石秀東, 黃詩(shī)雯, 施裕新
1.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬公共衛(wèi)生臨床中心影像科,上海 201508 2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,南京 211166
·綜 述·
磁共振診斷HIV相關(guān)進(jìn)行性多灶性腦白質(zhì)病的研究進(jìn)展
石秀東1△, 黃詩(shī)雯2△, 施裕新1*
1.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬公共衛(wèi)生臨床中心影像科,上海 201508 2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,南京 211166
進(jìn)行性多灶性腦白質(zhì)病(progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,PML)是一種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘性疾病,主要發(fā)生于獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS)俗稱艾滋病患者,病變發(fā)展較為復(fù)雜,臨床表現(xiàn)也多種多樣,死亡率高,因此早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及精確診斷對(duì)治療有很大意義。本文對(duì)艾滋病相關(guān)進(jìn)行性多灶性腦白質(zhì)病的病理、臨床特點(diǎn)及磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)表現(xiàn)作簡(jiǎn)要綜述。
獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征;進(jìn)行性多灶性腦白質(zhì)病;磁共振
進(jìn)行性多灶性腦白質(zhì)病(progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,PML)是一種由JC 病毒(John Cunningham virus,JCV)感染中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)所致的亞急性脫髓鞘性疾病。在獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS)出現(xiàn)與傳播后,PML的發(fā)生率明顯上升,AIDS也成為PML發(fā)生的主要致病因素之一。目前,約4%的AIDS患者合并PML[1]。PML臨床表現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜,且AIDS患者經(jīng)高效抗反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒治療(highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART)后腦脊液聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)敏感性下降,使臨床對(duì)PML患者的檢出率較低[2]。磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在腦部疾病的臨床診斷中優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,尤其在彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、擴(kuò)散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)、磁共振波譜(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)、磁敏感加權(quán)成像(susceptibility weighting imaging,SWI)等技術(shù)應(yīng)用后,可以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑PML病變并對(duì)病變進(jìn)展做出有效評(píng)價(jià),有很大的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
JCV是一種嗜神經(jīng)性病毒,可以專一地作用于少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,引起嚴(yán)重、廣泛和多階段的脫髓鞘病變,典型的病理改變?yōu)橹袠猩窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)白質(zhì)內(nèi)進(jìn)行性脫髓鞘,不伴炎癥反應(yīng)和壞死。鏡檢可見(jiàn)皮質(zhì)下白質(zhì)區(qū)的脫髓鞘病變,病變周?chē)邪藬U(kuò)大的少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,其內(nèi)有嗜酸性核包涵體,結(jié)構(gòu)不清。病變區(qū)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞也有不同程度增大,內(nèi)見(jiàn)分葉狀的細(xì)胞核和嗜酸性包涵體[3]。除典型的白質(zhì)病變,研究[4]證實(shí),感染也發(fā)生于小腦顆粒細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元及灰質(zhì)內(nèi)的皮質(zhì)椎體神經(jīng)元。由于病程的漸進(jìn)性發(fā)展,故病變的部位、大小和數(shù)量各不相同,臨床表現(xiàn)也多種多樣,缺乏特異性。在PML患者中,頂、額葉的受累最為常見(jiàn),其次為顳葉、枕葉和胼胝體,故患者以認(rèn)知功能障礙或偏癱、偏身感覺(jué)障礙就診最為常見(jiàn)[5]。病變也可見(jiàn)于小腦、腦干、頸段脊髓等部位,罕見(jiàn)病例可見(jiàn)病變從初級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)束開(kāi)始沿著整個(gè)左側(cè)錐體束,延伸至腦干、最后交叉到右側(cè)延髓[6]。部分病變由白質(zhì)延至灰質(zhì)可能與基底節(jié)區(qū)及鄰近的有髓神經(jīng)纖維受累有關(guān)[7]。
