徐恬 趙國華
·專題綜述·
特發(fā)性震顫研究進展
徐恬 趙國華
特發(fā)性震顫除表現(xiàn)為震顫外,還可以出現(xiàn)共濟失調(diào)等運動癥狀以及認知功能障礙、情感障礙和聽力下降等非運動癥狀。發(fā)病機制尚不明確,小腦、腦干、紅核、丘腦和基底神經(jīng)核均受累,致病基因的克隆為發(fā)病機制的研究奠定基礎。治療方法主要包括藥物治療和外科手術,其中,表現(xiàn)為頭部、手部和聲音震顫的患者可肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素,外科手術包括丘腦毀損術和腦深部電刺激術等。
特發(fā)性震顫; 綜述
特發(fā)性震顫(ET)是臨床最常見的運動障礙性疾病,發(fā)病率約為5%,老年人群可升至20%;臨床主要表現(xiàn)為姿勢性或動作性震顫,部分可見頭部或聲音震顫[1]。既往研究顯示,特發(fā)性震顫是一種功能性疾病,僅表現(xiàn)為震顫這一運動癥狀,被認為是一種進展緩慢、癥狀單一、良性運動障礙性疾?。?]。然而,越來越多的研究顯示,特發(fā)性震顫是一種累及多系統(tǒng)的疾病,包括運動癥狀如意向性震顫和共濟失調(diào),以及非運動癥狀(NMS)如認知功能障礙、情感障礙和聽力下降等[3]。此外,特發(fā)性震顫并非呈良性病程,Louis等[4]的流行病學調(diào)查研究顯示,特發(fā)性震顫患者病死率增加 45%;Benito?León 等[5]對年齡≥65歲的特發(fā)性震顫患者隨訪3.30年發(fā)現(xiàn)其進展為帕金森?。≒D)的概率增加4倍。本文擬就近年來特發(fā)性震顫病理學研究和發(fā)病機制、臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學特點及治療進展進行概述。
既往研究認為,特發(fā)性震顫無特異性病理改變。然而,既往10余年Louis及其研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn),特發(fā)性震顫患者小腦存在明顯結構改變,如浦肯野細胞減少和軸索梭形腫脹膨大[6?8],部分患者可見腦干(藍斑核和迷走神經(jīng)背核)路易小體(LB)[7];神經(jīng)影像學和神經(jīng)電生理學研究顯示,特發(fā)性震顫可能源于小腦功能障礙[9];然而,Deuschl和 Elble[3]認為上述研究未排除共患病、抑郁、藥物等因素的影響,故結果欠可靠。目前,仍亟待對特發(fā)性震顫的病理學進行深入研究。
特發(fā)性震顫的確切發(fā)病機制尚不十分明確。約有30%以上患者存在家族史,呈常染色體顯性遺傳[10]。已知3個致病基因位點,即ETM1型定位于3q13.3、ETM2型定位于2p25~p22、ETM3型定位于6p23,以 及 4 種 相 關 基 因 ,即 DRD3、HS1BP3、LINGO1 和 SLC1A2,直至 2012 年,Merner等[11]方克隆出首個致病基因——FUS基因,并認為FUS基因突變可能是通過功能缺失(LOF)而致??;2014年Unal Gulsuner等[12]在一個既有特發(fā)性震顫患者也有帕金森病患者的家系中發(fā)現(xiàn)HTRA2基因突變,然而該基因的具體功能尚不明確,也未在其他家系中發(fā)現(xiàn)該突變;2015年Hor等[13]采用全外顯子測序(WES)發(fā)現(xiàn),位于第11號染色體的TENM4基因突變可以導致特發(fā)性震顫,過表達TENM4基因突變導致細胞軸索轉運障礙,TENM4基因敲除小鼠表現(xiàn)為震顫,均表明TENM4基因參與神經(jīng)元髓鞘形成和軸索轉運的調(diào)控。盡管特發(fā)性震顫發(fā)病機制尚不明確,但致病基因的定位和克隆為進一步研究發(fā)病機制奠定了基礎。特發(fā)性震顫還與環(huán)境因素有關,家族性特發(fā)性震顫患者神經(jīng)毒性物質哈爾堿水平高于正常人群,已有研究證實哈爾堿是可以導致震顫的神經(jīng)毒性物質[14]。此外,特發(fā)性震顫患者中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮性物質谷氨酸水平升高可以引起小腦齒狀核γ?氨基丁酸(GABA)受體水平下降,小腦深部神經(jīng)核團過度興奮,小腦?腦干?丘腦?皮質通路受損,從而導致震顫,這也可能是特發(fā)性震顫的發(fā)病機制之一[15]。
特發(fā)性震顫患者還可以出現(xiàn)認知功能障礙和情感障礙,其可能的發(fā)病機制主要包括:(1)特發(fā)性震顫患者的認知功能障礙主要表現(xiàn)為額葉功能減退,即注意力和執(zhí)行功能障礙,研究顯示其與前額葉背外側皮質(DLPFC)或額葉?丘腦?小腦環(huán)路損害有關[16?17]。(2)特發(fā)性震顫患者還表現(xiàn)為小腦認知情感綜合征(CCAS),如執(zhí)行功能、視空間能力、言語功能和情緒障礙以及神經(jīng)精神癥狀,考慮可能與小腦是決定性格、情緒和認知功能的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)重要成分有關[17?20]。(3)特發(fā)性震顫患者存在異常的神經(jīng)振蕩(neuronal oscillation),引起運動系統(tǒng)動態(tài)振蕩擾動,導致異常神經(jīng)元放電而繼發(fā)神經(jīng)損傷[21],酒精改善直線行走能力[22]和腦深部電刺激術(DBS)改善瞬目反射(BR)[23]均支持這一觀點。
