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中國結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)防共識意見(2016年,上海)*

2016-12-23 07:52:16中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會腫瘤協(xié)作組
胃腸病學(xué) 2016年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:癌變葉酸攝入量

中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會腫瘤協(xié)作組

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·共識與指南·

中國結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)防共識意見(2016年,上海)*

中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會腫瘤協(xié)作組

無論是遺傳性(約占5%)還是散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer),環(huán)境因素均是影響其發(fā)生和進(jìn)展的重要因素。因散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌(或稱大腸癌)的發(fā)生途徑大致分為腺瘤-腺癌途徑(含鋸齒狀腺瘤引起的鋸齒狀途徑)、炎-癌途徑、denovo途徑,結(jié)直腸癌的主要癌前疾病為結(jié)直腺瘤(colorectal adenoma,占全部結(jié)直腸癌癌前疾病的85%~90%,甚至更高)和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)等炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)。盡管結(jié)直腸可發(fā)生間質(zhì)瘤和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤等,但臨床上通常將結(jié)直腸癌和腺瘤統(tǒng)稱為結(jié)直腸腫瘤。多數(shù)結(jié)直腸癌確診時已屆中晚期,療效不佳,故結(jié)直腸癌的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和及早預(yù)防至關(guān)重要。有鑒于此,應(yīng)重視結(jié)直腸癌的預(yù)防。結(jié)直腸癌的預(yù)防包括對上述癌前疾病的預(yù)防和治療。結(jié)直腸腺瘤的一級預(yù)防即預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生,結(jié)直腸腺瘤的二級預(yù)防即結(jié)直腸腺瘤摘除后預(yù)防再發(fā)(recurrence,或稱復(fù)發(fā),包括原處復(fù)發(fā)和他處再發(fā))或惡變。上述兩者應(yīng)歸屬于結(jié)直腸癌的一級預(yù)防。結(jié)直腸癌的二級預(yù)防包括早期結(jié)直腸癌的內(nèi)鏡下處理和內(nèi)鏡隨訪以防止復(fù)發(fā)。70%的散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌與生活習(xí)慣有關(guān)[1],且66%~78%的結(jié)直腸癌可通過健康的生活習(xí)慣而避免[2]。內(nèi)鏡下摘除腺瘤可預(yù)防75%的結(jié)直腸癌[3],但摘除后的再發(fā)率高[4-6],仍需進(jìn)行預(yù)防。無論是通過改善飲食等生活習(xí)慣,還是應(yīng)用藥物預(yù)防腺瘤的初次發(fā)生或摘除后再發(fā)或癌變,以及預(yù)防IBD癌變,均屬于廣義的結(jié)直腸癌的化學(xué)預(yù)防,為本共識意見涉及的內(nèi)容。而綜合預(yù)防的其他內(nèi)容包括篩查、內(nèi)鏡下摘除腺瘤等則請參見中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化內(nèi)鏡學(xué)分會消化系早癌內(nèi)鏡診斷與治療協(xié)作組、中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會消化道腫瘤協(xié)作組、中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化內(nèi)鏡學(xué)分會腸道學(xué)組和中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會消化病理學(xué)組于2014年聯(lián)合頒布的《中國早期結(jié)直腸癌及癌前病變篩查與診治共識意見(2014年11月·重慶)》[7]。

本共識意見是在2011年10月由中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會頒布的《中國結(jié)直腸腫瘤篩查、早診早治和綜合預(yù)防共識意見》[8]中綜合預(yù)防部分內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,綜合了近5年國際和國內(nèi)相關(guān)研究的新進(jìn)展而形成。由中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會及其腫瘤協(xié)作組主辦、上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院消化學(xué)科暨上海市消化疾病研究所承辦的《中國結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)防共識意見(2016年,上海)》研討會于2016年5月8日在上海召開。

本共識意見包含32項條款,由中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會腫瘤協(xié)作組的主要專家撰寫草稿;會前由來自全國各地的消化病學(xué)專家對共識意見草案進(jìn)行了反復(fù)討論和修改,會議期間首先聽取了撰寫小組專家針對每一條款的陳述,充分討論后以無記名投票形式通過了本共識意見。條款的循證醫(yī)學(xué)等級和表決等級見表1。每一條款投票意見為A或B者超過80%被視為通過;相反則全體成員再次討論,第二次投票仍未達(dá)到前述通過所需要求,則當(dāng)場修改后進(jìn)行第三次投票,確定接受或放棄該條款。

表1 證據(jù)來源質(zhì)量和推薦等級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

*參照美國預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)工作組的分級方法并作相應(yīng)修改

#http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/

▲參照Sung等[9]的分級方法并作相應(yīng)修改

一、散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸腺瘤的一級預(yù)防

第1條 高膳食纖維可能降低結(jié)直腸癌的患病風(fēng)險

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:96.29%

膳食纖維與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險相關(guān)性的研究由來已久。納入20項研究共10 948例結(jié)直腸腺瘤患者的meta分析[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),高膳食纖維攝入與結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)[高膳食纖維攝入組與低攝入組的相對危險性(relative risk, RR)為0.72,95% CI: 0.63~0.83]。進(jìn)一步亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),高水果纖維攝入對結(jié)直腸腺瘤發(fā)生的RR為0.84(95% CI: 0.76~0.94),而高蔬菜纖維攝入為0.93(95% CI: 0.84~1.04),高谷物纖維攝入為0.76(95% CI: 0.62~0.92)。Trock等[11]對1990年前的37項觀察性研究和16項病例對照研究進(jìn)行總結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)多數(shù)研究均支持高膳食纖維攝入可在一定程度上降低結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險,膳食纖維攝入量最高組與攝入量最低組的比值比(odds ratio, OR)為0.57(95% CI: 0.50~0.64)。此后,有學(xué)者于2003年對歐洲多個國家和地區(qū)EPIC隊列研究進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),膳食纖維攝入量最高組與攝入量最低組相比,結(jié)直腸癌的RR為0.58(95% CI: 0.41~0.85)[12];與Murphy等[13]于2012年再次綜合EPIC研究數(shù)據(jù)得到的結(jié)論類似。但亦有研究提出相反的結(jié)論,F(xiàn)uchs等[14]對88 757名中年女性開展長達(dá)16年的前瞻性隊列研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)膳食纖維攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險無明顯相關(guān)性(攝入量最高組對攝入量最低組的RR為0.95, 95% CI: 0.73~1.25)。Park等[15]對13項前瞻性研究進(jìn)行了綜合分析,亦發(fā)現(xiàn)源于果蔬或谷物的膳食纖維攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險均無相關(guān)性。來自我國的研究[16]證實,與健康對照者相比,進(jìn)展性腺瘤患者膳食纖維攝入量少,糞便中短鏈脂肪酸含量降低,產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸的腸道菌群減少。

需注意的是,蔬菜作為膳食纖維的重要來源之一,其攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險的相關(guān)性并不十分明顯。Aune等[17]分析了19項前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),增加蔬菜攝入量雖然可降低結(jié)直腸癌的相對風(fēng)險,但幅度并不大。最新的一項meta分析[18]對日本的6項隊列研究和11項病例對照研究進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌無明顯相關(guān)性。類似的觀點亦在其他多項研究[19-20]中得到了證實。但增加特定類型的蔬菜攝入量可能降低結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險,如十字花科類食物的攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)[21-22]。

