侯福濤,黃忠誠,陳子華
(1.湖南省人民醫(yī)院胃腸結(jié)直腸肛門外科,長沙410005;2.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院胃腸外科,湖南長沙410008)
沉默EphA2表達(dá)對胃癌AGS細(xì)胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的影響*
侯福濤1,黃忠誠1,陳子華2△
(1.湖南省人民醫(yī)院胃腸結(jié)直腸肛門外科,長沙410005;2.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院胃腸外科,湖南長沙410008)
目的探討EphA2基因表達(dá)沉默對胃癌AGS細(xì)胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的影響機制。方法將對數(shù)生長期的胃癌AGS細(xì)胞接種于6孔板并分為EphA2 siRNA組、陰性對照組和空白對照組。采用EphA2 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染胃癌AGS細(xì)胞,采用實時定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)檢測轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞EphA2的表達(dá),采用相差顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)的變化,采用Transwell實驗檢測轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞的侵襲能力,應(yīng)用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞E-cadherin和vimentin蛋白的表達(dá)。結(jié)果EphA2 siRNA組的EphA2 mRNA相對表達(dá)量(0.343±0.035)明顯低于陰性對照組(0.950±0.036)和空白對照組(0.997±0.065),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);EphA2 siRNA組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞呈上皮細(xì)胞樣,陰性對照組和空白對照組細(xì)胞呈間質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞;EphA2 siRNA組的侵襲細(xì)胞數(shù)[(29.1±2.6)個]明顯少于陰性對照組[(52.2±2.6)個]和空白對照組[(56.2±4.0)個],差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);EphA2 siRNA組E-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)量較陰性對照組和空白對照的E-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)量明顯上調(diào),而vimentin蛋白的表達(dá)量明顯下調(diào),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論沉默AGS細(xì)胞EphA2的表達(dá)能夠抑制胃癌細(xì)胞由上皮樣細(xì)胞向間質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,降低AGS細(xì)胞的侵襲力,上調(diào)上皮性標(biāo)志物E-cadherin的表達(dá),下調(diào)間質(zhì)性標(biāo)志物vimentin的表達(dá)。
胃腫瘤; RNA; 基因表達(dá); 蛋白質(zhì)類; 基因沉默; 上皮細(xì)胞; 生物轉(zhuǎn)化
胃癌是消化系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤,為惡性腫瘤第2死因[1]。侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)是大多數(shù)胃癌患者的主要死亡原因。胃癌浸潤、轉(zhuǎn)移涉及多個分子、多條信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的相互作用和交叉調(diào)控。上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)是上皮細(xì)胞在特定的生理和病理情況下向間質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的現(xiàn)象[2]。具體表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞間黏附連接表達(dá)下調(diào),如E-cadherin/catenins復(fù)合體,出現(xiàn)間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物如N-cadherin、vimentin等表達(dá),細(xì)胞重排、形成新的細(xì)胞基質(zhì)之間的黏附等,對于腫瘤細(xì)胞結(jié)果就是細(xì)胞之間的黏附力減弱,侵襲能力增強,通過EMT為上皮來源的腫瘤細(xì)胞提供侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移基礎(chǔ)[3]。Eph基因家族具有受體酪氨酸激酶的活性,在調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞生長、增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中起關(guān)鍵作用[4]。EphA2受體是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的14種Eph受體之一,在多種上皮性腫瘤中呈高表達(dá)[5]。最近有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EphA2與EMT有關(guān),但其機制尚不十分明確[6]。深入研究EphA2調(diào)控胃癌EMT的機制,能為胃癌的治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 材料 人胃癌AGS細(xì)胞購自中科院上海細(xì)胞庫;選擇針對EphA2 mRNA第317~335位序列為RNA干擾的靶序列,由上海吉瑪制藥技術(shù)有限公司合成;EphA2抗體、E-cadherin抗體、vimentin抗體均購自美國Santa Cruz公司;GAPDH抗體購自北京中杉金橋生物公司;Transwell小室購自美國康寧公司;Lipofectamine2000購自美國Invitrogen公司;Matrigel基質(zhì)膠購自美國BD公司;胎牛血清、PRMI1640培養(yǎng)基均購自美國Hyclone公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及EphA2 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染 AGS細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于PRMI1640培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清)中,1~2 d更換培養(yǎng)基,2~4 d用0.25%胰酶消化傳代,取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實驗。