劉亞慶 趙 博 羅亞東 李祎南 楊 巍
(吉林大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院免疫學(xué)系,長(zhǎng)春130021)
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轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Foxp3對(duì)人肺腺癌細(xì)胞A549增殖周期的影響及機(jī)制研究
劉亞慶 趙 博 羅亞東 李祎南 楊 巍
(吉林大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院免疫學(xué)系,長(zhǎng)春130021)
目的:研究Foxp3對(duì)肺腺癌細(xì)胞A549增殖及細(xì)胞周期的影響,并探討相關(guān)調(diào)控機(jī)制。方法:采用siRNA沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá);MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期變化;RT-PCR篩選細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)checkpoint基因;免疫熒光及雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因分析Foxp3對(duì)相關(guān)checkpoint基因調(diào)控機(jī)制。結(jié)果:沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3后,其增殖明顯減慢并發(fā)生G0/G1期阻滯,G1/S期checkpoint基因CCND1表達(dá)顯著降低。機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Foxp3能直接調(diào)控CCND1表達(dá)。結(jié)論:Foxp3通過上調(diào)細(xì)胞周期G1/S期checkpoint基因CCND1表達(dá),促進(jìn)肺腺癌細(xì)胞A549增殖,從而促進(jìn)了肺腺癌發(fā)展,為肺腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展及治療靶點(diǎn)提供了新思路。
Foxp3;CCND1;肺腺癌;增殖;細(xì)胞周期
Foxp3(Forkhead box protein 3)是叉頭/翼狀螺旋轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員之一,最初被發(fā)現(xiàn)表達(dá)于CD4+CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs),是其特異的標(biāo)志物,也是維持其免疫抑制功能的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)基因。在某些腫瘤中,如結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、胰腺癌等,外周血和腫瘤局部Foxp3+Tregs增多,能抑制多種免疫細(xì)胞的作用,促進(jìn)腫瘤免疫逃逸[1],與腫瘤進(jìn)展及不良預(yù)后關(guān)系密切[2]。而近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Foxp3不僅在Tregs表達(dá),在多種腫瘤組織和腫瘤細(xì)胞中也有表達(dá),但是發(fā)揮的作用、與預(yù)后的關(guān)系卻不盡相同。在舌鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、肝癌、胃癌中,F(xiàn)oxp3表達(dá)與不良預(yù)后呈正相關(guān),發(fā)揮促癌作用[3,4];而在前列腺癌、乳腺癌中,F(xiàn)oxp3高表達(dá)者預(yù)后較好,F(xiàn)oxp3發(fā)揮抑癌作用[5,6]。惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展是多基因參與的過程,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡、遷移和侵襲等生物學(xué)行為調(diào)節(jié)異常,這是影響患者預(yù)后的重要因素。因此,腫瘤細(xì)胞Foxp3可能改變了腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)或抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,影響患者預(yù)后。增殖是細(xì)胞的重要生命特征,在胃癌、黑色素瘤中,F(xiàn)oxp3對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的影響也不一致[7,8]。腫瘤細(xì)胞能夠無限增殖究其原因在于細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控紊亂,細(xì)胞周期的調(diào)控是一個(gè)精細(xì)復(fù)雜的過程,由多種蛋白共同參與。在肺腺癌中,F(xiàn)oxp3對(duì)其增殖影響尚不明確,其機(jī)制研究更是鮮有報(bào)道。因此,本課題擬以人肺腺癌細(xì)胞A549為模型,研究Foxp3對(duì)肺腺癌細(xì)胞增殖周期的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、試劑 人肺腺癌細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)549為本課題組前期凍存。Foxp3 siRNA購于廣州銳博公司。轉(zhuǎn)染試劑Lipofecta mine 2000購于Invitrogen公司。MTT購于Sigma公司。細(xì)胞周期試劑盒、anti-Foxp3和anti-CCND1購于天津三箭公司。膠回收試劑盒和DNA抽提試劑盒購于Roche公司。pGL3螢光素酶雙報(bào)告載體質(zhì)粒以及雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因檢測(cè)試劑盒購于Promega公司。