第2條 減少紅肉和加工肉類制品的攝入可能降低結(jié)直腸癌患病風(fēng)險

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:89.74%

目前涉及肉類和加工肉類制品與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險的研究多以隊列研究和病例對照研究為主,尚缺乏隨機對照研究。就現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)而言,絕大部分研究支持紅肉(指牛肉、羊肉、豬肉等哺乳動物的肌肉組織)和加工肉類制品(腌制、熏烤、煎炸等的肉類食品)的攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險相關(guān)。依照證據(jù)等級,本共識意見提出的條款主要基于多項meta分析的結(jié)果。

Larsson等[23]對2006年前的部分前瞻性研究行meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)紅肉攝入量最高組的結(jié)直腸癌相對風(fēng)險為攝入量最低組的1.28倍(95% CI: 1.15~1.42),加工肉類制品攝入量最高組的患病風(fēng)險為最低組的1.20倍(95% CI: 1.11~1.31);劑量-效應(yīng)分析表明每日多攝入120 g紅肉,其結(jié)直腸癌的RR為1.28,每日多攝入30 g加工肉類制品,RR為1.09。其他兩項meta分析[24-25]亦得出類似的結(jié)果。Smolińska等[26]對2009年前的22項研究進(jìn)行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)紅肉攝入量超過50 g/d即可增加結(jié)腸癌的風(fēng)險(RR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.07~1.37),而每日食用紅肉的次數(shù)增多(超過1次/d)亦可增加結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險。Chan等[27]對2011年前的紅肉和(或)加工肉類制品與結(jié)直腸癌關(guān)系的26篇相關(guān)報道進(jìn)行匯總分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)紅肉和加工肉類制品與結(jié)直腸癌或結(jié)腸癌風(fēng)險具有相關(guān)性,且非線性的劑量-效應(yīng)分析證實結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險指數(shù)與紅肉和加工肉類制品的攝入量幾乎呈線性的增長關(guān)系,但當(dāng)攝入量超過140 g/d后RR趨于穩(wěn)定。有研究[28]將兩大隊列研究(Nurses’ Health Study和Health Professionals Follow-up Study)的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行合并分析,亦得出加工肉類制品是結(jié)直腸癌,特別是遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸癌的危險因素之一的結(jié)論。最新一項meta分析[29]則對不同類型的紅肉與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果提示牛肉與結(jié)直腸癌(RR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.01~1.22)和結(jié)腸癌(RR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.07~1.44)風(fēng)險呈正相關(guān),與直腸癌無明顯相關(guān)性;羊肉與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險呈正相關(guān)(RR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.08~1.44);豬肉攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險無明顯相關(guān)性。

鑒于不同國家和地區(qū)飲食習(xí)慣的不同,有研究對中國、日本、韓國等東亞地區(qū)國家的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。Lee等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)日韓兩國結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率與其國民食肉量的升高趨勢相一致。經(jīng)常食用肉類與男性近端結(jié)腸癌和女性直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險升高相關(guān)[31]。日本的一項隊列研究[32]共納入了13 894名男性和16 327名女性,隨訪8年,發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險與肉類或紅肉的攝入量無明顯相關(guān)性,加工肉類制品攝入量的升高僅與男性結(jié)直腸癌的罹患風(fēng)險相關(guān)(RR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.24~3.16)。另一項規(guī)模超過8萬人的隊列研究[33]則提示加工肉類制品的攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險無關(guān),但紅肉的高攝入量與女性結(jié)腸癌風(fēng)險升高相關(guān);肉類攝入總量與男性結(jié)腸癌風(fēng)險呈正相關(guān)趨勢,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。一項meta分析[34]納入了日本的6項隊列研究和13項病例對照研究,結(jié)果提示紅肉攝入量最高組與最低組的結(jié)直腸癌和結(jié)腸癌的RR分別為1.16(95% CI: 1.001~1.34)和1.21(95% CI: 1.03~1.43);加工肉類制品攝入量最高組與最低組的結(jié)直腸癌和結(jié)腸癌的RR分別為1.17(95% CI: 1.02~1.35)和1.23(95% CI: 1.03~1.47)。

我國的一項病例對照研究[35]共納入265例結(jié)直腸癌患者和252例對照病例,發(fā)現(xiàn)紅肉和家禽類肉制品的攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病無明顯關(guān)系。邵紅梅等[36]對中國人群結(jié)直腸癌危險因素的相關(guān)病例對照研究進(jìn)行了匯總,通過對6 646例結(jié)直腸癌患者和9 957例對照者資料進(jìn)行meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)紅肉是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的危險因素(OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.27~2.07)。

第3條 長期吸煙是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的高危因素

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:97.06%

吸煙是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的重要危險因素,且與吸煙年限和總量有一定的劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系。一項meta分析[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),與不吸煙者相比,有吸煙史人群的結(jié)直腸癌RR為1.18(95% CI: 1.11~1.25),吸煙者較不吸煙者每10 000人中結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病例數(shù)多出10.8例(95% CI: 7.9~13.6);吸煙量每增加10支/d可使結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險升高7.8%,吸煙量每增加10年包(年包:數(shù)值=吸煙量×吸煙年數(shù))則可使結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險升高4.4%。此外,在吸煙史超過10年的人群中結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險隨吸煙史的延長而有升高的趨勢,這種差異在吸煙史超過30年的人群中具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[37]。另一項較大規(guī)模的meta分析[38]亦得出相似結(jié)論,即吸煙可增加約20%的結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險。吸煙與不同部位腫瘤的相關(guān)性不盡一致,大部分研究提示吸煙與直腸癌風(fēng)險的相關(guān)性強于與結(jié)腸癌的相關(guān)性[37,39-41]。同時,有研究表明在結(jié)直腸癌中,吸煙與遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸癌的相關(guān)性更為顯著[41]。吸煙與不同性別人群結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險的相關(guān)性有待進(jìn)一步商榷,但有研究[40]表明吸煙與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險的相關(guān)性在男性人群中更為顯著。吸煙與結(jié)直腸癌死亡率亦有顯著相關(guān)性。與不吸煙的結(jié)直腸癌患者相比,現(xiàn)行吸煙的結(jié)直腸癌患者死亡風(fēng)險上升1.26倍,具有既往吸煙史的患者死亡率升高1.11倍[42]。據(jù)估計,吸煙者較不吸煙者每10 000人中結(jié)直腸癌死亡例數(shù)多出6例(95% CI: 4.2~7.6)[37]。吸煙與p53、BRAF等基因的突變有一定的相關(guān)性,但與KRAS、APC等基因的突變無明顯相關(guān)性,這可能在一定程度上提示了吸煙影響結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的作用機制[43-44]。