人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)相關(guān)的PML 預(yù)后較差,目前還沒(méi)有一種針對(duì)JCV的特異性治療藥物,臨床治療大多采用抗病毒治療和免疫重建治療,主要以HAART為主[8]。HAART可增強(qiáng)患者的免疫系統(tǒng),提高患者的生存率和預(yù)后[9,14],但其應(yīng)用對(duì)PML的發(fā)生率影響較小[10]。Sidhu等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)HAART后6個(gè)月內(nèi)患PML的患者,病變多累及小腦,且大部分局限于小腦和腦干。通過(guò)與以往病例的對(duì)比研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在HAART前發(fā)生PML的患者,58%~60%伴有小腦幕下區(qū)域的受累,而僅有6%~7%的患者病變僅累及小腦和(或)腦干。因此推測(cè),PML的小腦病變是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的臨床類型,原因可能與免疫重建的延遲或低效有關(guān)。另一項(xiàng)研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),PML發(fā)生于HAART治療前的患者與PML發(fā)生于HAART 治療6個(gè)月后的患者,均有高病毒載量和低生存率;而PML發(fā)生于治療后6個(gè)月內(nèi)的患者,患者藥物反應(yīng)良好,較前者病毒載量較低,生存率也相對(duì)較高,反映了HAART的應(yīng)用與患者臨床預(yù)后之間關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)。部分使用HAART治療的PML患者會(huì)引起免疫重建炎癥綜合征(immune reconstraction inflammatory syndrome,IRIS),其發(fā)生率為10%~20%[12],可能與HAART促使JVC的反應(yīng)或通過(guò)免疫重建揭露早已存在的亞臨床PML有關(guān)[11],具體發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不明確,但HAART 后對(duì)PML發(fā)生的機(jī)制可能并沒(méi)有影響[10]。在PML患者使用HAART或免疫抑制藥后出現(xiàn)病情惡化時(shí),區(qū)別是PML的自然進(jìn)展還是PML-IRIS影響著藥物選擇,使用類固醇藥物對(duì)PML-IRIS患者的病情有很大改善[13],有著較好的療效。PML患者在預(yù)后方面差別較大,當(dāng)CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)目<100/mL時(shí)提示患者預(yù)后較差,而高CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)目、低病毒量以及病變的MRI增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)等都有相對(duì)較好的預(yù)后[14]。當(dāng)前,對(duì)PML的危險(xiǎn)因素的研究取得了重要進(jìn)展,但在疾病的診斷、精確預(yù)測(cè)、預(yù)防和治療方面的進(jìn)展依舊緩慢[15]。這些方面是今后研究工作的方向。
2.1 常規(guī)序列影像 典型的PML病變好發(fā)于大腦半球白質(zhì)及灰白質(zhì)交界,以額葉和頂葉最常受累,其次為顳葉、枕葉和胼胝體[16]。MRI的表現(xiàn)為單發(fā)或多發(fā)病變,邊界不清,T1加權(quán)像(T1weighted image,T1WI)早期病變?yōu)樯缘托盘?hào),隨著病情進(jìn)展,低信號(hào)區(qū)不斷擴(kuò)大,伴有病變區(qū)融合、皮質(zhì)萎縮和腦室擴(kuò)大等變化[17];T2加權(quán)像(T2weighted image,T2WI)為高信號(hào);液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,F(xiàn)LAIR)為高信號(hào)。典型病變通常不對(duì)稱,且無(wú)水腫、占位及增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn),但少數(shù)有輕度占位效應(yīng)及微弱增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)的病例也被報(bào)道[14,18]。HAART后引起PML-IRIS的患者可出現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn),發(fā)生率約為56%,可能與血腦屏障破壞后的炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)[19]。
