郝咪 葛勝利 王理論
·綜述·
視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜形態(tài)學(xué)改變與視力相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展
郝咪 葛勝利 王理論
視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞(RVO)是臨床上常見的嚴(yán)重?fù)p害患者視力的可致盲性眼病。近年來(lái)光學(xué)相干層析成像(OCT)等技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,為更好地認(rèn)識(shí)視網(wǎng)膜超微結(jié)構(gòu)的變化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。本文就近年RVO患者黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜的OCT表現(xiàn)與視力關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。(中國(guó)眼耳鼻喉科雜志,2017,17:375-377)
視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞;光學(xué)相干層析成像;視力
視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)是僅次于糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變的第2位最常見的視網(wǎng)膜血管性疾病。RVO的并發(fā)癥[1]較多,可分為黃斑部的并發(fā)癥,包括黃斑囊樣水腫、黃斑前膜形成、黃斑瘢痕形成等;新生血管及其并發(fā)癥,包括新生血管性青光眼,玻璃體積血、增殖、機(jī)化膜形成,牽拉視網(wǎng)膜,視網(wǎng)膜形成裂孔和視網(wǎng)膜脫離。
光學(xué)相干層析成像(optical coherence tomograph,OCT)是近年來(lái)應(yīng)用于眼科快速發(fā)展的新型醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)檢查方法,其用近紅外光對(duì)生物組織進(jìn)行高分辨率橫斷面掃描,可以清晰地顯示視網(wǎng)膜的十層結(jié)構(gòu),可以起到類似于組織病理學(xué)的觀察作用,同時(shí)還可以精密觀察視網(wǎng)膜結(jié)構(gòu),測(cè)量視網(wǎng)膜厚度等,為觀察RVO患者視網(wǎng)膜黃斑區(qū)的形態(tài)學(xué)改變提供技術(shù)支持[2]。
多年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者通過(guò)OCT對(duì)RVO患者黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜的各種形態(tài)學(xué)改變對(duì)視力的影響進(jìn)行了不斷的研究,現(xiàn)對(duì)這些研究作一綜述。
RVO患者最常見的并發(fā)癥就是黃斑水腫,也是本病患者視力降低的主要原因之一。黃斑水腫主要是由于靜脈阻塞導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)屏障破壞,血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子上調(diào),視網(wǎng)膜毛細(xì)血管滲漏導(dǎo)致液體積聚于視網(wǎng)膜外核層及外叢狀層,形成黃斑區(qū)囊樣水腫[3]。OCT表現(xiàn)為黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜隆起,厚度增加,中心有多個(gè)大小不等的囊腔及液體聚集。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究[4-6]表明黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜厚度與初診視力呈負(fù)相關(guān),但與預(yù)后視力并無(wú)相關(guān)性。Noma等[5]采用OCT獲得RVO合并ME的患者黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜的厚度及最佳矯正視力(best corrected visual acuity, BCVA),得出患者初診BCVA與黃斑中心凹的視網(wǎng)膜厚度呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有研究者[7]給黃斑水腫患者治療后,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨診BCVA與中心凹外核層、橢圓體區(qū)厚度相關(guān),而與中心凹整體厚度并無(wú)相關(guān)性,主要是由于黃斑區(qū)水腫形成過(guò)程中,光感受器細(xì)胞的丟失及功能受損。
2黃斑橢圓體區(qū)(即IS/OS區(qū))及外界膜的完整性與視力的關(guān)系