第4條 長期大量飲酒是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的高危因素

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:100%

乙醇攝入量與結(jié)直腸腫瘤的發(fā)病風(fēng)險具有一定的相關(guān)性。Huxley等[38]對結(jié)直腸癌相關(guān)的危險因素進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析,通過回顧103項隊列研究的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),乙醇攝入量最高組的結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險較對照組升高60%(RR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.42~1.70)。Bagnardi等[45]對1966—2000年的部分文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)與對照組相比,飲酒人群結(jié)直腸癌的相對風(fēng)險隨著飲酒量的升高而呈上升趨勢(25 g/d:RR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.06~1.10;50 g/d:RR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.14~1.22;100 g/d:RR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.29~1.49)。盡管對重度飲酒量或頻次的區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不盡相同,但各研究結(jié)論基本一致,即隨著飲酒量或頻次的升高,結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險隨之升高[46-51]。最新一項meta分析[52]結(jié)果顯示結(jié)直腸癌的RR與飲酒量間存在線性正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步證實了上述觀點。但飲酒量與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險相關(guān)性的程度在不同國家地區(qū)有所差異。日本的隊列研究[53]按乙醇攝入量將飲酒人群分為四組,發(fā)現(xiàn)乙醇攝入量越高,結(jié)直腸癌的HR增加越明顯(23~45.9 g/d:HR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.21~1.66;46~68.9 g/d:HR=1.95, 95% CI: 1.53~2.49;69~91.9 g/d:HR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.74~2.64;≥92 g/d: HR=2.96, 95% CI: 2.27~3.86),程度顯著強于歐美地區(qū)相關(guān)的研究結(jié)果。然而,我國的研究結(jié)果似乎有所不同。一項meta分析[54]發(fā)現(xiàn)我國人群乙醇攝入量與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病并無明顯相關(guān)性。邵紅梅等[36]亦報道,飲酒組與對照組相比結(jié)直腸癌的OR為1.17(95% CI: 0.98~1.40)。

第5條 肥胖是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的潛在高危因素

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:84.21%

肥胖是結(jié)直腸癌,尤其是結(jié)腸癌發(fā)病的高危因素。有研究[55]對2014年前的50項前瞻性研究進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)成人體重每增加5 kg可導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸癌等多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病風(fēng)險升高。EPIC研究[56]行多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),20~50歲組的成人每年體重每增加1 kg,其結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險提高60%。Dai等[57]對2007年前發(fā)表的隊列研究行meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)男性肥胖者結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險較對照組顯著升高(RR=1.37,95% CI: 1.21~1.56),女性肥胖者結(jié)直腸癌的RR為1.07(95% CI: 0.97~1.18);腰圍與結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)(男性RR=1.68,95% CI: 1.36~2.08;女性RR=1.48,95% CI: 1.19~1.84),而與直腸癌無明顯關(guān)系(男性RR=1.26,95% CI: 0.90~1.77;女性RR=1.23,95% CI: 0.81~1.86)。Ma等[58]對41項涉及BMI和13項涉及中心型肥胖的研究進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖者結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險為BMI正常者的1.334倍(95% CI: 1.253~1.420),腰圍長度最長的1/4人群結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險為腰圍最短的1/4人群的1.455倍(95% CI: 1.327~1.596)。Larsson等[59]通過回顧性分析既往前瞻性研究亦得出了類似的結(jié)論。一項日本的研究[60]顯示,BMI的升高與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險呈正相關(guān)。上述研究結(jié)果提示肥胖與結(jié)直腸癌的關(guān)系是多地區(qū)多種族的普遍現(xiàn)象。此外,一項meta分析[61]表明BMI每增長5 kg/m2可使結(jié)直腸腺瘤風(fēng)險提高約20%,且該結(jié)果與研究納入的受試者種族差異、地域分布、研究設(shè)計、性別等均無明確相關(guān)性。由于結(jié)直腸腺瘤是結(jié)直腸癌的高危因素,因此該研究提示肥胖可能參與了腺瘤向癌演變的全過程。

第6條 合理的體育鍛煉可降低結(jié)直腸癌的患病風(fēng)險

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:84.21%

合理的運動可在一定程度上降低結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險。EPIC等研究[62-63]已明確提示體力活動可顯著降低結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險,日本的研究[64]亦得出類似的結(jié)論。一項納入19項隊列研究的meta分析[65]發(fā)現(xiàn)職業(yè)性或娛樂性體力活動均可降低結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險(職業(yè)性活動:RR=0.79,95% CI: 0.72~0.87;娛樂性活動:RR=0.78,95% CI: 0.68~0.91)。Wolin等[66]對52項隊列或病例對照研究進(jìn)行綜合分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)活動量最高組人群較對照組人群的結(jié)腸癌RR為0.76(95% CI: 0.72~0.81),且這種負(fù)相關(guān)性在病例對照研究中更為明確(RR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.65~0.74)。Boyle等[67]對21項隊列研究和病例對照研究行meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)活動量最高組人群與活動量最低組相比,近端結(jié)腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險降低27%,遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險降低26%。另一項meta分析[68]提示活動量最高組與對照組相比,近端結(jié)腸癌的RR為0.76(95% CI: 0.70~0.83),遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸癌RR為0.77(95% CI: 0.71~0.83)。Liu等[69]對126項研究進(jìn)行綜合分析發(fā)現(xiàn),世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦的每日運動量可使結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險降低7%左右,而活動量超過推薦量兩倍以上則出現(xiàn)飽和效應(yīng),提示合理的運動可有效減低結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險。

第7條 結(jié)直腸腺瘤篩查可發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸腫瘤的高危人群,降低結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率

證據(jù)等級:Ⅰ

推薦等級:A

條款同意率:100%

具體方法見《中國早期結(jié)直腸癌及癌前病變篩查與診治共識意見(2014年11月·重慶)》[7]的陳述。

第8條 阿司匹林、COX-2抑制劑等NSAIDs可減少結(jié)直腸腺瘤初發(fā)(Ⅱa),但存在潛在的不良反應(yīng)(Ⅰ)

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:96.88%

大量的研究支持阿司匹林能有效預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌。目前僅1項中等質(zhì)量的隨機對照試驗[70]報道,低劑量阿司匹林(325 mg,qod. po.)服用5年未能減少平均危險度的男性結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生。另有2項優(yōu)質(zhì)的隊列研究[71-72]報道了一般危險度人群服用阿司匹林與腺瘤發(fā)生的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律服用阿司匹林可使結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生率降低28%,即服用 6~14片(每片325 mg)/周,其RR為0.68(95% CI: 0.55~0.84);而服用>14片/周,其RR為0.57(95% CI: 0.42~0.77)。綜合分析5項病例對照研究[73-77]發(fā)現(xiàn),規(guī)律服用阿司匹林持續(xù)3~10年可明顯降低一般危險度人群結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生。

目前尚無隨機對照試驗或隊列研究證實其他非選擇性NSAIDs和COX-2抑制劑在一般危險度人群中是否可減少結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生,僅有8項病例對照研究[74-76,78-82]提示,規(guī)律服用NSAIDs可顯著降低一般危險度人群結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生(非阿司匹林NSAIDs:RR=0.54,95% CI: 0.4~0.74;任何NSAIDs:RR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.46~0.71)。

鑒于阿司匹林以及其他非選擇性NSAIDs或COX-2抑制劑相關(guān)的消化性潰瘍和心血管的不良反應(yīng)[83-84],以及預(yù)防劑量、年限、起始年齡尚未闡明,考慮到長期使用的獲益-風(fēng)險比以及成本-效益比,目前并不支持其用于一般人群結(jié)直腸腺瘤初發(fā)的預(yù)防。

