CMT1型亞型均至關(guān)重要,故是值得深入研究的靶向治療途徑。動(dòng)物模型顯示,CMT1A型、CMT1B型和CMT1X型模型小鼠MEK/ERK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路改變致單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白?1(MCP?1)表達(dá)上調(diào),與集落刺激因子?1(CSF?1)一起,共同導(dǎo)致吞噬細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)損傷和軸索變性,予集落刺激因子?1受體阻斷劑可減少CMT1B型和CMT1X型小鼠內(nèi)源性巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)目,并改善肌力和神經(jīng)電生理學(xué)表現(xiàn)[53?54]。因此,如果機(jī)體耐受性良好,集落刺激因子?1受體阻斷劑值得進(jìn)一步研究。(6)未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(UPR):未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)是細(xì)胞在應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下處理內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白質(zhì)的適應(yīng)性應(yīng)答,通過(guò)減少蛋白質(zhì)合成、促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)折疊或降解等方法緩解內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)壓力,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激過(guò)強(qiáng)或持續(xù)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)可以導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞代謝紊亂和凋亡。錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白質(zhì)聚集和清除異??赡苁荂MT1B型的發(fā)病機(jī)制。應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,Sephin1選擇性結(jié)合并抑制應(yīng)激反應(yīng)誘導(dǎo)的PPP1R15A而非組成型PPP1R15B,以延長(zhǎng)適應(yīng)性磷酸化信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,防止蛋白質(zhì)過(guò)度錯(cuò)誤折疊致細(xì)胞凋亡。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,CMT1B型模型小鼠予Sephin1可以顯著減輕臨床表型而無(wú)明顯不良反應(yīng),在攜帶SOD1 c.93G>A突變的肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥模型小鼠亦觀察到相同療效[55],提示Sephin1可以用于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致的不同類型周圍神經(jīng)病。

2.CMT2型靶向治療 CMT2型具有更顯著的遺傳異質(zhì)性,目前已克隆出30余種致病基因。關(guān)于CMT2型治療的相關(guān)研究較CMT1型少,且主要集中于MFN2基因突變導(dǎo)致的CMT2A型、GARS基因突變導(dǎo)致的CMT2D型和HSPB1基因突變導(dǎo)致的CMT2F型。(1)MFN2蛋白的構(gòu)象調(diào)節(jié):MFN2基因突變可以破壞線粒體融合,線粒體在軸突適當(dāng)定位而導(dǎo)致CMT2A型,但通常不會(huì)引起線粒體運(yùn)動(dòng)和功能全面喪失[56]。研究顯示,MFN蛋白通過(guò)特定分子內(nèi)相互作用引導(dǎo)融合約束和(或)融合允許的構(gòu)象轉(zhuǎn)換以調(diào)節(jié)線粒體融合,靶向這些構(gòu)象轉(zhuǎn)換可以在小鼠和大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元中調(diào)節(jié)線粒體融合,在此模型的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)一種細(xì)胞滲透性微肽以破壞MFN蛋白融合約束構(gòu)象、促進(jìn)融合允許構(gòu)象,可以逆轉(zhuǎn)攜帶MFN2基因突變的纖維母細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元線粒體異常。MFN2蛋白構(gòu)象可塑性與線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)之間的關(guān)系揭示線粒體融合的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,調(diào)節(jié)MFN2蛋白構(gòu)象可以糾正線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)缺陷或不平衡導(dǎo)致的疾病。促進(jìn)MFN蛋白融合允許構(gòu)象的微肽分子有望作為CMT2A型靶向治療的備選方案進(jìn)行深入研究[57]。(2)神 經(jīng) 纖 毛 蛋 白 1(NRP1)受 體 激 動(dòng) 劑:GARS基因編碼廣泛表達(dá)的甘氨酰tRNA合成酶(GlyRS),形成同源二聚體并將甘氨酸附著于其同源tRNA。迄今已報(bào)道15種GARS基因致病性突變,突變位點(diǎn)均位于甘氨酰tRNA合成酶二聚體界面附近,導(dǎo)致甘氨酰tRNA合成酶構(gòu)象開(kāi)放和疏水區(qū)域暴露于胞質(zhì),這些結(jié)構(gòu)變化最終導(dǎo)致甘氨酰tRNA合成酶突變體與神經(jīng)纖毛蛋白1相互作用增強(qiáng),從而阻斷神經(jīng)纖毛蛋白1與其內(nèi)在配體血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)軸突變性。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,予CMT2D型模型小鼠雙側(cè)后肢肌肉注射介導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子表達(dá)的慢病毒載體,可以改善后肢肌力[58?59],表明神經(jīng)纖毛蛋白 1 受體激動(dòng)劑可能對(duì)CMT2D型有效。另一項(xiàng)研究則顯示,重癥肌無(wú)力(MG)治療藥物吡啶斯的明可以部分糾正CMT2D型小鼠神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)缺陷并改善肌力[60]。(3)組蛋白去乙?;?(HDAC6)抑制劑:組蛋白去乙酰化酶6具有微管蛋白去乙?;甫粱钚裕{(diào)節(jié)海馬神經(jīng)元線粒體軸突運(yùn)輸。由于組蛋白去乙酰化酶6僅調(diào)節(jié)靶蛋白乙?;粎⑴c組蛋白翻譯后修飾,故可以作為疾病的修飾治療靶點(diǎn)。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,HSPB1突變致CMT2F型模型小鼠周圍神經(jīng)α?微管蛋白乙?;浇档汀⒕€粒體軸索運(yùn)輸缺陷,予組蛋白去乙?;?抑制劑則可以逆轉(zhuǎn)[61]。來(lái)自CMT2F型患者的誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(iPSC)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元模型存在不同程度的線粒體運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷和α?微管蛋白乙?;浇档停?2]。CMT2F型運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元模型予新型組蛋白去乙?;?抑制劑CHEMICAL X4和CHEMICAL X9可以增強(qiáng)α?微管蛋白乙酰化水平、改善線粒體運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷[62]。神經(jīng)元軸突線粒體運(yùn)輸缺陷可能是CMT2型共同的發(fā)病機(jī)制,組蛋白去乙?;?抑制劑有可能成為CMT2型共同治療策略。