2.2 DWI影像 相比于常規(guī)的MRI檢查方法,DWI在研究白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)和白質(zhì)病變方面價(jià)值更大。在DWI上,典型活動(dòng)期的PML病變表現(xiàn)為中央低信號(hào)區(qū)和外周高信號(hào)區(qū)。有研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),中央?yún)^(qū)病變的大小與PML患者的臨床疾病進(jìn)展和嚴(yán)重程度存在相關(guān)性,病變區(qū)越大,病情越重,病程越長(zhǎng)。因此,對(duì)病變進(jìn)展程度的判斷有很好的指導(dǎo)作用。伴隨著病變的進(jìn)展,DWI上外周病變區(qū)的高信號(hào)隨著病情發(fā)展逐漸降低,而在T2WI上高信號(hào)漸增高。一些學(xué)者將DWI、表觀彌散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)圖與病理相結(jié)合,進(jìn)行了更加深入的研究。在ADC圖上,PML病變按照時(shí)間進(jìn)展的差異可以分為3個(gè)部分[21-22]。ADC值較高區(qū),對(duì)應(yīng)于DWI的中央?yún)^(qū)低信號(hào)區(qū),病變進(jìn)展處于終末階段;ADC值居中區(qū)和ADC值較低區(qū),對(duì)應(yīng)于DWI的外周高信號(hào)區(qū),其中ADC值居中區(qū),病變進(jìn)展處于中間階段,為血管水腫、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)修復(fù)引起;ADC值較低區(qū),是病變進(jìn)展階段,為活動(dòng)期病毒感染、細(xì)胞毒性水腫引起。DWI上ADC值的不同反映出病變區(qū)的病理差異。因此,識(shí)別外周高信號(hào)區(qū)與低信號(hào)區(qū),能夠監(jiān)測(cè)快速進(jìn)展的病變。
2.3 DTI影像 DTI利用組織內(nèi)水分子擴(kuò)散的各向異性特征顯示腦白質(zhì)纖維束,通過(guò)各向異性分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional anisotropy,F(xiàn)A)值可以反映神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的微觀變化[23]。DTI能夠鑒別可逆性的血管水腫和不可逆性的細(xì)胞水腫,且在評(píng)價(jià)髓鞘和白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)完整性方面敏感性高,早于常規(guī)序列和DWI發(fā)現(xiàn)腦白質(zhì)病變,可用于PML病變的早期診斷和疾病治療后的評(píng)價(jià)[24]。
2.4 MRS影像 MRS是活體無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)代謝產(chǎn)物的方法,在識(shí)別HIV陽(yáng)性患者腦部病變方面有較高的敏感性。MRS通過(guò)病變區(qū)波峰的變化反映病變的代謝情況,為腦部疾病的影像學(xué)鑒別診斷提供重要的信息。N-乙酰天門(mén)冬氨酸(N-acetyl aspartate,NAA)是正常的神經(jīng)元標(biāo)志物,在病變部位其峰值隨軸突損傷而降低[25],且軸突損傷一般發(fā)生在病情進(jìn)展的最后階段,病變程度僅次于嚴(yán)重的髓鞘損傷;膽堿化合物(choline,Cho)反映腦內(nèi)總膽堿含量,其峰值上升表明神經(jīng)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞膜和髓鞘的損傷,且新發(fā)病變部位的CHo上升程度較大、NAA下降程度較小,暗示新發(fā)病變部位的脫髓鞘過(guò)程更為活躍[26]。乳酸(lactate,Lac)的下降與細(xì)胞缺氧和ATP合成下降有關(guān);脂質(zhì)(lipids,Lip)的上升可能反映胞膜合成;肌酸(creatine,Cr)為肌酸和磷酸肌酸總和,反映能量代謝。大多數(shù)PML病變出現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)時(shí),表明有炎癥、血腦屏障破壞和水腫的存在[19]。但部分IRIS患者在病變出現(xiàn)MRI增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)之前臨床表現(xiàn)已有惡化,因此病變的MRI增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)不是預(yù)測(cè)IRIS的可靠方法,尋找更為準(zhǔn)確的途徑識(shí)別PML-IRIS對(duì)患者的治療和預(yù)后有重大的意義[2,27]。PML病變中Lip信號(hào)的出現(xiàn)與免疫細(xì)胞有關(guān),Lip信號(hào)被認(rèn)為是淋巴細(xì)胞激活的標(biāo)志[28];對(duì)于PML病變,MRS檢查中Lip/Cr的上升可能與活化T細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)有關(guān)。Gheuens等[2]提出,用Lip/Cr比值變化和MRI是否增強(qiáng)聯(lián)合診斷PML-IRIS的方法,以提高疾病的早期檢出率。在MRS鑒別HIV引起的腦部相關(guān)疾病方面,PML和淋巴瘤病變都以低水平的NAA值為特點(diǎn),比弓形蟲(chóng)、HIV腦病低[29]。淋巴瘤的特點(diǎn)是NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值較低,脂類信號(hào)更為常見(jiàn);而PML以低NAA值、缺乏脂類信號(hào)為特點(diǎn)。因此MRS也有利于HIV相關(guān)腦部病變的早期鑒別。