第9條 葉酸干預(yù)可預(yù)防散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:84.21%

我國的一項前瞻性隨機對照多中心臨床干預(yù)試驗[85]納入960例>50歲、結(jié)腸鏡排除新生物且血漿葉酸水平≤20 ng/mL的患者,隨機分為2組:葉酸組以1 mg/d葉酸干預(yù),對照組僅服用其他維生素。干預(yù)3年最終791例完成隨訪。葉酸組384例,發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸腺瘤者64例,其中進(jìn)展性腺瘤者8例,無腺瘤者320例;對照組407例,發(fā)現(xiàn)腺瘤者132例,其中進(jìn)展性腺瘤者22例,無腺瘤者275例;組間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。表明葉酸干預(yù)可預(yù)防散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸腺瘤尤其是進(jìn)展性腺瘤的發(fā)生。葉酸干預(yù)組中未發(fā)生結(jié)直腸腺瘤者的血漿葉酸濃度上升幅度明顯大于發(fā)生結(jié)直腸腺瘤者。基礎(chǔ)葉酸值低于4.27 ng/mL者補充葉酸后需血濃度上升較大幅度才可預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤初發(fā),而基礎(chǔ)葉酸值高于4.27 ng/mL者葉酸濃度有一定上升即可預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生。

第10條 維生素D的攝入和循環(huán)25(OH)D水平在一定程度上與結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:84.61%

越來越多的證據(jù)顯示足夠水平的維生素D對結(jié)直腸癌和結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生有保護(hù)作用[86-87]。兩項隊列研究[81,88]發(fā)現(xiàn)高維生素D攝入與罹患結(jié)直腸腺瘤呈負(fù)相關(guān),即總維生素D攝入可輕度降低結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生(RR=0.79,95% CI: 0.63~0.99,P=0.07),但可顯著降低遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)直腸腺瘤的風(fēng)險(RR=0.67,95% CI: 0.52~0.87,P=0.004)。

循環(huán)25(OH)D水平與結(jié)直腸腺瘤發(fā)生風(fēng)險亦呈負(fù)相關(guān)[89-92],且低水平血清25(OH)D可增加進(jìn)展性結(jié)直腸腺瘤的風(fēng)險[93]。

第11條 其他飲食來源的抗氧化類維生素預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤初發(fā)的作用尚需進(jìn)一步大規(guī)模臨床研究驗證

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱc

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:89.48%

許多流行病學(xué)研究調(diào)查了維生素A、C和E與結(jié)直腸腺瘤發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,但結(jié)果并不一致。一些研究[94-95]認(rèn)為兩者呈負(fù)相關(guān),而另一些研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者有統(tǒng)計學(xué)聯(lián)系[96-99]甚至是相反的結(jié)果[100]。最近一項納入13項觀察性流行病學(xué)研究共3 832例結(jié)直腸腺瘤患者的meta分析[101]顯示,飲食來源的維生素C可降低結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(RR=0.78,95% CI: 0.62~0.98),β-胡蘿卜素亦與結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)(RR=0.47,95% CI: 0.24~0.91)。然而,維生素A和E的攝入與結(jié)直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生無相關(guān)性(維生素A:RR=0.87,95% CI: 0.67~1.14;維生素E:RR=0.87,95% CI: 0.69~1.10)。仍需大型隨機對照試驗進(jìn)一步驗證。

二、散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸腺瘤的二級預(yù)防

第12條 結(jié)直腸腺瘤摘除可明顯降低結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率,但摘除后再發(fā)率較高

證據(jù)等級:Ⅰ

推薦等級:A

條款同意率:100%

早在1993年,Winawer等[3]對1 418例完成結(jié)腸鏡檢查者隨訪5.9年,認(rèn)為內(nèi)鏡下摘除結(jié)直腸腺瘤并行內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)測隨訪可降低75%以上結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生。腺瘤摘除后再發(fā)包括局部復(fù)發(fā)和非原處再發(fā),前者的發(fā)生率并不高,EMR或電凝切除1年后,6.8%(55/808)出現(xiàn)原處復(fù)發(fā);ESD切除1年后僅1.4%(10/716)出現(xiàn)原處復(fù)發(fā)[102]。而關(guān)于全部再發(fā)者,Martínez等[4]調(diào)查了9 167例結(jié)直腸腺瘤切除后患者,平均隨訪4年發(fā)現(xiàn)46.7%的患者又出現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸腺瘤,11.2%為進(jìn)展性結(jié)直腸腺瘤,且0.6%演變?yōu)榻Y(jié)直腸癌。某些結(jié)直腸腺瘤摘除后3年的再發(fā)率高達(dá)40%~50%[5]。一項我國5個醫(yī)療中心的研究[6]表明,進(jìn)展性結(jié)直腸腺瘤摘除后1年的再發(fā)率高達(dá)59.46%,5年為78.07%。該再發(fā)情況主要因為腺瘤的異時性,上次檢查的遺漏或切除不完全并非常見。同時,早期內(nèi)鏡下準(zhǔn)確評估和采取合適的摘除方法至關(guān)重要。由解放軍總醫(yī)院等承擔(dān)的“結(jié)直腸癌早期病變規(guī)范化研究”項目發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌早期病變內(nèi)鏡下評估首選窄帶成像放大內(nèi)鏡,與術(shù)后病理診斷的符合率高于活檢符合率。

第13條 改善生活習(xí)慣和調(diào)整飲食結(jié)構(gòu)可能降低腺瘤摘除后的再發(fā)率

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:94.87%

具體方法見本共識條款第1~6條的陳述。

第14條 阿司匹林和COX-2抑制劑等NSAIDs具有減少腺瘤再發(fā)的作用

證據(jù)等級:Ⅰ

推薦等級:A

條款同意率:94.87%

大多數(shù)有關(guān)阿司匹林和COX-2抑制劑等NSAIDs的臨床干預(yù)研究并未區(qū)分是針對腺瘤的一級(預(yù)防腺瘤初次發(fā)生)或二級(預(yù)防腺瘤摘除后再發(fā))預(yù)防[103-104];但臨床試驗和流行病學(xué)研究提示,規(guī)律服用阿司匹林可減少腺瘤再發(fā)、降低結(jié)直腸腫瘤的發(fā)生率和死亡率[8,105]。

日本一項研究[106]給予152例結(jié)腸鏡下摘除腺瘤(或腺癌)的患者100 mg阿司匹林干預(yù)(751±67) d,結(jié)果顯示阿司匹林組再發(fā)腫瘤者36.8%(56/152),安慰劑組為45.9%(73/159);服用阿司匹林同時有吸煙嗜好者腫瘤再發(fā)率增至對照組的3.45倍,而不吸煙者腫瘤再發(fā)率減少至對照組的37%。對于有結(jié)直腸腺瘤或腺癌史的人群,服用不同劑量阿司匹林(81~325 mg/d)均可明顯降低腺瘤的再發(fā)[107];而規(guī)律服用阿司匹林可使結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)率降低21%,進(jìn)展性腺瘤再發(fā)率降低37%[105]。

