吳志明 綜述 牟一平 審校
(紹興市中心醫(yī)院 中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)紹興醫(yī)院普外科,紹興 312030)
·文獻綜述·
腹腔鏡胰體尾切除術(shù)后胰漏的防治進展
吳志明*綜述 牟一平①審校
(紹興市中心醫(yī)院 中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)紹興醫(yī)院普外科,紹興 312030)
腹腔鏡胰體尾切除(laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy,LDP)術(shù)后胰漏是困擾普外科醫(yī)生的一個難題,LDP術(shù)后胰漏預(yù)防和治療的關(guān)鍵在于患者圍手術(shù)期管理,遵循個體化治療原則:根據(jù)患者胰腺具體情況,選擇合理的殘端處理方法,術(shù)后密切觀察引流情況,早期診斷胰漏,進行充分引流;合理應(yīng)用抗生素,預(yù)防感染,避免進一步發(fā)生胰周膿腫、出血等嚴重并發(fā)癥。
腹腔鏡胰體尾切除術(shù); 胰漏
1996年Cuschieri等[1]首次報道腹腔鏡胰體尾切除術(shù)(laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy,LDP),隨著外科醫(yī)生腔鏡技術(shù)的提高和腔鏡器械的改進,LDP的適應(yīng)證已經(jīng)與開腹胰體尾切除術(shù)(open distal pancreatectomy,ODP)的適應(yīng)證基本相同,但術(shù)后胰漏發(fā)生率與開腹手術(shù)相比并未得到改善[2,3],文獻[4,5]報道發(fā)生率9.0%~27.0%,仍是術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥之一。胰漏可導(dǎo)致腹腔內(nèi)繼發(fā)感染,形成腹腔膿腫、胰腺假性囊腫等,或腐蝕腹腔內(nèi)血管,引起出血再手術(shù),甚至威脅患者生命,是困擾普外科醫(yī)生的一個難題,因此,LDP術(shù)后胰漏的防治顯得尤為重要。對于如何防治LDP術(shù)后胰漏,國內(nèi)外專家的觀點不盡一致,尚未達成共識,本文就LDP術(shù)后胰漏的防治做一綜述。
2005年由15個國家的38位外科專家組成的國際胰漏定義研究小組(international study group of pancreatic fistula, ISGPF)推出統(tǒng)一的胰漏定義[6],即術(shù)后3 d腹腔引流液淀粉酶值超過正常血清淀粉酶值(110 U/L)的3倍,則被認為有胰漏發(fā)生,并且將胰漏分為A、B、C 3級,其中A級暫時性胰漏,B、C級為臨床相關(guān)性胰漏,見表1。
胰漏的發(fā)生并非單一因素所致,主要包括以下幾個方面原因。①患者因素:年齡、體重、BMI、機體營養(yǎng)狀況、ASA分級及是否合并基礎(chǔ)疾病等;②胰腺因素:胰腺質(zhì)地與厚度,胰管直徑大小,腫瘤性質(zhì)等;③醫(yī)源性因素:手術(shù)時間,術(shù)中出血,胰腺切除技術(shù),胰腺殘端、主胰管處理技術(shù),是否聯(lián)合脾臟切除及術(shù)后處理等。Yoshioka等[7]對100例胰體尾切除進行臨床分析,患者年齡<65歲、主胰管未結(jié)扎、擴大淋巴結(jié)清掃是胰漏發(fā)生的獨立因素,首次報道低齡是胰漏發(fā)生的一個因素,分析與胰腺外分泌功能有關(guān),隨著年齡增長而外分泌功能減弱。Goh等[8]分析他們中心21年來232例胰體尾切除的臨床資料,體重大、ASA Ⅳ級以上、術(shù)中出血>1 L、白蛋白水平下降、是否結(jié)扎主胰管與胰漏發(fā)生有密切關(guān)系。目前,研究最多的是醫(yī)源性因素,其中最直接、最密切的影響因素是胰腺殘端的關(guān)閉方法[9,10]。
表1 ISGPF對術(shù)后胰漏分級
預(yù)防是降低胰漏發(fā)生率的關(guān)鍵,可以針對上述相關(guān)影響因素采取相應(yīng)的改善措施,包括:①改善患者圍手術(shù)期的情況,如糾正低蛋白血癥,控制血糖血壓,降低ASA分級等;②提高術(shù)者的腔鏡技術(shù),控制醫(yī)源性因素,根據(jù)胰腺因素,選擇個體化的殘端閉合方案;③應(yīng)用生長抑素及其類似物,控制胰液分泌。在上述3個措施中,選擇合適的殘端閉合方式是最有效最直接的預(yù)防措施,也是最難的。
3.1 腹腔鏡下胰腺殘端處理方式對術(shù)后胰漏的預(yù)防
腹腔鏡下胰腺殘端處理方法主要有[11,12]:用直線切割閉合器、超聲刀、LigaSure、雙極電刀離斷胰腺,用生物蛋白膠或生物補片、自身組織封閉殘端,選擇性結(jié)扎主胰管,間斷或連續(xù)縫合殘端,胰管空腸或胃吻合處理殘端等,另外,還有射頻消融法處理胰尾部腫瘤,但沒有一個有效而標準的殘端閉合方案。
