張耀雷,李 昆,張 彥,楊 炯,呼永和
改良法建立內膜損傷致大鼠頸動脈狹窄模型
張耀雷,李 昆,張 彥,楊 炯,呼永和
目的改良球囊致內膜損傷建立大鼠頸動脈狹窄模型,并對其發(fā)生機制作初步探究。方法42只SD大鼠隨機分為模型組(n=21)和假手術組(n=21),模型組利用10 m l注射器針頭模擬球囊抽拉致內膜損傷建立頸動脈狹窄模型;假手術組除針頭抽拉損傷外,其余處理與模型組一致。伊文思藍染色觀察兩組(每組3只)術側頸總動脈內膜損傷差異;分別于術后1、2及3 w取兩組頸總動脈(每組每次6只)行HE染色,觀察血管狹窄變化;將2 w頸總動脈行α-smooth muscle actin免疫組化染色及二氧乙啶(DHE)測量活性氧(ROS)含量。結果伊文思藍染色指示,針頭抽拉區(qū)域內膜損傷。HE染色顯示,模型組術后1 w時內膜開始增殖,2 w時內膜快速增殖達到1 w時的6.1倍,血管狹窄形成;3 w時內膜緩慢增值達到1 w時的6.8倍。α-smooth muscle actin染色指示新生內膜大部分為平滑肌細胞(VSMCs)。與假手術組相比,模型組ROS表達量急劇升高(P<0.01)。結論利用注射器針頭抽拉成功建立大鼠頸動脈狹窄模型,其機制可能是內膜損傷使ROS含量升高,誘導VSMCs由中膜遷移至內膜并惡性增殖,從而導致頸動脈狹窄發(fā)生。
注射器針頭;頸動脈狹窄;大鼠模型;ROS
經(jīng)皮穿刺腔內冠狀動脈成形術(percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,PTCA)術后血管再狹窄(restenosis,RS)是阻礙冠心病介入治療的重大難題,建立一種操作時間短、手術材料簡單、穩(wěn)定性高、重復性好且可控制狹窄程度的血管損傷狹窄模型,對于研究RS有重要意義[1]。以往建立的狹窄模型特別是大鼠模型,很少能同時具有上述所有的優(yōu)點[2-3]。本研究采用改良法成功建立了一種操作時間短、手術材料簡單及重復性好的內膜損傷致頸動脈狹窄模型,并對其狹窄發(fā)生機制作了初步探究。
1.1 實驗材料
1.1.1 實驗動物 SPF級SD大鼠42只,雄鼠,體重200 g,購自成都達碩生物科技有限公司,實驗動物許可證號:SCXK(川)2008-24。應用隨機數(shù)字表法隨機分為:模型組(n=21)和假手術組(n=21)。按實驗動物使用的3R原則給予人道的關懷。
1.1.2 主要試劑及器材 HE染色試劑盒(Beyotime),免疫組化試劑盒(Beyotime),ROS熒光探針(Invitrogen),Rabbit anti-α-smooth muscle actin(Boster);10 ml一次性使用無菌注射器(36 mm×0.8 mm,山東威高),顯微手術器械(彎鑷、直鑷、剪刀)。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 頸動脈狹窄模型建立 模擬Langberg等[4]的方法,4%水合氯醛1 ml/100 g腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,沿頸部正中線剪開皮膚(3~4 cm)。如圖1、2示,逐層鈍性分離肌肉,暴露左側頸總動脈,向遠心端尋找頸內、外動脈分叉。結扎頸外動脈遠心端,頸內動脈遠心端打活結,夾閉頸總動脈近心端,頸外動脈結扎處與頸內、外動脈分叉處中間垂直切口,大小為血管橫截面1/3到1/2。模型組選取10 ml注射器針頭,從該切口插入,與血管內膜緊密貼合,保持與血管平行,緩慢進入頸總動脈至A1處;然后將針頭緩慢退回切口,如此來回抽拉3次,每次抽拉時針尖順時針旋轉120°。假手術組除不插刀抽拉針頭外,其余處理和模型組一致。結扎切口,打開活結及動脈夾恢復供血。
圖1 模型建立示意圖
圖2 模型建立過程略圖
1.2.2 損傷程度及部位觀察 兩組各取3只大鼠,術后10 min,打開縫線向頸總靜脈注射1 ml伊文思藍,1 min后取下頸總動脈,用生理鹽水沖洗3次,縱向切開血管,比較兩組內皮損傷程度及部位差異。
1.2.3 血管組織形態(tài)學觀察 分別在術后1、2、3 w,兩組各6只大鼠,空氣栓塞法處死大鼠,取下術側頸總動脈,生理鹽水沖洗血管,每個時間點留存3只大鼠頸總動脈標本做冰凍切片,其余放入4%甲醛固定過夜。固定的頸動脈標本用石蠟包埋并切片,每只隨機取6張行HE染色,光學顯微鏡(200×)下觀察血管新生內膜增殖變化,Image-Pro Plus(Media Cybernetics)測量新生內膜、中膜面積比。
1.2.4 免疫組化檢測α-actin水平 兩組各3只大鼠頸動脈標本石蠟切片,每只隨機取6張常規(guī)脫蠟復水,新鮮3%H2O2孵育30 min。采用堿修復,電磁爐煮沸5 min,常溫冷卻5 min再煮沸5 min,冷卻至常溫。5%BSA,37℃孵育1 h,Rabbit anti-α-smooth muscle actin 1:800,4℃孵育過夜,羊抗兔二抗1∶1000,37℃孵育30 min,DAB顯色統(tǒng)一10 s,常規(guī)蘇木素復染核及封片。光學顯微鏡(200×)下觀察血管α-actin分布,Image-Pro Plus(Media Cybernetics)檢測α-actin水平。