三項COX-2抑制劑預(yù)防作用的大樣本隨機對照研究(分別為塞來昔布預(yù)防腺瘤的APC研究、預(yù)防結(jié)直腸散發(fā)腺瘤性息肉的PreSAP研究和羅非昔布預(yù)防腺瘤性息肉的APPROVe研究)明確指出,塞來昔布和羅非昔布可明顯降低散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸腺瘤的再發(fā)率[108-111]。

第15條 阿司匹林、COX-2抑制劑等NSAIDs在發(fā)揮預(yù)防作用的同時,具有一定的不良反應(yīng)

證據(jù)等級:Ⅰ

推薦等級:A

條款同意率:100%

考慮到NSAIDs的心血管和胃腸道出血等不良反應(yīng),究竟是低劑量50~160 mg/d,還是高劑量300~325 mg/d可達(dá)到理想效應(yīng),目前仍存在爭議。但學(xué)者們認(rèn)為服用阿司匹林預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌至少應(yīng)持續(xù)6年,且每周14片(325 mg/片)以上者效果較佳[112]。因此,需認(rèn)真考慮長期服用該劑量的潛在危害,并審慎考慮不良反應(yīng)和費用-療效比[113]。

COX-2抑制劑塞來昔布已被美國FDA批準(zhǔn)用于預(yù)防家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)患者腺瘤的發(fā)生[114]。但有報道稱,每日400 mg或800 mg塞來昔布組心血管疾病、心肌梗死、中風(fēng)或心衰引起的死亡率為安慰劑組的2.3倍(95% CI: 0.9~5.5,P=0.06)或3.4倍(95% CI: 1.4~7.8,P=0.009)[115]。

第16條 鈣劑具有減少結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)的作用

證據(jù)等級:Ⅰ

推薦等級:A

條款同意率:90.00%

一項研究[116]顯示3 g/d碳酸鈣(409例)可減少結(jié)腸鏡下結(jié)直腸腺瘤摘除4年后的再發(fā)率至安慰劑對照(423例)的85%,即服用鈣劑者127例發(fā)現(xiàn)了腺瘤,而對照組為159例。在一項以腺瘤再發(fā)為終點的臨床試驗[117]中,與安慰劑相比,每天補充1 200 mg鈣,隨訪4年,腺瘤再發(fā)率顯著降低,對進(jìn)展性腺瘤的作用尤其明顯,且終止補鈣5年后,該預(yù)防作用仍持續(xù)存在。但研究[117-118]發(fā)現(xiàn),鈣對結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)的預(yù)防作用僅存在于維生素D水平較高的患者。

第17條 維生素D對結(jié)直腸腺瘤的再發(fā)有一定的預(yù)防作用;聯(lián)合應(yīng)用鈣劑和維生素D預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)的作用更明顯

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:100%

維生素D并非真正意義上的維生素,其是類固醇激素骨化三醇(即1,25二羥維生素D3)的前體,而骨化三醇具有廣泛的生物學(xué)功能,能影響腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[86]。血清25(OH)D水平與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生率呈反比[119]。一項隨機對照試驗[120]證實,同時補充鈣劑和維生素D較單獨補充鈣劑預(yù)防多種腫瘤的效果更佳,與對照組相比,單獨補充鈣劑者罹患腫瘤的RR為0.532(95% CI: 0.27~1.03,P=0.063),同時補充鈣劑和維生素D的RR為0.402(95% CI: 0.20~0.82,P=0.013)。

美國一項多中心前瞻性、干預(yù)4年的研究[121]表明,應(yīng)用鈣劑(398例每天服用3 g碳酸鈣或1 200 mg元素鈣,405例服用安慰劑作為對照)可預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā),但血液中25(OH)D水平不能低于平均值(29.1 ng/mL);另一方面,在補充鈣劑的人群中,25(OH)D水平與腺瘤再發(fā)率呈負(fù)相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步提示補充鈣劑和維持高水平維生素D有利于降低腺瘤的再發(fā)。

然而,Baron等[122]的前瞻性雙盲多中心干預(yù)研究顯示,每天補充維生素D3 1 000 IU、鈣劑1 200 mg或聯(lián)合補充兩者3~5年,均不能降低結(jié)直腸腺瘤的再發(fā)。但該研究結(jié)果受到其他學(xué)者的多方質(zhì)疑,主要問題可能為該研究干預(yù)時間較短、應(yīng)重點觀察高危腺瘤、受到其他來自食物營養(yǎng)素的干擾,或鈣與維生素D聯(lián)合預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤初發(fā)的效果可能更好[123]。

第18條 對于腺瘤再發(fā)的預(yù)防,葉酸的作用尚未定論

證據(jù)等級:Ⅰ

推薦等級:A

條款同意率:93.94%

葉酸可預(yù)防腺瘤的初次發(fā)生(一級預(yù)防),但其預(yù)防腺瘤摘除后再發(fā)的作用尚未定論。一項英國的結(jié)直腸腺瘤預(yù)防的多中心、隨機雙盲研究[106]評估了補充葉酸(0.5 mg/d)對結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)的預(yù)防作用。腺瘤≥0.5 cm的患者在入組前6個月內(nèi)接受腺瘤切除,3年后90.3%的患者接受了第二次結(jié)腸鏡檢查。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)補充葉酸并不能降低結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)危險。一項多中心臨床試驗[124]將1 021例結(jié)直腸腺瘤患者分成兩組,516例以1 mg/d葉酸干預(yù),505例服用安慰劑。結(jié)果顯示3年和5年隨訪均未發(fā)現(xiàn)葉酸具有預(yù)防腺瘤摘除后再發(fā)的作用,甚至葉酸干預(yù)者進(jìn)展性腺瘤發(fā)生率高于對照組(11.6%對6.9%)。但另一項研究[125]發(fā)現(xiàn),對于血漿葉酸濃度≤7.5 ng/mL的結(jié)直腸腺瘤(至少一個腺瘤)患者,補充葉酸可減少低葉酸者結(jié)直腸腺瘤的再發(fā)率。

補充葉酸抑制結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生可能取決于使用時患者所處的結(jié)直腸腫瘤不同時期,對正常結(jié)直腸黏膜起保護(hù)作用而對已出現(xiàn)病變的部位無保護(hù)作用。葉酸可預(yù)防原發(fā)腺瘤的生成,但不一定預(yù)防腺瘤再發(fā)或復(fù)發(fā)。預(yù)防作用可能僅發(fā)生在葉酸基礎(chǔ)水平較低者。補充葉酸可能在癌前疾病階段前發(fā)揮預(yù)防作用,而一旦進(jìn)入這個階段,如腺瘤性息肉,其預(yù)防作用則尚不明確。攝入葉酸的劑量、葉酸干預(yù)時間以及干預(yù)時間點的選擇、基礎(chǔ)血漿葉酸濃度和乙醇攝入等因素均可影響葉酸對結(jié)直腸腫瘤的預(yù)防作用,因此葉酸應(yīng)用的劑量大小、時間長短、應(yīng)用時期的確定以及有無其他因素干擾(如乙醇)至關(guān)重要,需進(jìn)一步探索。