腹腔鏡胰腺手術(shù)中,閉合器關(guān)閉胰腺殘端有方便快捷,節(jié)約手術(shù)時間,立即止血等優(yōu)點,但比較貴,安全性存在爭議:Misawa等[13]倡導(dǎo)應(yīng)用,如應(yīng)用Endo-GIA后,甚至可杜絕胰漏;Kleeff 等[9]則反對應(yīng)用,報道閉合器封閉殘端者胰漏發(fā)生率(23/145)高于手工縫合(9/97);Diener等[14]則保持中立態(tài)度,他們的研究顯示177例使用閉合器中,術(shù)后7 d胰漏發(fā)生率為32%,術(shù)后30 d胰漏發(fā)生率為36%,A級占43%,B級占32%,C級占25%,與手工縫合相比無任何優(yōu)勢[14]。另外,還有更大樣本量研究[15]顯示兩者胰漏發(fā)生率無明顯差異,他們認為手工縫合更易掌握殘端的張力及緊張性,而閉合器容易致組織破碎,造成胰管尤其是分支胰管的破損,從而導(dǎo)致胰漏。為減少閉合器對胰腺組織的切割和撕裂,Thaker等[16]和Jimenez等[17]提出使用可吸收網(wǎng)片加強直線切割閉合器的切割部位;Velanovich[18]報道使用組織膠封閉胰腺殘端;Abe等[19]提出術(shù)前置入胰管支架來預(yù)防術(shù)后胰漏。另外,有學(xué)者[20~22]提出根據(jù)胰腺厚度和實質(zhì)來選擇不同型號的閉合器;針對較厚而且纖維化胰腺,提出“預(yù)壓胰腺法”離斷胰腺,即先緩慢擠壓胰腺,隨后離斷胰腺,然后胰腺斷端用4-0 Prolene線U形縫合,必要時用生物蛋白膠涂抹創(chuàng)面,這種方法可以有效預(yù)防胰漏,我們也推行此手段[23]。
生物蛋白膠一般直接應(yīng)用于胰腺殘端斷面,作為進一步封閉殘端的方法。Konishi等[24]對51例聯(lián)合多器官切除在縫合胰腺殘端前將生物蛋白膠注入主胰管,術(shù)后無胰漏發(fā)生;然而Ferrone等[25]報道用生物蛋白膠封閉殘端,胰漏的發(fā)生率為39%,并未降低胰漏的發(fā)生率。可見,生物蛋白膠的作用尚未統(tǒng)一,并未得到廣泛接受。另外,還有用自身組織進行殘端包裹封閉,如胃壁漿膜層[26]、大網(wǎng)膜[18]。
結(jié)扎主胰管能明顯降低胰漏發(fā)生率,Bilimoria等[27]回顧性分析126例LDP的臨床資料,主胰管結(jié)扎的74例中,胰漏的發(fā)生率為9.6%,未行主胰管結(jié)扎的52例胰漏的發(fā)生率為34%,兩者之間有明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);另外,為避免胰腺斷面分支胰管開放導(dǎo)致胰漏的可能,提倡切斷胰腺使之成為“魚嘴狀”,用Prolene線間斷或褥式縫合,因其張力均勻,殘端血運良好,主分支胰管封閉佳,針線造成的組織損傷小,故胰漏發(fā)生率低。腹腔鏡下進行主胰管結(jié)扎有一定難度,因為腹腔鏡下很難找到主胰管,Bilimoria等[27]報道高達42%的患者不能明確主胰管位置。
胰腸吻合也是一種防止術(shù)后胰漏的方法[28],但在腹腔鏡胰體尾切除術(shù)中應(yīng)用較少,因為胰腸吻合不僅延長手術(shù)時間,而且一旦發(fā)生吻合口漏,腸液激活胰酶,繼發(fā)細菌感染可導(dǎo)致更為嚴重的并發(fā)癥,該術(shù)式前提條件是近端胰管梗阻,遠端胰管壓力增高,一般提倡胰腺殘端與空腸吻合。
3.2 奧曲肽及生長抑素對胰漏的預(yù)防
Allen等[29]認為使用生長抑素可以減少胰液的分泌,從而降低胰漏的發(fā)生率,但也有認為預(yù)防性使用生長抑素并不能降低胰漏的發(fā)生率,分析原因可能與下列因素有關(guān):生長抑素濃縮了胰液,不利于防止胰漏的發(fā)生,減少內(nèi)臟血流,不利于殘端愈合;抑制T細胞功能,不利于術(shù)后免疫系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)[30]。Angst等[31]在胰腺手術(shù)中是否常規(guī)使用奧曲肽或生長抑素類似物上保持中立態(tài)度,既不支持,也不反對。由此可見,對此學(xué)者也無統(tǒng)一的觀點。
LDP術(shù)后胰漏的治療應(yīng)根據(jù)患者全身狀況,胰漏程度、發(fā)生時間及術(shù)者經(jīng)驗綜合考慮[32],分為非手術(shù)治療與手術(shù)治療。
4.1 胰漏的非手術(shù)治療