將對數(shù)生長期AGS細(xì)胞接種于6孔板并分為三組(EphA2 siRNA組、陰性對照組、空白對照組),待細(xì)胞生長至80%左右融合時進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染:EphA2 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染組加入Lipofectamine2000、無血清雙抗培養(yǎng)基(OPTI-MEMI)及siRNA(終濃度為20 mmol/L);陰性對照組加入 Lipofectamine2000、OPTI-MEMI及control siRNA(終濃度為20mmol/L)。質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染按照Lipofectamine2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑說明書進(jìn)行。轉(zhuǎn)染后,三組細(xì)胞繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)6 h后更換PRMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清),繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24h。
1.2.2 轉(zhuǎn)染后AGS細(xì)胞EphA2 mRNA的檢測 轉(zhuǎn)染了EphA2 siRNA、control siRNA和未轉(zhuǎn)染的AGS細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24 h后,收集細(xì)胞實時定量反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RT-PCR)檢測EphA2 mRNA的表達(dá)情況。用Trizol試劑盒提取各組細(xì)胞總RNA。實時定量RT-PCR套裝試劑盒進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄及PCR。定量PCR反應(yīng)條件:42℃、90min,95℃、5 min,冰上冷卻,擴(kuò)增40個循環(huán)。內(nèi)參選用β-actin。引物序列:EphA2上游引物為5′-GAGAAGGATGGCGAGTTCAG-3′,下游引物為5′-TCAGACACCTTGCA GACCAG-3′;β-actin上游引物為5′-ACAGAGCCTCGCCTTTGCCGATC-3′,下游引物為5′-ATCCTTCTGACCCATGCCCACCA-3′。每個反應(yīng)設(shè)3個復(fù)孔。EphA2 mRNA相對表達(dá)采用ΔΔCt法計算。
1.2.3 各組AGS細(xì)胞形態(tài)觀察 采用相差顯微鏡進(jìn)行觀察。AGS細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染EphA2 siRNA(EphA2 siRNA組)、control siRNA(陰性對照組)和未轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞(空白對照組)培養(yǎng)48 h消化后制成細(xì)胞懸液,以每孔2×104個接種至6孔板。每組分別設(shè)3個復(fù)孔,相差顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化并拍照。
1.2.4 各組AGS細(xì)胞侵襲能力檢測 采用Transwell實驗進(jìn)行檢測。Transwell小室底部膜的上室面用50 mg/L基質(zhì)膠1∶8稀釋液包被,4℃風(fēng)干,然后加入50 μL含10 g/L胎牛血清的清蛋白培養(yǎng)液,于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱30 min使基質(zhì)膠凝固;胰酶消化收集各組細(xì)胞后調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至每孔1×105個,制成單細(xì)胞懸液,取100μL加入小室上層,下層加入500 μL PRMI1640培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清),培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng)24 h,取出小室,用棉簽擦去基質(zhì)膠和上室內(nèi)的細(xì)胞,然后95%乙醇固定15min,甲苯胺藍(lán)染色5 min,計數(shù)膜背面的細(xì)胞,計算10個視野細(xì)胞數(shù)的平均值。
1.2.5 各組AGS細(xì)胞E-cadherin、vimentin蛋白表達(dá)檢測 采用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法(Western blotting)法進(jìn)行檢測。轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA48h后收集各組細(xì)胞,加細(xì)胞裂解液裂解細(xì)胞并提取總蛋白;核酸檢測儀測定蛋白質(zhì)濃度后,各組以每孔40 μg蛋白上樣;濃縮膠上電泳電壓為60 V,分離膠上電泳電壓為100 V,電泳3 h;用硝酸纖維素膜轉(zhuǎn)膜,用5%脫脂牛奶封閉后分別加E-cadherin抗體、vimentin抗體和GAPDH抗體4℃孵育過夜;以Tris-PBS洗膜3次,每次5 min,室溫下避光孵育二抗1 h;用Tris-PBS洗膜3次,每次5 min,用Odyssey雙色紅外熒光掃膜成像。以目的蛋白與內(nèi)參GAPDH條帶灰度值的比值表示蛋白質(zhì)的相對含量。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 應(yīng)用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料以±s表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;檢驗水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞EphA2 mRNA的相對表達(dá)量比較 EphA2 siRNA組的EphA2 mRNA相對表達(dá)量(0.343±0.035)明顯低于陰性對照組(0.950±0.036)和空白對照組(0.997±0.065),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。陰性對照組與空白對照組EphA2 mRNA相對表達(dá)量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見圖1。
圖1 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞EphA2 mRNA的相對表達(dá)量比較