光感受器是視覺神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)形成的第1級(jí)神經(jīng)元,分為視桿和視椎細(xì)胞[1],位于外界膜與視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層之間,即橢圓體區(qū),在高分辨率的OCT上表現(xiàn)多條不同性質(zhì)的反射光帶。若橢圓體區(qū)受損,OCT主要表現(xiàn)為橢圓體區(qū)及外界膜反射光帶連續(xù)性中斷、缺失,或橢圓體區(qū)光帶明顯變細(xì)、粗糙不均勻等。
臨床中發(fā)現(xiàn),部分RVO合并黃斑水腫的患者經(jīng)過(guò)治療,雖然水腫消退,視網(wǎng)膜厚度降低,但是橢圓體區(qū)完整性破壞,視力并沒(méi)有得到提高[8-12]。目前有許多研究[13-16]表明,黃斑中心凹橢圓體區(qū)及外界膜的完整性與多種視網(wǎng)膜疾病的視力預(yù)后有關(guān)。Ota等[12]報(bào)道,BRVO合并長(zhǎng)期反復(fù)黃斑水腫患者的中心凹橢圓體區(qū)的完整性與視力是密切相關(guān)的。即使中心凹有大的囊腔,只要囊腔下橢圓體區(qū)是完整的,患者的視力是可以保留的。Costa等[17]表明,其中光感受器外節(jié)對(duì)于視力的影響也是極其重要的。同時(shí),有研究者[18]證實(shí),外界膜的完整性與視力顯著相關(guān)。
板層黃斑裂孔(lamellar macular hole,LMH)是RVO的一個(gè)少有的并發(fā)癥,OCT表現(xiàn)為視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)感覺層的內(nèi)層組織不連續(xù),外層尚有部分組織存在。有研究[19]表明,RVO合并長(zhǎng)期黃斑囊樣水腫可以轉(zhuǎn)變成板層黃斑裂孔。主要是由于長(zhǎng)期玻璃體后界膜或者內(nèi)界膜的牽拉導(dǎo)致黃斑中心凹囊腔壁破裂,盡管這種改變過(guò)程中伴隨著黃斑整體厚度的降低,但并不是影響視功能的主要因素。在現(xiàn)階段的研究中,通過(guò)使用OCT來(lái)測(cè)量,發(fā)現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜黃斑中心凹光感受器厚度在裂孔形成前后沒(méi)有差異,視力也沒(méi)有發(fā)生顯著改變。Ota等[20]也證實(shí),在黃斑板層裂孔形成中,視力沒(méi)有改變,主要原因是LMH形成中,并沒(méi)有對(duì)其下橢圓體區(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)造成損傷。
黃斑前膜(epiretinal membrance,ERM)是RVO較少見的并發(fā)癥之一。OCT表現(xiàn)為黃斑表面線狀高反射信號(hào),有時(shí)可牽拉黃斑中心使其失去正常形態(tài)。Kang等[21]認(rèn)為BRVO繼發(fā)ERM行手術(shù)治療,可以使患者的視網(wǎng)膜在形態(tài)學(xué)和功能學(xué)上有所提高。他們的研究納入伴有黃斑前膜的BRVO患者,行手術(shù)治療后,橢圓體區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)完整的患者,術(shù)后視力是可以保留的。現(xiàn)階段的研究證實(shí)繼發(fā)性ERM相比特發(fā)性ERM預(yù)后視力較差,因?yàn)槠錂E圓體區(qū)及外界膜連續(xù)性中斷的比例明顯高于特發(fā)性黃斑前膜,可能與RVO本身缺血、水腫有關(guān)[22-24]。因此橢圓體區(qū)的完整性是影響B(tài)RVO繼發(fā)黃斑前膜術(shù)后視力的重要因素。
有研究者[25-27]通過(guò)最新的OCT在糖尿病性黃斑水腫、RVO、年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性等疾病中的視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)外層檢測(cè)到高反射病灶(hyperreflective foci,HF)。目前這種病灶的來(lái)源并不清楚,可能與硬性滲出形成有關(guān)或者是視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)屏障破壞后脂蛋白溢出血管外造成的[28]。Kang等[29]納入97例BRVO繼發(fā)ME患者,通過(guò)OCT掃描HF的位置將患者分為3組:HF在橢圓體區(qū);HF在內(nèi)層視網(wǎng)膜;無(wú)HF。最后得出結(jié)論,HF在橢圓體區(qū)的患者預(yù)后視力較其他兩組較差。位于橢圓體區(qū)的HF可能會(huì)引起光感受器細(xì)胞排列紊亂或者連續(xù)性中斷,使其結(jié)構(gòu)損壞比例明顯增高,所以HF在視網(wǎng)膜的位置及數(shù)量可預(yù)測(cè)最終橢圓體區(qū)的形態(tài)和預(yù)后的視力。
部分RVO患者在OCT中可見視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞層(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)光帶前有神經(jīng)上皮脫離暗區(qū)。有研究者[30-33]發(fā)現(xiàn),RVO同時(shí)合并黃斑水腫及漿液性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(serous retinal detachment,SRD)的患者,BCVA較只合并黃斑水腫的患者差。分析原因可能是:黃斑中心凹內(nèi)層有一種倒置的細(xì)胞——Müller細(xì)胞,它的尖端位于外界膜處。當(dāng)視網(wǎng)膜靜脈發(fā)生阻塞時(shí),中心凹毛細(xì)血管滲漏積聚導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜增厚及囊腔形成,隨著滲漏的增加,Müller細(xì)胞牽拉光感受器細(xì)胞,最終導(dǎo)致中心凹神經(jīng)上皮的脫離。其中會(huì)損傷外界膜和光感受器的內(nèi)外節(jié),從而影響視力。
