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提高對不寧腿綜合征規(guī)范診斷與治療的認(rèn)識(shí)

2017-01-12 19:09王玉平
關(guān)鍵詞:鈣通道不適感鐵蛋白

王玉平

·專論·

提高對不寧腿綜合征規(guī)范診斷與治療的認(rèn)識(shí)

王玉平

不寧腿綜合征; 規(guī)范; 綜述

不寧腿綜合征(RLS)亦稱 Willis?Ekbom ?。╓ED),是臨床常見的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)感覺性疾病。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,不同國家和地區(qū)成人不寧腿綜合征患病率不同,歐美國家患病率明顯高于亞洲國家,其中歐美國家成人患病率為5.0% ~ 14.3%[1?2]、亞洲國家為0.1%~1.9%[3?4]。不寧腿綜合征可發(fā)生于任何年齡階段,且隨著年齡的增長、患病率逐年增加,女性患病率高于男性。由于不寧腿綜合征的診斷主要依靠臨床癥狀,缺乏特異性,加之短期內(nèi)不會(huì)造成明顯損害,因此目前對該病的診斷率較低,治療方法不甚規(guī)范。

一、臨床癥狀

不寧腿綜合征臨床主要表現(xiàn)為夜間睡眠中或安靜狀態(tài)下雙下肢出現(xiàn)極度不適感(如撕裂感、蠕動(dòng)感、燒灼感、搔癢感甚至疼痛),尤以小腿顯著,偶累及大腿和上肢,通常呈對稱性,從而使患者不停地活動(dòng)下肢或下床行走,一旦恢復(fù)休息狀態(tài)時(shí)再次出現(xiàn)上述不適感。其臨床癥狀具有特征性晝夜變化規(guī)律,腿部不適感多出現(xiàn)在傍晚或夜間,發(fā)作高峰為午夜與凌晨之間,白天癥狀相對輕微。80%患者伴周期性腿動(dòng)(PLM),即睡眠中或清醒時(shí)出現(xiàn)肢體不自主運(yùn)動(dòng),表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)或雙側(cè)下肢反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的周期性刻板樣不自主運(yùn)動(dòng),形式多樣,典型癥狀為趾節(jié)律性背伸和踝部背屈,偶可見髖關(guān)節(jié)和膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲,類似Babinski征[5]。不寧腿綜合征嚴(yán)重干擾睡眠,導(dǎo)致入睡困難、夜間覺醒次數(shù)增加,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)疲勞、記憶力減退、情緒低落、血壓波動(dòng),影響生活質(zhì)量。

二、病因分類

不寧腿綜合征根據(jù)病因可以分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性兩種類型。原發(fā)性不寧腿綜合征通常有家族史,現(xiàn)有研究支持該病呈常染色體顯性遺傳[6],主要可疑致病基因定位于染色體12q、14q和9q。我國以散發(fā)性不寧腿綜合征患者多見。繼發(fā)性不寧腿綜合征與某些生理或病理狀態(tài)有關(guān),多種危險(xiǎn)因素均可能增加不寧腿綜合征的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其中,妊娠是目前研究最多的危險(xiǎn)因素,激素表達(dá)變化是妊娠期女性不寧腿綜合征的主要原因[7]。鐵缺乏與不寧腿綜合征患病率升高顯著相關(guān),常出現(xiàn)血清鐵蛋白水平降低,研究顯示,血清鐵蛋白<45或50μg/L時(shí),不寧腿綜合征患病率顯著增加[8]。腎功能障礙是繼發(fā)性不寧腿綜合征的另一常見危險(xiǎn)因素,常伴鐵缺乏、血紅蛋白降低和鈣磷代謝紊亂,研究顯示,腎移植術(shù)后不寧腿綜合征癥狀可能緩解甚至消失[9]。

三、發(fā)病機(jī)制

不寧腿綜合征的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,目前觀點(diǎn)包括:(1)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)多巴胺能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)及其受體表達(dá)下調(diào)。(2)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)鐵缺乏。(3)大腦皮質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)感覺整合網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能失調(diào)[10]。(4)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)下行抑制通路功能失調(diào)致脊髓神經(jīng)元過度興奮。