研究表明大多數(shù)胰漏,如ISGPF臨床分級中A、B級患者,非手術(shù)治療治愈率可高達90%以上[8]。非手術(shù)治療的策略集中在以下幾個方面[33]:①保持引流通暢,防止感染;②保持水、電解質(zhì)平衡;③使用生長抑素等藥物抑制胰腺外分泌功能,如生長抑素[29];④必要時給予營養(yǎng)支持;⑤合理使用抗生素;⑥局部皮膚護理。保持引流通暢是首要原則,觀察引流液變化是選擇胰漏治療方案的重要手段,Veillette等[34]的經(jīng)驗是:若患者一般狀況良好,已進流質(zhì)飲食,引流量<100 ml/d,可將引流管拔出2 cm;若引流量繼續(xù)下降至少于10 ml/d,即可拔出引流管,無須再檢測引流液淀粉酶含量;若退管2cm后引流量為20~150 ml/d,可讓患者帶管出院,5~7 d后若降至10 ml/d,即可拔管;若引流量維持在150 ml/d,應(yīng)給予營養(yǎng)支持及生長抑素直至引流量降至10 ml/d以下。對于胰周積液,或引流不暢者,可在CT引導(dǎo)下進行經(jīng)皮穿刺引流或重置引流管[35],也可以在B超及超聲內(nèi)鏡下進行穿刺引流[36],避免進一步腹腔感染及出血。對于腹腔出血患者,可在DSA下進行血管造影和血管栓塞術(shù)止血。
4.2 胰漏的手術(shù)治療
胰漏的手術(shù)指征包括臨床指標惡化、腹膜炎擴散、切口嚴重感染或裂開、延遲性出血、膿毒血癥和多臟器功能不全等。在患者病情惡化、一般情況較差的情況下再次手術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和病死率都很高,所以在決定手術(shù)治療之前,應(yīng)對患者病情做出詳細評估,慎重考慮。手術(shù)方式一般以重置引流管后腹腔沖洗,充分引流為主,尋找出血點進行結(jié)扎。
LDP術(shù)后胰漏預(yù)防和治療的關(guān)鍵在于患者圍手術(shù)期管理,遵循個體化治療原則,即根據(jù)患者胰腺具體情況,選擇不同的殘端處理方法:①首選尋找主胰管,進行結(jié)扎;②對于胰腺質(zhì)地硬、厚者,采用“預(yù)壓胰腺法”離斷胰腺,然后胰腺斷端用4-0 Prolene線U形縫合,必要時用生物蛋白膠及自身組織封閉;③對于胰腺質(zhì)地軟、薄者,采用切割閉合器離斷;④對于胰管近端梗阻者,主張采用胰腸吻合,并密切觀察引流情況,根據(jù)引流液情況,早期診斷胰漏,進行充分引流。合理應(yīng)用抗生素,預(yù)防感染,避免進一步發(fā)生胰周膿腫、出血等嚴重并發(fā)癥。
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(修回日期:2016-01-26)
(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)
Prevention and Management of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula After Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy
WuZhiming*,MouYiping.
*DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,ShaoxingHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shaoxing312030,China
WuZhiming,E-mail:wuzhimingmedi@hotmail.com
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy; Pancreatic fistula
A
1009-6604(2016)06-0566-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.06.025
2016-01-22)
*通訊作者,E-mail:wuzhimingmedi@hotmail.com
①(浙江省人民醫(yī)院普外科,杭州 310000)
【Summary】 Postoperative pancreatic fistula after laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy is a problem that has plagued surgeon. So far, the key to preventing and managing postoperative pancreatic fistula after laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy lies in good perioperative management, personalized treatment by selecting suitable way to close the pancreatic remnant in line with pancreatic texture and thickness, early diagnosis of postoperative fistula according to careful observation of postoperative drainage, and rational use of antibiotics to avoid the complication of hemorrhage and parapancreatic abscess.