2.5 SWI影像 目前SWI在PML研究方面的應(yīng)用較少。SWI在多發(fā)性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)的研究[30-31]表明,病變區(qū)的征像可能與大量的鐵積聚有關(guān);PML病變中,也可能存在鐵聚積,但具體的機(jī)制尚不明確。Miyagawa等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),SWI低信號(hào)對(duì)PML診斷有一定輔助作用,其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SWI可識(shí)別靠近皮質(zhì)下PML病變的低信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的U形纖維,且病變進(jìn)展伴隨著白質(zhì)區(qū)病變進(jìn)展。當(dāng)FLAIR和DWI發(fā)現(xiàn)的高信號(hào)病變局限于右側(cè)額葉時(shí),很難診斷PML;但在SWI上,靠近右側(cè)額葉下皮質(zhì)區(qū)病變的U形纖維較早出現(xiàn)低信號(hào),早于FLAIR和DWI上左側(cè)中央前回皮質(zhì)下區(qū)高信號(hào)的出現(xiàn)。SWI在PML病變機(jī)制和診斷方面的應(yīng)用仍需深入研究。
PML是一種亞急性脫髓鞘腦病,主要見(jiàn)于自身免疫功能低下的患者。隨著AIDS發(fā)病率的上升,其發(fā)病率也明顯增加?;加蠵ML的患者臨床表現(xiàn)大多復(fù)雜,給疾病的診斷帶來(lái)較大困難。在臨床工作中,當(dāng)HIV患者影像學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)近皮質(zhì)區(qū)白質(zhì)的單發(fā)或多發(fā)病變,無(wú)占位及增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)時(shí),應(yīng)結(jié)合DWI、MRS等影像學(xué)方法以及HIV血清學(xué)檢查進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析,以防漏診和誤診。對(duì)于HAART后臨床表現(xiàn)惡化的患者,判斷是否為IRIS有較大意義,可為患者的治療贏得時(shí)間。當(dāng)前,影像學(xué)的快速發(fā)展和PML患者生存時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)了其影像學(xué)研究的發(fā)展,進(jìn)一步的研究應(yīng)關(guān)注于影像學(xué)新技術(shù)在疾病診斷中的應(yīng)用以及聯(lián)合多種影像技術(shù)進(jìn)行疾病的早期診斷,提高疾病的發(fā)現(xiàn)率及早期檢出率。
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[本文編輯] 葉 婷, 曉 路
Advance in HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on magnetic resonance imaging
SHI Xiu-dong1△, HUANG Shi-wen2△, SHI Yu-xin1*
1.Department of Radiology,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai 201508, China 2.School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a central nervous system demyelinating disease, which mainly occurs in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients.For its complicated clinical presentation, early detection and accurate diagnosis are of great significance for treatment.This article reviews the study progress of AIDS-related PML on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
acquired immune deficiency syndrome; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; magnetic resonance imaging
2016-07-26 [接受日期] 2017-02-14
石秀東,碩士生.E-mail: 601484544@qq.com; 黃詩(shī)雯,本科.E-mail: 869220636@qq.com
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2017.20160764
R 445.2
A
△共同第一作者(Co-first authors).
*通信作者(Corresponding author).Tel: 021-37990333, E-mail: shiyx828288@163.com