2.2 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化情況 EphA2 siRNA組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞呈上皮細(xì)胞樣,形態(tài)呈圓形、橢圓形、多角形等,陰性對照組和空白對照組細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為梭形,極性喪失,細(xì)胞間隙增寬,呈間質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞,見圖2。
圖2 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化情況
2.3 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞侵襲能力比較 EphA2 siRNA組的侵襲細(xì)胞數(shù)[(29.1±2.6)個]明顯少于陰性對照組[(52.2±2.6)個]和空白對照組[(56.2±4.0)個],差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而陰性對照組和空白對照組的侵襲細(xì)胞數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見圖3。
圖3 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞侵襲圖
2.4 三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞E-cadherin、vimentin蛋白表達(dá)比較 EphA2 siRNA組E-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)量較陰性對照組和空白對照明顯上調(diào),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),陰性對照組和空白對照組E-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);EphA2 siRNA組vimentin蛋白的表達(dá)量較陰性對照組和空白對照明顯下調(diào),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而陰性對照組和空白對照組vimentin蛋白的表達(dá)量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖4、表1。
圖4 Western blotting檢測三組胃癌AGS細(xì)胞中E-cadherin、vimentin蛋白的表達(dá)
表1 各組AGS細(xì)胞E-cadherin、vimentin蛋白的相對表達(dá)量比較(±s)
表1 各組AGS細(xì)胞E-cadherin、vimentin蛋白的相對表達(dá)量比較(±s)
注:與EphA2 siRNA組比較,aP<0.05。
指標(biāo) 空白對照組 Control siRNA組 EphA2 siRNA組E-cadherin vimentin 0.183±0.009a0.128±0.009a0.179±0.009a0.125±0.008a0.278±0.011 0.063±0.009
胃癌在胃腸道腫瘤中預(yù)后較差,與其容易發(fā)生浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移主要包括侵襲、內(nèi)滲、外滲和轉(zhuǎn)移4個步驟。遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移具體表現(xiàn)為腫瘤細(xì)胞失去細(xì)胞間黏附,獲得遷移能力離開原發(fā)灶,滲入內(nèi)皮血管或淋巴管進(jìn)入體循環(huán),然后外滲定居于遠(yuǎn)端位點[7]。
近年來國內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EMT與腫瘤浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),可能與腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力及腫瘤干細(xì)胞關(guān)系密切[8]。1982年Greenburg等[9]首次提出了EMT的概念,主要特征是上皮細(xì)胞表型的喪失和間質(zhì)特性的獲得。EMT的主要分子特征為:上皮性標(biāo)記物如E-cadherin、αcatenin、橋粒蛋白、細(xì)胞角蛋白等表達(dá)下調(diào),間質(zhì)性標(biāo)記物如vimentin、粘連蛋白、N-cadherin、β-catenin、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶類等表達(dá)上調(diào)[10]。
EphA2在上皮來源的腫瘤中高表達(dá)。本研究證實,胃癌AGS細(xì)胞EphA2呈高表達(dá)。有研究表明,EphA2在腫瘤中高表達(dá)存在轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)節(jié)機制[11]。Fang等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),E-cadherin的功能也可以被Eph受體和配體調(diào)節(jié),表明EphA2在腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物行為可能通過E-cadherin發(fā)揮作用,調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞之間的黏附。本研究應(yīng)用RNA干擾技術(shù)成功抑制了EphA2在AGS細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),在EphA2 siRNA的作用下使AGS細(xì)胞在細(xì)胞形態(tài)方面呈現(xiàn)上皮樣改變,抑制了AGS細(xì)胞由上皮樣細(xì)胞向間質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化,而且轉(zhuǎn)染EphA2 siRNA后AGS細(xì)胞的侵襲能力明顯下降。在EMT分子特征方面,通過EphA2 siRNA作用后,上調(diào)了AGS細(xì)胞上皮表型標(biāo)志物E-cadherin的表達(dá),下調(diào)了間質(zhì)表型標(biāo)志物vimentin的表達(dá)。因此,作者認(rèn)為,EphA2 siRNA能夠抑制胃癌細(xì)胞EMT的發(fā)生,進(jìn)而抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,為研究EphA2在胃癌EMT中的作用提供了一定的理論基礎(chǔ),其具體機制有待進(jìn)一步研究證實。
[1]Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
[2]Thiery JP,Acloque H,Huang RY,et al.Epithelial-Mesenchymal transitions in development and disease[J].Cell,2009,139(5):871-890.