限制性內(nèi)切酶KpnⅠ、BgⅢ及T4 DNA連接酶購于北京全式金公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 siRNA沉默肺腺癌細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá) 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的A549細(xì)胞,調(diào)濃度2×105ml-1,接種于六孔板(每孔1.5 ml),次日細(xì)胞密度達(dá)到60%~70%后進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染。先分別孵育轉(zhuǎn)染試劑和siRNA,再將兩者充分混合,室溫孵育20 min。吸棄原六孔板內(nèi)培養(yǎng)基,換無血清無抗生素DMEM。將上述混合溶液加入六孔板內(nèi)(siRNA終濃度50 nmol/L),置于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱孵育6 h后,吸棄培養(yǎng)上清,加入含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。48 h后收細(xì)胞提取總RNA,RT-PCR檢測(cè)Foxp3 mRNA表達(dá)水平。
1.2.2 MTT比色法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期A549細(xì)胞,調(diào)濃度8×104ml-1,接種于96孔板(每孔100 μl)。沉默F(xiàn)oxp3表達(dá)72 h后每孔加入10 μl MTT溶液,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,棄掉上清后加入100 μl DMSO,低速震蕩10 min,使顆粒物充分溶解,于酶標(biāo)儀波長(zhǎng)570 nm測(cè)OD值。
1.2.3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期 沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá)48 h后,胰酶消化收取細(xì)胞,調(diào)濃度1×106ml-1,70%乙醇4℃固定過夜。PBS洗滌2次后加入500 μl PI染液,室溫避光孵育30 min后上機(jī)檢測(cè)。
1.2.4 RT-PCR檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)基因的mRNA水平 沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá)48 h后,胰酶消化收取細(xì)胞,提取總RNA,RT-PCR檢測(cè)CCND1、CCND2、CCND3、CCNE2、CCDE1、CDK2、CDK4、CDK6 mRNA表達(dá)水平。
1.2.5 免疫熒光 在24孔板中做細(xì)胞爬片,次日取出玻片用PBS洗3次,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,PBS再清洗3次,0.5% Triton室溫打孔20 min,PBS清洗后用1% BSA封閉。加入稀釋的一抗,濕盒內(nèi)4℃過夜。次日加熒光二抗,PBST浸洗3次,濕盒中37℃孵育1 h,再用PBST浸洗3次。滴加DAPI避光孵育1~3 min染核,PBST洗去多余DAPI并吸干液體,封片后在熒光顯微鏡下觀察采集圖像。
1.2.6 雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因 根據(jù)http://www.geneco-poeia.com網(wǎng)站提供預(yù)測(cè)的CCND1可能的啟動(dòng)子作用區(qū),設(shè)計(jì)引物,為了報(bào)告載體構(gòu)建簡(jiǎn)便,在引物上下游分別插入限制性內(nèi)切酶KpnI及BglII,引物由上海生工生物公司合成。上游引物為5′-GCGGTACCTCAGTCCCAGGGCAAATTCT-3′,下游引物為5′-GGCAGATCTAAACTCCCCTGTAGTCCGT-GC-3′,序列大小為1 143 bp。切膠回收PCR產(chǎn)物,在T4 DNA連接酶的作用下行連接反應(yīng)(16℃過夜),將連接產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化感受態(tài)大腸桿菌,篩選培養(yǎng)陽性克隆質(zhì)粒測(cè)序鑒定。
沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá)24 h后,轉(zhuǎn)染pGL3-CCND1-promoter質(zhì)粒。48 h后收集細(xì)胞裂解物,用雙螢光素酶報(bào)告基因檢測(cè)試劑盒檢測(cè)pGL3-CCND1-promoter質(zhì)粒的螢光素酶活性。
2.1 沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá) 為干預(yù)A549細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá),采用RNAi的方法將siRNANC、Foxp3siRNA1和Foxp3siRNA2分別轉(zhuǎn)染A549細(xì)胞48h后,RT-PCR法檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞Foxp3表達(dá)。結(jié)果顯示:siRNA1、siRNA2兩組Foxp3表達(dá)水平明顯低于siRNANC組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。該結(jié)果表明:兩對(duì)siRNA均可特異性干擾Foxp3表達(dá),可以用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn),見圖1。
圖1 RT-PCR mRNA水平檢測(cè)Foxp3沉默效果Fig.1 mRNA expression of silencing Foxp3 was detected by RT-PCRNote: *.P<0.05,compared with siRNA NC group.