RVO主要表現(xiàn)為受累靜脈迂曲擴(kuò)張,沿阻塞靜脈火焰狀出血,累及黃斑可致黃斑水腫。黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜出血(macular retinal hemorrhage,MRH)在OCT可以表現(xiàn)為黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)或者視網(wǎng)膜下團(tuán)片狀高反射信號(hào),其下方有光學(xué)陰影和屏蔽效應(yīng)。目前研究[34]表明,通過(guò)OCT初次檢測(cè)到的無(wú)論處于視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)或視網(wǎng)膜下的出血與初診視力并無(wú)相關(guān)性,即使出血位于中心凹,也并沒(méi)有對(duì)中心凹的視功能產(chǎn)生直接的損傷。然而,對(duì)于預(yù)后視力來(lái)講,卻與中心凹視網(wǎng)膜下出血相關(guān)??赡転橐暰W(wǎng)膜內(nèi)的出血穿過(guò)橢圓體區(qū)流入視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮層下,其間損傷了橢圓體區(qū),從而損害了視功能。
OCT是近些年來(lái)應(yīng)用于眼科的一種新檢查方法,可以探知視網(wǎng)膜的超微結(jié)構(gòu),為指導(dǎo)臨床相關(guān)眼底疾病的治療提供了可靠依據(jù)。其中,通過(guò)OCT探測(cè)RVO后黃斑區(qū)的形態(tài)學(xué)改變,包括黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜厚度增加、出血、神經(jīng)上皮層下的積液形成、黃斑前膜形成、板層黃斑裂孔、外界膜斷裂等,黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜可以發(fā)生一種或者多種改變,且這些改變均可導(dǎo)致橢圓體區(qū)的損傷,所以橢圓體區(qū)的完整性對(duì)于患者的視力預(yù)后是至關(guān)重要的。
雖然OCT可以對(duì)眼底組織斷層進(jìn)行清晰成像,然而卻不能得到視網(wǎng)膜血管的相關(guān)信息,所以目前誕生了以O(shè)CT為基礎(chǔ)的血管成像技術(shù)——光學(xué)相干層析掃描血管成像(Angio-OCT,OCTA)[35],可以為我們提供視網(wǎng)膜脈絡(luò)膜血管不同層面的結(jié)構(gòu)及形態(tài),是臨床定性、定量評(píng)估視網(wǎng)膜血管疾病發(fā)展情況及治療效果的新技術(shù)。
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Progressoftherelationshipbetweenmacularmorphologyandvisualacuityinretinalveinocclusionpatients
HAOMi,GESheng-li,WANGLi-lun.
DepartmentofOphthalmology,AffiliatedHospitalofYan′anUniversity,Yan′an716000,China
GE Sheng-li, Email: vitor_ge@126.com
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a major cause of blindness in adult. In recent years, with the rapid development of optical coherence tomography technology, observing the microchanges of retina became possible. This article reviewed the recent researches of relationship between maculalutea’optical coherence tomography imaging characteristics in RVO patients and visual acuity. (Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol,2017,17:375-377)
Retinal vein occlusion; Optical coherence tomography; Visual acuity
2016-10-18)
(本文編輯 諸靜英)
延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院眼科 延安 716000
葛勝利(Email: vitor_ge@126.com)
10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2017.05.019