四、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

不寧腿綜合征的診斷主要依靠詳細(xì)的臨床病史,目前尚無特異性實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),常用輔助檢查方法包括多導(dǎo)睡眠圖(PSG)監(jiān)測和暗示性制動(dòng)試驗(yàn)(SIT)。Ekbom[11]于1960年率先提出較為詳細(xì)的診斷建議,此后經(jīng)歷多次修訂[12],至2014年國際不寧腿綜合征研究組(IRLSSG)制定不寧腿綜合征診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12],同年美國睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)(AASM)公布睡眠障礙國際分類第3版(ICSD?3)[9],二者關(guān)于不寧腿綜合征的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基本一致,須同時(shí)符合以下3項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)有想活動(dòng)腿的強(qiáng)烈欲望,常伴腿部不適感或腿部不適感所致,同時(shí)滿足以下條件,①癥狀在休息或不活動(dòng)時(shí)出現(xiàn)或加重,如臥位或坐位。②活動(dòng)后癥狀部分或完全緩解,如行走或伸展腿部。③癥狀僅出現(xiàn)在傍晚或夜間,或者即使出現(xiàn)在白天,癥狀較夜間輕微。(2)上述癥狀排除藥物或行為習(xí)慣所致,如腿部痙攣、姿勢不恰當(dāng)、肌肉疼痛、靜脈曲張、腿部水腫、關(guān)節(jié)炎或習(xí)慣性腿部抖動(dòng)等。(3)上述癥狀導(dǎo)致憂慮、抑郁、睡眠障礙,以及生理、心理、社會(huì)交往、職業(yè)、受教育、行為及其他重要領(lǐng)域功能障礙。該診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還對不寧腿綜合征的診斷予以補(bǔ)充說明:不適感可出現(xiàn)于上肢或身體其他部位;病程早期具有腿部不適感經(jīng)藥物治療減輕和夜間癥狀加重等特點(diǎn),至疾病晚期上述特點(diǎn)不明顯。

五、治療

1.治療目標(biāo) 不寧腿綜合征是可治性疾病,但并不能根治。對于有明確病因的繼發(fā)性不寧腿綜合征患者應(yīng)盡可能消除病因。治療目標(biāo)是減輕或消除不寧腿綜合征癥狀,包括減少夜間腿動(dòng)次數(shù)、減輕腿動(dòng)幅度、縮短夜間清醒時(shí)間、改善日間功能、提高睡眠質(zhì)量和生活質(zhì)量。治療方法的選擇取決于多種因素,如疾病嚴(yán)重程度、年齡、共病情況和患者偏好。治療方法包括非藥物治療和藥物治療,藥物治療效果較好,針對不同臨床情況的不寧腿綜合征患者,藥物的選擇不盡一致。

2.非藥物治療 對于癥狀較輕的患者,非藥物治療可以緩解癥狀;對于癥狀較重的患者,也可以考慮非藥物治療,以減少藥物需求。非藥物治療包括腿部按摩、熱水浴、腿部使用加熱墊或冰袋、良好睡眠習(xí)慣和夜間使用振動(dòng)墊等[13?16]。