[3]Kalluri R,Weinberg RA.The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition[J]. J Clin Invest,2009,119(6):1420-1428.
[4]Campbell TN,Robbins SM.The Eph receptor/ephrin system:an emerging player in the invasion game[J].Curr Issues Mol Biol,2008,10(1/2):61-65.
[5]Lee HY,Mohammed KA,Goldberg EP,et al.Silencing receptor EphA2 enhanced sensitivity to lipoplatin(TM)in lung tumor and MPM cells[J]. Cancer Invest,2016,34(7):293-304.
[6]Huang J,Xiao D,Li G,et al.EphA2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer cells[J]. Oncogene,2014,33(21):2737-2747.
[7]Duffy MJ,Mcgowan PM,Gallagher WM.Cancer invasion and metastasis:changing views[J].J Pathol,2008,214(3):283-293.
[8]KongD,LiY,WangZ,etal.Cancerstemcellsand Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition(EMT)-Phenotypic cells:are they cousins or twins?[J]. Cancers(Basel),2011,3(1):716-729.
[9]Greenburg G,Hay ED.Epithelia suspended in collagen gels can lose polarity and express characteristics of migrating mesenchymal cells[J].J Cell Biol,1982,95(1):333-339.
[10]Ouyang G,Wang Z,F(xiàn)ang X,et al.Molecular signaling of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in generating and maintaining cancer stem cells[J]. Cell Mol Life Sci,2010,67(15):2605-2618.
[11]Kikuchi S,Kaibe N,Morimoto K,et al.Overexpression of ephrin a2 receptors in cancer stromal cells is a prognostic factor for the relapse of gastric cancer[J].Gastric Cancer,2015,18(3):485-494.
[12]Fang WB,Ireton RC,Zhuang GL,et al.Overexpression of EPHA2 receptor destabilizes adherens junctions via a RhoA-dependent mechanism[J]. J Cell Sci,2008,121(3):358-368.
Effect of silencing EphA2 expression on epithelial mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer AGS cells*
Hou Futao1,Huang Zhongcheng1,Chen Zihua2△
(1.Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Anal Surgery,Hunan Provincial People′s Hospital,Changsha 410005,China;2.Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,Changsha,Hunan 410008,China)
ObjectiveTo study the effect of EphA2 gene expression silencing on epithelial mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer AGS cells and its mechanism.MethodsThe gastric cancer AGS cells at logarithmic growth phase were inoculated at the 6-well plate and divided into the EphA2 siRNA group,negative control group and blank control group.EphA2 siRNA was adopted to transfected to gastric cancer AGS cells.The EphA2 expression was detected by real time quantitative PCR.The cell morphology was observed by phase contrast microscope.The invasive ability of transfected cells was determined by Transwell invasion assay.The expression of E-cadherin and vimentin protein was detected by Western blotting.ResultsThe EphA2 mRNA relative expression amount in the EphA2 siRNA group was 0.343±0.035,which was lower than 0.950±0.036 in the negative control group and 0.997±0.065 in the blank control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);the gastric cancer AGS cells in the EphA2 siRNA group presented as the epithelioid cell,the cells in the negative and blank control groups showed the mesenchymal-like cells;the invasive cells number in the EphA2 siRNA group were 29.1±2.6,which was significantly less than 52.2±2.6 in the negative group and 56.2±4.0 in the blank control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);the E-cadherin protein expression amount in the EphA2 siRNA group was significantly up-regulated compared with the negative group and blank control group,while the vimentin protein expression amount was significantly down-regulated,the differences were sta tistically significant(P<0.05).ConclusionThe EphA2 expression of silencing AGS cells can inhibit the transition from epithelioid cells to mesenchymal like cells,reduces the invasive ability of AGS cells,up-regulates the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and down-regulates the expression of mesenchymal marker vimentin.
Stomach neoplasms; RNA; Gene expression; Proteins; Gene silencing; Epithelial cells; Biotransformation
10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2016.24.002
:A
:1009-5519(2016)24-3744-03
2016-11-01)
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81172297)。
侯福濤(1983-),博士研究生,主要從事胃腸道腫瘤治療研究。
△通訊作者,E-mail:122529274@qq.com。