第19條 二甲雙胍可能具有預(yù)防腺瘤再發(fā)的作用,需更多研究證實

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:80.00%

二甲雙胍具有較廣泛的抗腫瘤作用。新近日本一項研究[126]以二甲雙胍250 mg/d(71例)干預(yù)1年,62例給予安慰劑作為對照。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍組再發(fā)腺瘤者22例,安慰劑組為32例,組間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(RR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.39~0.92,P=0.016)。且觀察過程中未發(fā)現(xiàn)該藥的明顯不良反應(yīng)。但仍需進(jìn)一步研究驗證。

第20條 來源于天然植物的藥物和調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生態(tài)預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腺瘤再發(fā)的作用值得深入研究

證據(jù)等級:Ⅲ

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:96.15%

包括姜黃素等來源于天然植物的藥物可降低結(jié)直腸腫瘤的發(fā)生,但其對腺瘤摘除后再發(fā)的影響尚未明了[127]。

腸道微生態(tài)和腸道免疫決定腸道穩(wěn)態(tài),在某種程度上代表結(jié)直腸的環(huán)境因素,影響結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。腸道菌群失調(diào)、膽汁酸代謝異常與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展以及治療等密切相關(guān)。現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生相關(guān)的可能病原菌主要包括具核梭桿菌、致病性大腸桿菌、產(chǎn)毒性脆弱擬桿菌等[128]。有研究提出可通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群而影響和預(yù)防結(jié)直腸腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[129]。如能闡明腸道不同菌群通過膽汁酸代謝的致瘤作用和機制,將有利于針對不同菌群研究益生菌,提供微生態(tài)制劑,對于闡明結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病機制及其預(yù)防起有重要作用。

三、IBD相關(guān)性結(jié)直腸癌的預(yù)防

第21條 UC是結(jié)直腸癌的癌前疾病,尤其是病程超過10年、全結(jié)直腸病變以及反復(fù)炎癥的患者(B級);應(yīng)重視對IBD患者的定期內(nèi)鏡篩查(A級)

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱa

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:100%

IBD是結(jié)直腸癌的癌前疾病,其中以UC的關(guān)系更為密切。一項基于人群隊列研究的meta分析[130]表明,UC患者的結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生率為1.6%,病程少于10年者<1.0%,15年者為0.4%~2.0%,20年者為1.1%~5.3%,結(jié)直腸癌在UC患者中的發(fā)病率較正常人群高2.4倍。

病變范圍是UC患者發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌的另一高危因素。廣泛性或全結(jié)腸型UC癌變的風(fēng)險最高,為正常人群的15倍,左半結(jié)腸炎癌變風(fēng)險較低,僅為2.8倍。病變部位與腫瘤發(fā)生關(guān)系的強度依次為全結(jié)腸、左半結(jié)腸、直腸型和非結(jié)腸型克羅恩病(Crohn’s disease, CD),結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生的RR分別為2.0、1.2、0.9和0.7[131]。關(guān)于CD相關(guān)性結(jié)直腸癌的問題目前尚在研究中,Jess等[132]基于人群的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長期CD患者的結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險并未增加,尤其是僅局限于小腸的CD患者。

反復(fù)炎癥是UC相關(guān)性結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生的基礎(chǔ)。一項病例對照研究[133]發(fā)現(xiàn),有效的抗炎治療可預(yù)防腫瘤的發(fā)生,與吸煙、原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎(PSC)和腫瘤家族史相比,炎癥是腫瘤發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。

定期結(jié)腸鏡檢查是篩查IBD發(fā)生癌變的有效方法。通過對IBD患者進(jìn)行定期結(jié)腸鏡檢查,可及早發(fā)現(xiàn)上皮內(nèi)瘤變或早期病變,及時給予相應(yīng)處理,有效降低癌變的發(fā)病率和死亡率[134]。一項回顧性研究[135]發(fā)現(xiàn),所有IBD患者均應(yīng)在病情控制后行結(jié)腸鏡檢查,并在發(fā)病8~10年后行常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡篩查預(yù)防癌變發(fā)生,左半結(jié)腸炎患者在發(fā)病15~20年后應(yīng)開始行規(guī)律篩查,建議每2年行結(jié)腸鏡檢查。

目前采用常規(guī)全結(jié)腸鏡檢查,推薦每隔10 cm的四點活檢法行病變篩查,但這一方法在臨床上不易開展。隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,近來多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)采用亞甲藍(lán)或靛胭脂的染色內(nèi)鏡有益于發(fā)現(xiàn)IBD相關(guān)性結(jié)直腸癌,結(jié)直腸上皮內(nèi)瘤變的檢出率較常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡提高4~5倍,因此目前多項指南建議采用全結(jié)腸染色內(nèi)鏡結(jié)合可疑部位的定向活檢方法對IBD患者進(jìn)行篩查,以取代常規(guī)的結(jié)腸鏡多點活檢法[136]。對于內(nèi)鏡下發(fā)現(xiàn)的任何級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變,需行內(nèi)鏡下治療,并根據(jù)最終的病理結(jié)果密切隨診或行手術(shù)治療[137]。

第22條 5-氨基水楊酸(5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA)僅在UC炎癥控制和延長緩解期時應(yīng)用有預(yù)防癌變的作用,在CD中的作用尚未明確

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:97.44%

反復(fù)炎癥反應(yīng)是UC癌變的病理基礎(chǔ),在這一過程中許多炎癥因子,如IL-6、TNF-α起有重要作用。因此控制炎癥反應(yīng)、維持病變緩解在預(yù)防腫瘤發(fā)生方面具有重要作用。5-ASA作為治療輕中度UC的一線藥物,在控制炎癥反應(yīng)和維持緩解方面具有重要作用。多項研究[138-140]表明5-ASA具有預(yù)防UC癌變的作用,但近來一項meta分析[141]發(fā)現(xiàn)5-ASA并不能預(yù)防IBD患者發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌,這可能與該研究中納入了CD患者有關(guān)。5-ASA在CD患者中誘導(dǎo)和維持炎癥緩解的作用尚不明確[142]。一項meta分析[143]納入了17項研究共20 193例UC患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)5-ASA可降低結(jié)直腸癌和上皮內(nèi)瘤變的發(fā)生率(OR=0.63,95% CI: 0.48~0.84)。5-ASA起保護(hù)作用的平均劑量應(yīng)>2.0 g/d。

第23條 硫唑嘌呤能提高黏膜愈合質(zhì)量,可能具有一定預(yù)防IBD癌變的作用

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:80.00%

IBD治療中常用的免疫抑制劑包括硫唑嘌呤、6-巰基嘌呤(6-MP)、甲氨蝶呤、環(huán)磷酰胺(CTX)等。免疫抑制劑的應(yīng)用對控制炎癥、維持緩解和黏膜愈合有重要作用。一項大規(guī)模的基于人群的隊列研究[144]發(fā)現(xiàn),硫唑嘌呤能明顯減少IBD患者發(fā)生高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變和結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(HR=0.10,95% CI: 0.01~0.75)。前瞻性流行病學(xué)研究[145]發(fā)現(xiàn),19 486例IBD隊列人群中0.3%的患者在隨診期間檢出高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變或結(jié)直腸癌;對于病程超過10年,或全結(jié)腸重度病變者,硫唑嘌呤維持治療發(fā)生癌變的HR僅為0.28(95% CI: 0.1~0.9,P=0.03)。一項納入19項研究的meta分析[146]中,其中9項為病例對照研究,10項為人群隊列研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)校正病程和病變部位后,硫唑嘌呤可明顯降低結(jié)直腸癌、高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變和低級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變的發(fā)生(RR=0.71,95% CI: 0.54~0.94,P=0.017)。