3.CMT1X型靶向治療 CMT1X型系GJB1基因突變導(dǎo)致的X?連鎖顯性遺傳性腓骨肌萎縮癥,臨床表型分為 CMT1X1型、CMT1X2型和中間型[63]。GJB1基因突變可以導(dǎo)致其編碼的縫隙連接蛋白32(Cx32)功能缺失,故可以考慮基因替代治療。予GJB1基因缺失小鼠鞘內(nèi)注射施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞特異性MPZ基因啟動(dòng)子GJB1慢病毒載體LV.Mpz?GJB1,可以獲得坐骨神經(jīng)全長(zhǎng)的縫隙連接蛋白32表達(dá),從而改善神經(jīng)電生理學(xué)、神經(jīng)病理學(xué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)表型;于GJB1基因缺失小鼠坐骨切跡注射LV.Mpz?GJB1,也可以獲得坐骨神經(jīng)全長(zhǎng)非致密部髓鞘區(qū)縫隙連接蛋白32的持續(xù)穩(wěn)定表達(dá)。然而相同療法能否使人類周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)彌漫性持續(xù)表達(dá)縫隙連接蛋白32尚不清楚。病毒介導(dǎo)療法中腺相關(guān)病毒整合至宿主基因組,可以促進(jìn)小鼠腫瘤發(fā)生,也使得該療法向臨床的轉(zhuǎn)化值得謹(jǐn)慎考慮[64]。此外,部分GJB1基因突變?nèi)鏿.Arg75Trp、p.Met93Val等導(dǎo)致縫隙連接蛋白32在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)滯留并干擾野生型縫隙連接蛋白32在細(xì)胞膜表達(dá),故行基因替代治療時(shí)應(yīng)予以考慮[65]。

目前尚無(wú)根治腓骨肌萎縮癥的藥物,通過(guò)個(gè)體化康復(fù)訓(xùn)練和必要的外科矯形手術(shù)可以使患者運(yùn)動(dòng)功能和生活質(zhì)量得以改善;二代基因測(cè)序(NGS)技術(shù)使分子診斷水平得到顯著提高,基于基因診斷的遺傳咨詢可以有效減少新病例的發(fā)生;以直接作用于相關(guān)基因、蛋白質(zhì)和調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為靶點(diǎn),以修復(fù)周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)蛋白表達(dá)異常為目標(biāo)的疾病修飾療法試驗(yàn)正在開(kāi)展并有望取得新成果;腓骨肌萎縮癥疾病測(cè)量工具尚待改進(jìn)和開(kāi)發(fā),方可更好地用于臨床病程的精確評(píng)價(jià)和新藥臨床試驗(yàn)的開(kāi)展。

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Progress in treatment of Charcot?Marie?Tooth disease

ZHANG Ru?xu1,TANG Bei?sha21Department of Neurology,the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University,Changsha 410013,Hu'nan,China
2Department of Neurology,Xiangya Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases,Central South University,Changsha 410008,Hu'nan,China
Corresponding author:ZHANG Ru?xu(Email:zhangruxu@vip.163.com)

Charcot?Marie?Tooth disease(CMT)comprises a group of monogenic inherited peripheral neuropathies with highly clinical and genetic heterogeneity,more than 80 causative genes have been cloned at present. Usually starts in childhood or juvinile period,the main clinical manifestations include progressive length?dependent muscle weakness and atrophy,sensory loss,areflexia and pes cavus.Although there is no specific treatment to reverse the natural disease course of CMT,symptomatic treatments such as rehabilitation,orthopedic surgery and medication can improve the overall fitness and life quality of CMT patients.Targeted treatments based on pathogenesis study is expected to provide precise therapy for CMT patients. This paper aims to make a review of the clinical application of symptomatic treatments and progress of target therapy researches in different CMT subtypes.

Charcot?Marie?Tooth disease; Rehabilitation; Orthopedic procedures; Drug therapy; Review

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81071001),Scientific Research Plan Project of Hu'nan Health and Family Planning Commission(No.A2017001),and Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hu'nan Province,China(No.13JJ2014).

10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.08.003

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):81071001);湖南省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科研計(jì)劃課題(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):A2017001);湖南省自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)資助項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):13JJ2014)

410013長(zhǎng)沙,中南大學(xué)湘雅三醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(張如旭);410008長(zhǎng)沙,中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科 國(guó)家老年疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(唐北沙)

張如旭(Email:zhangruxu@vip.163.com)

2017?05?31)

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