特發(fā)性震顫的核心運動癥狀是上肢遠端姿勢性或動作性震顫,伴頭部、口面部或聲音震顫。流行病學調(diào)查研究顯示,95%以上患者可累及上肢,其他部位依次為頭部(30%以上)、聲音(20%以上)、舌(20%)、面部和(或)下頜(10%)、下肢(10%)和軀干(5%)[24?25]。隨著病程的延長,臨床癥狀逐漸加重,至晚期可出現(xiàn)意向性震顫[2];部分表現(xiàn)為瞬目反射延遲或缺失[26];即使步態(tài)正常,仍可出現(xiàn)直線行走不穩(wěn)[27]。
特發(fā)性震顫患者還表現(xiàn)出多種非運動癥狀,包括認知功能障礙、情感障礙和聽力下降等,此外,還可以出現(xiàn)輕度認知損害(MCI)。2001年,Gasparini等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),特發(fā)性震顫患者存在認知功能障礙,威斯康辛卡片分類測驗(WCST)顯示,與帕金森病患者一樣,特發(fā)性震顫患者存在顯著注意力和概念思維的任務能力下降,提示二者可能存在共同的多巴胺能通路障礙;Lombardi等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),特發(fā)性震顫患者認知功能障礙主要表現(xiàn)為詞語流暢性、命名、情緒、語言記憶和工作記憶障礙;Sinoff和 Badarny[30]的前瞻性研究顯示,約69.23%特發(fā)性震顫患者(36/52)伴輕度認知損害,余16例中4例2年內(nèi)進展為輕度認知損害,年發(fā)病率為12.50%,高于一般人群的5%;Benito?León 等[18]基于人群的橫斷面研究顯示,273例特發(fā)性震顫患者中31例(11.36%)并發(fā)癡呆,而正常對照者僅為 6.03%(204/3382);Gerwig等[31]認為,65歲以上的特發(fā)性震顫患者癡呆發(fā)生率較正常對照者增加 70%;Bermejo?Pareja等[32]進行的隨訪3.20年的前瞻性研究顯示,約7.77%特發(fā)性震顫患者(16/206)進展為癡呆,而正常對照者僅為3.93%(145/3685),其中65歲以上患者癡呆發(fā)生率是正常對照者的2倍(RR=1.980,95%CI:1.140~3.450;P=0.010);Thawani等[33]的橫斷面研究顯示,25%(31/124)特發(fā)性震顫患者出現(xiàn)癡呆,而正常對照者僅為9.16%(198/2161)。情感障礙在特發(fā)性震顫患者中亦較為常見。Lombardi等[29]評價特發(fā)性震顫患者抑郁癥狀,結果顯示,與帕金森病患者相比,特發(fā)性震顫患者抑郁癥狀發(fā)生率更高;Sinoff和Badarny[30]的研究顯示,25%特發(fā)性震顫患者(13/52)伴焦慮癥狀,17.31%(9/52)伴抑郁癥狀;Louis等[34]進行的基于人群的前瞻性橫斷面研究顯示,約43.83%特發(fā)性震顫患者(103/235)存在抑郁癥狀、正常對照者僅為25.86%(1137/4379),特發(fā)性震顫伴抑郁癥狀患者服用選擇性5?羥色胺再攝取抑制劑(SSRI)是正常對照者的3倍,隨訪3年后新診斷78例特發(fā)性震顫患者,其中29例存在抑郁癥狀,提示抑郁癥狀與新發(fā)特發(fā)性震顫有關。特發(fā)性震顫患者還表現(xiàn)出聽力下降。Ondo等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),特發(fā)性震顫患者聽力下降較正常對照者和帕金森病患者嚴重,聽力下降程度與男性、高齡、震顫嚴重程度相關。Benito?León 等[36]的基于人群的研究顯示,約38.71%特發(fā)性震顫患者(96/248)存在聽力下降,而正常對照者僅為29.36%(1371/4669)。
特發(fā)性震顫的影像學無明顯異常,近年來影像學研究取得較大進展,主要采用基于體素的形態(tài)學分析(VBM),多項研究顯示,特發(fā)性震顫患者存在廣泛性灰質和白質萎縮[9,37?38]。Benito?León 等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常對照者相比,特發(fā)性震顫患者存在廣泛性白質(右側小腦、左側髓質、右側頂葉、右側邊緣系統(tǒng))和灰質(雙側小腦、雙側頂葉、右側額葉、右側島葉)改變;Lin等[37]比較10例特發(fā)性震顫患者與10例帕金森病患者和13例正常對照者腦體積,結果顯示,與正常對照者相比,特發(fā)性震顫患者尾狀核體部、顳極中央、島葉、楔前葉、顳上回體積縮小,而顳中回和中央前回灰質體積增大;與帕金森病患者相比,特發(fā)性震顫患者丘腦和顳中回體積縮小,而額中回、顳中回、小腦后葉和島葉灰質體積增大;Quattrone等[38]的研究顯示,與正常對照者相比,同時累及頭部和手部的特發(fā)性震顫患者存在明顯的小腦蚓部萎縮。
Louis等[39]進行的磁共振波譜(MRS)研究顯示,與對照組相比,特發(fā)性震顫組患者小腦皮質N?乙酰天冬氨酸(NAA)/肌酸(Cr)比值下降,且與上肢震顫程度呈負相關關系;Pagan等[40]的研究顯示,特發(fā)性震顫患者雙側小腦半球NAA/Cr和NAA/膽堿(Cho)比值明顯下降,上述研究均證實特發(fā)性震顫可以累及小腦。
Cerasa 等[41]和 Passamonti等[42]采用 fMRI研究特發(fā)性震顫患者語言工作記憶的神經(jīng)生理學機制,結果顯示,高負荷工作記憶試驗存在異常強化的小腦反應;小腦之間功能聯(lián)系、執(zhí)行控制通路和腦默認網(wǎng)絡(DMN)改變;與對照組相比,特發(fā)性震顫組患者進行Stroop色詞測驗(SCWT)時前額葉背外側皮質和頂下小葉皮質存在異常強化的小腦反應。