其他免疫抑制劑預(yù)防IBD癌變的臨床研究相對較少,有待進(jìn)一步觀察。

第24條 PSC是IBD癌變的獨立危險因素,但目前不推薦使用熊去氧膽酸(UDCA)預(yù)防IBD癌變

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:84.62%

PSC是IBD發(fā)生癌變的重要危險因素,但不同地區(qū)有所差異[147]。我國的初步研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)PSC與IBD癌變之間的關(guān)系,可能與我國PSC發(fā)病率較低有關(guān)[148]。UDCA作為治療PSC的藥物,在預(yù)防IBD發(fā)生中的作用有限。一項長期隨機安慰劑對照研究[149]發(fā)現(xiàn),在超過10年的隨訪期間,UDCA治療組與安慰劑組之間IBD-PSC發(fā)生癌變的情況無明顯差異(13%對16%)。納入763例PSC-IBD患者的meta分析[150-151]表明,發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌的患者共177例,癌變率明顯高于不合并PSC的IBD患者,UDCA并沒有明顯預(yù)防癌變的作用(OR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.41~1.61)。

第25條 微生態(tài)制劑在預(yù)防IBD癌變中的作用有待進(jìn)一步研究

證據(jù)等級:Ⅲ

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:85.71%

微生態(tài)制劑對緩解UC炎癥反應(yīng)有一定療效,其中雙歧桿菌、乳酸桿菌治療輕中度UC有一定療效。單中心臨床隨機雙盲研究[152-153]發(fā)現(xiàn)VSL#3復(fù)合微生態(tài)制劑對緩解輕中度UC患者的炎癥有一定療效。77例UC患者服用VSL#3,70例服用安慰劑,共觀察6周,發(fā)現(xiàn)25例(32.5%)使用VSL#3者和7例(10%)使用安慰劑者UCDAI評分降低。目前相關(guān)研究結(jié)果均為益生菌與其他藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可延長病情緩解時間。有關(guān)益生菌預(yù)防IBD癌變的研究現(xiàn)多為動物實驗,尚缺乏臨床研究。

第26條 全結(jié)直腸切除適用于癌變、伴有高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變者;伴低級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變的患者推薦內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)測

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:88.57%

根據(jù)最新的meta分析,近年隨著IBD治療的規(guī)范、炎癥控制和維持緩解的治療效果較好,IBD發(fā)生癌變的比例呈下降趨勢[154],因此不推薦采用全結(jié)腸切除的方法預(yù)防IBD癌變。但對于一些特殊人群,如藥物對炎癥控制不滿意、病變反復(fù)發(fā)作、發(fā)現(xiàn)高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變或結(jié)直腸癌,則建議全結(jié)腸切除。一項單中心研究[155]發(fā)現(xiàn),123例患者中,31.7%的患者因癌變行全結(jié)腸切除,55.3%因病情反復(fù);在手術(shù)患者中,10例(8.1%)患者僅在術(shù)后發(fā)現(xiàn)上皮內(nèi)瘤變,其中2例為高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變,1例為結(jié)直腸癌。因此,由于IBD癌變的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)缺乏特異性、腫瘤有異質(zhì)性特點,若結(jié)腸鏡篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變或結(jié)直腸癌,建議行全結(jié)腸切除[156]。近來有指南[134]推薦對于非息肉樣異型增生病灶內(nèi)鏡下切除后可行內(nèi)鏡隨診,不必行全結(jié)腸切除。

四、家族性結(jié)直腸腫瘤的預(yù)防

第27條 林奇綜合征(Lynch syndrome)等家族性結(jié)直腸腫瘤患者及其家系成員應(yīng)行遺傳學(xué)檢測;林奇綜合征患者、突變攜帶者以及未行基因檢測的家系成員,應(yīng)接受結(jié)腸鏡隨訪和腸外腫瘤監(jiān)測;結(jié)腸鏡檢查并內(nèi)鏡下切除息肉可降低林奇綜合征患者因結(jié)直腸癌死亡的風(fēng)險[157]

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:91.18%

林奇綜合征又稱為遺傳性非息肉病性結(jié)直腸癌(hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC),是最常見的遺傳性結(jié)直腸癌綜合征,占所有結(jié)直腸癌患者的2%~3%,為常染色體顯性遺傳疾病[158-161],由DNA錯配修復(fù)基因(MLH1、MSH2、MSH6、PMS2)或上皮細(xì)胞黏附分子EPCAM胚系突變所致[157,162-167]。高度懷疑林奇綜合征時應(yīng)行MLH1、MSH2、MSH6、PMS2和(或)EPCAM基因胚系突變檢測,檢測流程見圖1。

MLH1、MSH2、EPCAM突變攜帶者患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險更高[157,162-165,167],MSH6或PMS2突變攜帶者的風(fēng)險相對較低[168-169]。因此,針對MLH1、MSH2、EPCAM突變攜帶者結(jié)直腸癌的監(jiān)測,推薦20~25歲開始行結(jié)腸鏡隨訪。若家系中最早的發(fā)病年齡<25歲則先于該年齡的2~5年開始進(jìn)行隨訪,每1~2年復(fù)查。MSH6或PMS2突變攜帶者結(jié)直腸癌監(jiān)測方案:推薦25~30歲開始進(jìn)行結(jié)腸鏡隨訪。若家系中最早的發(fā)病年齡<30歲則先于該年齡的2~5年開始,每1~2年復(fù)查[170-171]。家系中未行基因檢測的成員隨訪策略與突變攜帶者的隨訪策略相同。經(jīng)基因檢測未發(fā)現(xiàn)突變的家系成員則按一般風(fēng)險人群進(jìn)行隨訪。

據(jù)國外報道[172-178]稱,林奇綜合征并發(fā)的腸外腫瘤中,子宮內(nèi)膜癌和卵巢癌較為多見,可于30~35歲開始每年一次行婦科檢查。而我國林奇綜合征患者腸外腫瘤以胃癌多見,子宮內(nèi)膜癌發(fā)生率略低于胃癌[179]。因此國內(nèi)推薦林奇綜合征患者自30~35歲起每3~5年行胃鏡檢查[180-182]。

第28條 結(jié)腸切除術(shù)是林奇綜合征患者基本的治療方式,結(jié)腸部分切除術(shù)后患者仍應(yīng)每1~2年進(jìn)行一次結(jié)腸鏡隨訪

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:90.48%

當(dāng)結(jié)腸鏡下無法切除息肉或腫瘤時應(yīng)行手術(shù)治療。對于>60~65歲或有潛在的括約肌功能障礙者可考慮行結(jié)腸次全切除術(shù)[171,183]。林奇綜合征患者因結(jié)直腸癌行結(jié)腸部分切除術(shù)后,剩余結(jié)腸或直腸約19%于10年后、47%于20年后、69%于30年后癌癥再發(fā)[184],因此,林奇綜合征患者結(jié)直腸部分切除術(shù)后的再發(fā)率高,應(yīng)對剩余結(jié)腸或直腸每1~2年行結(jié)腸鏡或乙狀結(jié)腸鏡檢查,隨訪策略同林奇綜合征致病基因攜帶者。