2.2Foxp3對(duì)A549細(xì)胞增殖的影響 為研究Foxp3對(duì)A549細(xì)胞增殖的影響,沉默F(xiàn)oxp3后采用MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖情況。結(jié)果顯示:沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3后,細(xì)胞增殖明顯減慢,siRNA1、siRNA2兩組OD值分別為2.155±0.007、1.786±0.032,明顯低于siRNANC組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。該結(jié)果表明:Foxp3可以促進(jìn)A549細(xì)胞增殖,見表1、圖2。
2.3Foxp3對(duì)A549細(xì)胞周期的影響 為研究Foxp3對(duì)A549細(xì)胞周期的影響,沉默F(xiàn)oxp3后采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)A549細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期。結(jié)果顯示:沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3后,細(xì)胞發(fā)生G0/G1期阻滯,siRNA1、siRNA2兩組G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例分別為65.6%、64.6%,明顯高于siRNANC組50.5%,且S期細(xì)胞比例明顯低于siRNANC組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。該結(jié)果表明:Foxp3可以促進(jìn)A549細(xì)胞從G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)化,見圖3。
2.4Foxp3對(duì)CCND1表達(dá)的調(diào)控 為研究Foxp3調(diào)控CCND1表達(dá)過程中的作用機(jī)制,首先采用細(xì)胞免疫熒光檢測(cè)A549細(xì)胞Foxp3和CCND1的定位情況。結(jié)果顯示:在A549細(xì)胞中,部分區(qū)域出現(xiàn)了綠色熒光(代表CCND1表達(dá))及紅色熒光(代表Foxp3表達(dá))的重疊區(qū)域(黃色區(qū)域),即CCND1與Foxp3的表達(dá)出現(xiàn)了共定位。該結(jié)果提示Foxp3與CCND1可能直接相互作用,見圖4。
GroupsOD570nmsiRNANC2.484±0.104siRNA12.155±0.007siRNA21.786±0.032
圖2 MTT檢測(cè)沉默F(xiàn)oxp3后A549增殖變化Fig.2 Proliferation of A549 after silencing Foxp3 was detected by MTTNote: *.P<0.05,compared with siRNA NC group.
2.5 G1/S期checkpoint基因的篩選 為研究Foxp3對(duì)A549細(xì)胞G1/S期checkpoint基因的影響,沉默F(xiàn)oxp3后采用RT-PCR檢測(cè)G1/S期checkpoint基因,包括CCND1、CCND2、CCND3、CCNE2、CCDE1、CDK2、CDK4、CDK6。結(jié)果顯示:沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3后,CCND1表達(dá)隨之降低,明顯低于siRNA NC組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。該結(jié)果表明,F(xiàn)oxp3可以促進(jìn)A549細(xì)胞G1/S期checkpoint基因CCND1表達(dá),見圖5。
為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證Foxp3是否對(duì)CCND1具有直接調(diào)控作用,我們構(gòu)建了含有CCND1啟動(dòng)子熒光素酶報(bào)告基因質(zhì)粒(pGL3-CCND1-promoter)。重組質(zhì)粒經(jīng)雙酶切可見大小為1 143 bp的條帶,見圖6。熒光素酶報(bào)告基因檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示:沉默A549細(xì)胞Foxp3后,CCND1啟動(dòng)子熒光素酶報(bào)告基因活性明顯降低(P<0.05)。該結(jié)果明確了Foxp3對(duì)CCND1的直接調(diào)控作用,見圖7。
圖3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)沉默F(xiàn)oxp3后A549細(xì)胞周期變化Fig.3 Cell cycle of A549 after silencing Foxp3 was detected by FCMNote: *.P<0.05,compared with siRNA NC group.