特發(fā)性震顫的治療取決于震顫的嚴重程度、震顫致持續(xù)功能障礙、患者提高生活質量的要求[1]。根據(jù)美國神經(jīng)病學學會(AAN)2011年公布的特發(fā)性震顫治療指南[43],特發(fā)性震顫的治療分為藥物治療和外科手術,其中,藥物治療分為三線,一線藥物為普萘洛爾、撲米酮,二線藥物為阿普唑侖、阿替洛爾、加巴噴丁、索他洛爾和托吡酯,三線藥物為氯氮平、納多洛爾和尼莫地平。對于難治性肢體、頭部和聲音震顫,可肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素,Hertegard等[44]報告15例以聲音震顫為主的特發(fā)性震顫患者,于甲杓肌、環(huán)甲肌或甲狀舌骨肌注射A型肉毒毒素,10/15例患者主觀感覺癥狀好轉。近期研究顯示,以聲音震顫為主的特發(fā)性震顫患者肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素后震顫幅度明顯好轉[45]。藥物反應欠佳的難治性患者,丘腦毀損術和腦深部電刺激術可用于肢體震顫。腦深部電刺激術于1997年通過美國食品與藥品管理局(FDA)批準用于治療特發(fā)性震顫,常見刺激部位是丘腦腹外側核和下丘腦[46]。Schuurman 等[47?48]的研究顯示,丘腦毀損術與腦深部電刺激術效果相當,但后者不良反應較輕微。Baizabal?Carvallo 等[21]對腦深部電刺激術后至少隨訪8年的13例特發(fā)性震顫患者進行研究,結果顯示,F(xiàn)ahn?Tolosa?Marin震顫評價量表(FTMTRS)評分減少,常見不良反應為構音障礙和平衡障礙。
綜上所述,特發(fā)性震顫是一組臨床綜合征而非單一疾病,越來越多的研究開始關注其非運動癥狀,包括認知功能障礙、情緒障礙和聽力下降等。隨著神經(jīng)影像學技術的發(fā)展和醫(yī)學研究的深入,對特發(fā)性震顫非運動癥狀、病理生理學機制和治療的研究必將日益深入。
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Research on advances of essential tremor
XU Tian1,ZHAO Guo?hua2
1Department of Neurology,the Fourth Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Yiwu 322000,Zhejiang,China
2Department of Neurology,the Second Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310009,Zhejiang,China
Corresponding author:ZHAO Guo?hua(Email:zhaoguohuazq@hotmail.com)
Recent research shows besides the symptom of tremor,essential tremor(ET)patients also present with motor symptoms such as dysfunction of cerebellum,and non?motor symptoms(NMS)such as cognitive impairment,mood symptoms and loss of hearing.The mechanism of ET remains unclear.The dysfunction of cerebellum,brain stem,red nuclei,thalamus and basal nuclei could be involved in ET.Several loci and genes were identified,which is helpful for the study of mechanism on ET.The therapies of ET include medication and surgery.The botulinum toxin A could be used in the ET patients whose main symptoms are tremor of head,hand and voice. The surgeries include thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation(DBS).
Essential tremor; Review
This study was supported by Medical and Health Research Program of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2016KYB118).
10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.08.002
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生研究計劃(項目編號:2016KYB118)
322000義烏,浙江大學醫(yī)學院附屬第四醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(徐恬);310009杭州,浙江大學醫(yī)學院附屬第二醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(趙國華)
趙國華(Email:zhaoguohuazq@hotmail.com)
2017?06?05)