第29條 對以下可疑為腺瘤性息肉綜合征的患者建議行相關(guān)基因檢測,主要篩查基因為APC和MUTYH:①結(jié)直腸腺瘤性息肉超過10枚;②有腺瘤性息肉綜合征家族史;③結(jié)直腸腺瘤患者,且有FAP相關(guān)腸外表現(xiàn)

證據(jù)等級:Ⅲ

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:94.74%

腺瘤性息肉綜合征包括經(jīng)典型家族性腺瘤性息肉病(CFAP)、衰減型家族性腺瘤性息肉病(AFAP)和MUTYH相關(guān)息肉病(MAP)。FAP患者APC基因的突變陽性檢出率為70%~79%[185-186];而MAP是一種MUTYH基因突變所致的常染色體隱性遺傳疾病,MUTYH基因陽性突變率最高為11%~12%[187]。歐洲報道歐美人群基因突變熱點為Y179C、G396D、Y165C、G382D[187-188],而國內(nèi)尚未見上述基因突變熱點的報道。

對有明確突變患者的親屬行該突變位點的檢測。APC基因檢測結(jié)果為陰性時,應(yīng)行MUTYH基因檢測[189],MUTYH基因出現(xiàn)等位基因突變,或MUTYH基因兩條鏈雖無等位基因突變,但均包含致病性突變時,則可確診為MAP[190]。主要檢測方式包括一代測序結(jié)合多重連接探針擴增技術(shù)(MLPA),或二代高通量測序。腺瘤性息肉綜合征的基因篩查檢測流程見圖2。

第30條 從10~12歲開始,對FAP患者、突變攜帶者以及未行基因檢測的家系成員每1~2年行一次結(jié)腸鏡篩查

證據(jù)等級:Ⅱb

推薦等級:B

條款同意率:93.75%

有文獻(xiàn)報道,F(xiàn)AP患者的最早發(fā)病年齡為6歲[191],大部分CFAP家系成員有致病性突變者通常于青春期發(fā)病,建議從 10~12歲開始每1~2年進(jìn)行一次乙狀結(jié)腸鏡或結(jié)腸鏡

LS:林奇綜合征;IHC:免疫組化法;MSI:微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性

圖2 腺瘤性息肉綜合征的基因篩查流程圖

篩查[190],一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)息肉,則每年一次全結(jié)腸鏡檢查,直至行結(jié)腸切除術(shù)。AFAP家系成員建議從18~20歲開始,每2年一次。

第31條 根據(jù)FAP患者年齡、息肉的負(fù)荷和患者情況綜合考慮行結(jié)直腸切除的時間[192]

證據(jù)等級:Ⅲ

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:97.05%

目前對于預(yù)防性結(jié)直腸切除時間尚無定論,可根據(jù)FAP患者年齡、息肉的負(fù)荷和患者情況綜合考慮行結(jié)直腸切除的時間[193]。發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌或內(nèi)鏡下無法切除癌前病變者應(yīng)立即行外科手術(shù)。

第32條 對FAP患者、突變攜帶者以及未行基因檢測的家系成員的相關(guān)結(jié)直腸外腫瘤應(yīng)從25~30歲開始隨訪

證據(jù)等級:Ⅲ

推薦等級:C

條款同意率:94.12%

對上消化道監(jiān)測開始時間尚無定論,推薦從確定有結(jié)直腸息肉或20~25歲開始進(jìn)行上消化道內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)測,每3年一次[192]。內(nèi)鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),約超過一半的FAP患者伴有十二指腸息肉,癌變的風(fēng)險為3%~5%或更高[194-195]。根據(jù)Spigelman分級決定十二指腸鏡的隨訪間隔時間。Spigelman評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:1分:息肉數(shù)目為1~4枚、大小為1~4 mm、病理為管狀腺瘤伴低級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變;2分:息肉數(shù)目為5~20枚、大小為5~10 mm或病理為絨毛管狀腺瘤;3分:息肉數(shù)目>20枚、大小>10 mm、病理為絨毛管狀腺瘤伴高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變,總分為每一項對應(yīng)分?jǐn)?shù)之和。Spigelman分級按照0分、1~4分、5~6分、7~8分和9~12分分為0~4級,隨訪時間間隔隨著評分的增加而縮短,分別為4年、2~3年、1~3年、6~12個月和3~6個月[196-199]。約0.6%的FAP患者胃底腺息肉會發(fā)展成癌[200],當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變或浸潤癌時應(yīng)行手術(shù)治療。甲狀腺的檢查應(yīng)從10歲起每年行一次甲狀腺超聲檢查;對于攜帶基因突變的嬰幼兒,建議從出生起每半年行甲胎蛋白檢測和肝臟B超檢查,直至7歲;腹內(nèi)纖維瘤的檢測應(yīng)包括每年的腹壁觸診,如患者有相應(yīng)癥狀或纖維瘤家族史,腸切除術(shù)后1~3年應(yīng)行一次腹部MRI/CT檢查,此后間隔5~10年復(fù)查,對于其他腸外器官目前尚無隨訪方案[201]。

總而言之,預(yù)防是有效管理和控制結(jié)直腸癌的關(guān)鍵。盡管目前可通過改善生活習(xí)慣、調(diào)節(jié)飲食結(jié)構(gòu)、篩查、內(nèi)鏡下腺瘤摘除和定期隨訪以及化學(xué)藥物降低結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生率,但實際上并非所有措施均能奏效。臨床工作正期待著發(fā)現(xiàn)和開拓更適合于平均危險度和高危人群的不同預(yù)防策略。

共識意見執(zhí)筆撰寫者:

房靜遠(yuǎn) 時永全 陳縈晅 李景南 盛劍秋

參與共識意見討論和定稿者(按姓氏漢語拼音排序):

白飛虎 白文元 陳東風(fēng) 陳紅梅 陳旻湖 陳其奎

陳世耀 陳衛(wèi)昌 陳縈晅 段麗平 樊代明 房殿春

房靜遠(yuǎn) 馮 櫻 高 峰 戈之錚 郭曉鐘 韓 英

侯曉華 霍麗娟 姜海行 蔣明德 藍(lán) 宇 李建生

李景南 李良平 李 巖 李延青 李兆申 林 琳

劉 杰 劉 詩 劉思德 劉新光 陸 偉 呂 賓

呂農(nóng)華 羅和生 聶玉強 錢家鳴 任建林 沈 薇

沈錫中 盛劍秋 時永全 蘇秉忠 唐承薇 田德安

田字彬 庹必光 王吉耀 王江濱 王良靜 王巧民

王小眾 王學(xué)紅 韋 紅 吳開春 吳小平 謝渭芬

許建明 許 樂 楊仕明 楊幼林 楊云生 游蘇寧

袁偉建 袁耀宗 張 軍 張澍田 張曉嵐 張志廣

鄭鵬遠(yuǎn) 鄭 勇 鐘 捷 朱 萱 鄒多武 鄒曉平

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(2016-07-14收稿)

10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.11.006

*本文通信作者,房靜遠(yuǎn),上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院消化科(200001),Email: fangjingyuan_new@163.com

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