3.藥物治療 (1)治療前評(píng)價(jià):治療前首先明確是否存在鐵缺乏,應(yīng)測定血清鐵蛋白[17?18]。若血清鐵蛋白<75 μg/L,建議補(bǔ)充鐵劑[19],治療3~4 個(gè)月后復(fù)查血清鐵蛋白,此后每3~6個(gè)月復(fù)查1次,直至血清鐵蛋白>75μg/L且鐵飽和度>20%。應(yīng)注意觀察鐵劑治療效果,如果治療效果較好,認(rèn)為不寧腿綜合征與鐵缺乏有關(guān),應(yīng)積極尋找鐵缺乏原因、糾正鐵缺乏;如果治療效果欠佳,可能與鐵缺乏無關(guān),但仍應(yīng)保持血清鐵蛋白于正常值范圍,再予進(jìn)一步治療。在未測定血清鐵蛋白前,不建議僅憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)補(bǔ)充鐵劑,可能出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。其次應(yīng)避免加重不寧腿綜合征癥狀的因素,包括睡眠剝奪(SD)、不良睡眠習(xí)慣和使用某些藥物或物品,其中,抗抑郁藥、神經(jīng)阻滯劑、多巴胺能受體阻斷劑類止吐藥(如甲氧氯普胺)或鎮(zhèn)靜催眠類抗組胺藥可以誘發(fā)或加重不寧腿綜合征[20];咖啡因、尼古丁和酒精可以加重不寧腿綜合征癥狀[21]。(2)藥物選擇:根據(jù)臨床癥狀嚴(yán)重程度,將不寧腿綜合征分為間歇性癥狀、持續(xù)性癥狀,病情加重和(或)惡化。目前主要應(yīng)用多巴胺能藥、α?2?δ鈣通道配體、苯二氮類藥和阿片類藥[22?25]。①間歇性癥狀。對于輕度或部分間歇性癥狀患者,可以首先考慮非藥物治療。對于無需每日治療的間歇性癥狀患者,建議優(yōu)先間斷性應(yīng)用多巴胺能受體激動(dòng)劑[24,26],也可以間斷性應(yīng)用左旋多巴,大部分患者可以較好耐受左旋多巴短期治療(<6個(gè)月)。苯二氮類藥可用于癥狀較輕的患者,特別青年患者,氯硝西泮最為常用[13,27]。此類藥物通常用于僅需間斷性治療的患者,或作為難治性不寧腿綜合征的輔助藥物。研究顯示,氯硝西泮0.50~2.00 mg/d即對不寧腿綜合征有效[28?29]。②持續(xù)性癥狀。對于非藥物治療和補(bǔ)充鐵劑后仍頻繁發(fā)作的中至重度患者,建議選擇一線治療藥物,包括多巴胺能受體激動(dòng)劑和α?2?δ鈣通道配體[23?25,30]。長期應(yīng)用多巴胺能藥的不寧腿綜合征患者應(yīng)注意病情加重和(或)惡化,予可有效控制癥狀的最小劑量且通常僅于傍晚服藥。同時(shí)應(yīng)定期(每6~12個(gè)月)復(fù)查并監(jiān)測不良反應(yīng)和并發(fā)癥[31]。多巴胺能受體激動(dòng)劑的并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,持續(xù)服藥的不良反應(yīng)少于左旋多巴。目前,非麥角類多巴胺能受體激動(dòng)劑普拉克索、羅匹尼羅和羅替戈汀已經(jīng)成為經(jīng)美國食品與藥品管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)的治療不寧腿綜合征的首選藥物[24,26]。普拉克索和羅匹尼羅通常于服藥后90~120分鐘起效,故應(yīng)在不寧腿綜合征癥狀開始前2小時(shí)服藥[26],不良反應(yīng)輕微,僅為短暫性惡心、頭暈和疲勞,通常于10~14天內(nèi)緩解。罕見不良反應(yīng)包括鼻塞、便秘、失眠和腿部水腫,均可于停藥后消失。存在特定共?。ㄈ缣弁?、焦慮、失眠、沖動(dòng)控制障礙或多巴胺能受體激動(dòng)劑相關(guān)成癮)的患者,可以考慮α?2?δ鈣通道配體進(jìn)行初始治療[19,32]。α?2?δ鈣通道配體包括加巴噴丁和普瑞巴林,用于每日發(fā)作的不寧腿綜合征患者,美國食品與藥品管理局已批準(zhǔn)加巴噴丁恩那卡比用于這一適應(yīng)證[26,33?35]。α?2?δ鈣通道配體常見不良反應(yīng)包括疲勞、嗜睡、頭暈、頭痛、行走不穩(wěn)[26,35?36]。③病情加重和(或)惡化。治療過程中出現(xiàn)以下情況應(yīng)考慮病情加重和(或)惡化的可能,予適當(dāng)多巴胺能藥后癥狀仍持續(xù)加重;增加藥物劑量后癥狀仍持續(xù)加重;下午和(或)傍晚出現(xiàn)癥狀的時(shí)間提前;癥狀擴(kuò)展至先前未受累部位;日間休息狀態(tài)下,潛伏期縮短[37]。病情加重和(或)惡化是長期應(yīng)用多巴胺能藥的主要并發(fā)癥。因此,為避免病情加重和(或)惡化,多巴胺能藥劑量應(yīng)該盡可能小,不宜超過不寧腿綜合征的推薦劑量(遠(yuǎn)小于帕金森病劑量)。如果患者發(fā)作頻率較少,可考慮間斷性治療。一旦出現(xiàn)病情加重和(或)惡化應(yīng)至睡眠專科就診。根據(jù)2012和2016年不寧腿綜合征治療指南[24,38?39],為避免病情加重和(或)惡化,α?2?δ鈣通道配體(主要包括加巴噴丁和普瑞巴林)可以考慮作為不寧腿綜合征的首選藥物,這是由于此類藥物治療不寧腿綜合征有效且病情加重和(或)惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。

不寧腿綜合征患者常以失眠為主訴就診,具有特征性臨床癥狀,是可治性疾病。及時(shí)、正確治療可以很大程度緩解患者生理和心理癥狀。提高對不寧腿綜合征的認(rèn)識(shí)以及規(guī)范治療原則是臨床醫(yī)師的工作和任務(wù)。

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Restless legs syndrome;Benchmarking;Review

Improve the understandings of standardized diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome

WANGYu?ping

Department of Neurology,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University;Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation,Beijing 100053,China(Email:wangyuping01@sina.cn)

10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.09.001

100053北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科北京市神經(jīng)調(diào)控重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,Email:wangyuping01@sina.cn

2017?07?27)

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