1.2.5 免疫熒光檢測活性氧(ROS)水平 留存的兩組各3只大鼠頸總動脈冰凍切片,采用5%BSA、37℃封閉30 min,將DHE終濃度調整為10 μM,37℃孵育60 min。PBS洗3次,每次5 min。熒光顯微鏡(200×)下488 nm波長激發(fā),Image-Pro Plus(Media Cybernetics,Silver Spring,MD)測量陽性區(qū)域表達比例。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法 應用SPSS19.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 伊文思藍觀察內皮損傷結果 如圖3所示,藍色深淺代表損傷程度差異。模型組藍色范圍大且著色很深,自頸內、頸外動脈分叉處(圖中紅色箭頭指示)向頸總動脈近心端延伸,損傷部位與針頭拖動位置一致;假手術組頸總動脈兩端離斷處少量著色,其余部位著色較淺。
圖3 針頭抽拉后內膜損傷差異(伊文思藍染色)
2.2 HE染色結果 從圖4可見,針頭損傷后1 w,內膜開始增厚 (內膜/中膜為0.7±0.02);2 w時內膜顯著增加(內膜/中膜為4.3±0.12),顯著厚于1 w時(P<0.01);3 w時內膜繼續(xù)緩慢增厚 (內膜/中膜為4.8±0.16),顯著厚于2 w時(P<0.05)。3個時間點頸總動脈中膜彈性纖維(中膜內深紅色條紋)完整。
圖4 頸動脈損傷后新生內膜變化(HE染色,×200)
2.3 免疫組化α-actin染色結果 從圖5可見,假手術組中膜細胞完全著色;模型組中膜著色且新生內膜細胞大部分著色,分布均勻。
圖5 術后2 w鑒定新生內膜中VSMCs成分(免疫組化染色,×200)
2.4 免疫熒光檢測ROS含量結果 紅色為ROS表達區(qū)域,實驗結果顯示,模型組ROS比例為4.2±0.04顯著高于假手術組的1.0±0.05(P<0.01,圖6)。
圖6 術后2 w模型組與假手術組ROS表達水平 (DHE染色,×200)
PTCA術后易導致血管再狹窄,嚴重的阻礙介入手術的發(fā)展[5]。因此,建立能夠很好反映血管損傷至狹窄的動物模型顯得十分必要[6]。Van Osselaer等[7]用硅橡膠圈放置于頸動脈旁誘導內膜增厚,雖然成功建立家兔頸動脈狹窄模型,但沒有硅橡膠圈標準的規(guī)格(大小、長短、形狀)可參考,重復性不好。沈長銀和Limin[8-9]等用氮氣栓塞頸總動脈聯(lián)合高脂飼料(1.5%膽固醇)喂養(yǎng)成功建立家兔頸動脈狹窄模型,但手術復雜,且狹窄區(qū)域不好控制差異很大。有研究利用電刺激頸動脈外膜,間斷恒定脈沖聯(lián)合高膽固醇喂養(yǎng)28 d成功建立家兔頸動脈狹窄模型,但操作復雜且成模率低[10]。目前運用最多的是球囊損傷法[11],利用導絲將球囊送入頸總動脈,球囊充滿2~4個大氣壓反復拖動3次成功建立大鼠頸動脈狹窄模型。但此法球囊消耗很快,價格昂貴,且易造成血管中膜彈性纖維斷裂。
本研究采用改良Tsuruta等[12]的球囊損傷法,將球囊換成大小適中的注射器針頭,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)10 ml注射器針頭正好與成年SD大鼠(200 g)頸動脈內膜貼合,且不損傷血管中膜彈性纖維。術后伊文思藍染色,伊文思藍與損傷內皮細胞循環(huán)蛋白結合而著色,附著于血管內壁,但完整的內皮可阻止這兩者的結合,結果顯示針頭拖動部位血管內膜損傷。HE染色顯示,1 w時內膜開始增殖,2 w增殖速度最快,3 w增殖仍緩慢增加,3個時間點血管中膜彈性纖維完整,提示針頭大小適中,損傷后新生內膜增殖速度是先慢后快再變慢的趨勢。Anti-α-smooth muscle actin特異的結合血管內平滑肌細胞肌動蛋白,用于指示和鑒定VSMCs分布及含量。利用α-actin對損傷部位頸動脈染色,發(fā)現(xiàn)新生內膜增殖主要成分為VSMCs。ROS介導多種疾?。◥盒栽鲋?、遷移、炎癥等)發(fā)生,尤其是在RS過程中具有關鍵作用[13-14]。已有研究表明,ROS可以活化細胞外信號轉導激酶、C-Jun N-末端激酶、p38絲裂原活化的蛋白酶通路,進而激活凋亡蛋白酶激活因子。同時還可以通過調節(jié)VSMCs胞外基質降解,導致VSMCs的惡性增殖和遷移[15-16]。術后2 w模型組 ROS含量顯著高于假手術組(P<0.01),提示針頭損傷導致ROS升高,可能使VSMCs由中膜遷移至內膜,并惡性增殖導致血管狹窄發(fā)生。
由于針尖是斜面,為避免損傷后血管新生內膜的偏心性增殖出現(xiàn),每抽拉1次就換個方向繼續(xù)抽拉;針尖鋒利,抽拉時一定緩慢進行,且一直保持頸總動脈處于拉直狀態(tài),防止直接穿破血管;術后無需高脂或高膽固醇喂養(yǎng);整個過程時間短,操作簡單,材料造價便宜。
綜上所述,采用改良法成功建立大鼠頸動脈狹窄模型,模型操作時間短、手術材料簡單且重復性好。形成頸動脈狹窄的機制可能是內膜損傷致ROS含量上升,誘導胞內信號通路,使VSMCs由中膜向內膜遷移并惡性增殖。
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Establishment of model for carotid artery stenosis caused by intimal injury in rats by modified method
Zhang Yaolei1,Li Kun1,Zhang Yan2,Yang Jiong2,Hu Yonghe31.Central Laboratory,General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu,Sichuan,610083,China;2.Department of Cardiology,General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command,Chengdu,Sichuan, 610083,China;3.Department of TCM,General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command,Chengdu,Sichuan,610083,China
Objective To establish a model for carotid artery stenosis caused by intimal injury in rats by modified method and to preliminarily explore the occurrence mechanism.MethodsA total of 42 SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:the model group and the sham-operation group(n=21,respectively).A model for carotid artery stenosis was established in the model group by use of a 10 m l syringe needle to simulate the intimal injury caused by balloon drawing;except for needle drawing injury,other treatments in the sham-operation group were the same as that in the model group.Evans blue stain was used to observe the difference in the common carotid artery injury on the operation side in the two groups(three rats in each group);the cephalic artery in the two groups (six rats in each group)was sampled one,two and three weeks after the operation for HE stain to observe the change of angiostenosis; the two-week cephalic artery was received α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemical staining and DHE to measure the content of ROS.ResultsEvans blue stain showed that intimal injury was caused in the needle drawing area.HE stain indicated that the intima began to increase within one week after the operation in the model group and increased to 6.1 times of that in one week upon two weeks,and angiostenosis is formed;the intima slowly increased to 6.8 times of that in one week upon three weeks.α-smooth muscle actin stain indicated that most of the new intima was VSMCs.Compared with the sham-operation group,the ROS in the model group increased greatly(P<0.01).ConclusionCarotid artery stenosis model in rats may be easily established by drawing of syringe needle. The mechanism may be that the intimal injury causes the increase of ROS,induces VSMCs to migrate from the media to the intima and proliferate malignantly,causing carotid artery stenosis.
syringe needle;carotid artery stenosis;rat model;ROS
R 543.4
A
1004-0188(2016)12-1409-04
10.3969/j.issn.1004-0188.2016.12.016
2016-05-15)
全軍醫(yī)學科技“十二五”重點項目(BWS11J067)
610083成都,成都軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院中心實驗室(張耀雷,李 昆),心內科(張 彥,楊 炯),中醫(yī)科(呼永和)
呼永河,E-mail:huyonghe@vip.126.com