圖4 A549細(xì)胞Foxp3和CCND1的定位表達(dá)Fig.4 Expression of CCND1 and Foxp3 on A549 cell by immunofluorescences
圖5 RT-PCR檢測(cè)G1/S期checkpoint基因變化Fig.5 mRNA expression of G1/S cycle checkpoint gene was detected by RT-PCRNote: *.P<0.05,compared with siRNA NC group.
圖6 雙酶切鑒定pGL3-CCND1-promoter質(zhì)粒Fig.6 Identification of eukaryotic expression plasmids by restriction endonuclease analysisNote: M.Represents marker;1.Represents pGL3-CCND1-promoter;2.Represents pGL3-CCND1-promoter PCR product after digestion.
圖7 雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因檢測(cè)Foxp3對(duì)CCND1啟動(dòng)子活性的影響Fig.7 Effect of Foxp3 on activity of CCND1 promoters was detected by dual-luciferase reporter gene assayNote: *.P<0.05,compared with siRNA NC group.
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Foxp3是Tregs特異的標(biāo)志物及細(xì)胞發(fā)育和功能的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)基因[9]。一旦Tregs缺失Foxp3,其抑制功能將隨之缺失,因此,F(xiàn)oxp3是維持Tregs抑制功能所必需[10]。在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,Tregs也發(fā)揮著免疫抑制作用,參與了腫瘤免疫逃逸[11,12],去除Tregs可以誘導(dǎo)抗腫瘤免疫,因此,Tregs是介導(dǎo)腫瘤免疫逃逸的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞。最初人們認(rèn)為Foxp3僅表達(dá)于淋巴細(xì)胞,而近年來越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Foxp3在多種腫瘤組織及細(xì)胞中也有表達(dá),高表達(dá)Foxp3的腫瘤病人一般預(yù)后較差[13,14]。但Foxp3在不同腫瘤中發(fā)揮的作用也不盡相同,并且相關(guān)機(jī)制研究較少。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Foxp3在人非小細(xì)胞肺腺癌中高表達(dá),并與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期密切相關(guān)[15]。因此,本研究以人肺腺癌細(xì)胞A549為模型,研究Foxp3在肺腺癌中的作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制。
腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵之一在于腫瘤細(xì)胞的無限增殖,其本質(zhì)就是細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控紊亂。本研究結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)oxp3通過促進(jìn)細(xì)胞G1期向S轉(zhuǎn)化從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。因此,F(xiàn)oxp3在肺腺癌中發(fā)揮促腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)作用,并與腫瘤細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控紊亂有密切關(guān)系。細(xì)胞周期的調(diào)控是一個(gè)精細(xì)的生物學(xué)過程,有一個(gè)復(fù)雜的分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程主要由細(xì)胞周期蛋白(Cyclin)、細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(Cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)和細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶抑制物(Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor,CDKI)驅(qū)動(dòng)[16],在G0/G1、G2/M兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵性限制點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)控。其中,cyclin和CDK為細(xì)胞周期正調(diào)控蛋白,CDKI為負(fù)調(diào)控蛋白。G0/G1期轉(zhuǎn)變標(biāo)志DNA合成開始,G2/M期轉(zhuǎn)變標(biāo)志有絲分裂開始,其中G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)變更為重要。
本研究中我們發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)oxp3可以促進(jìn)A549細(xì)胞G1/S期checkpoint基因CCND1表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞從G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)化。CCND1是細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控蛋白家族的重要成員,屬于細(xì)胞周期素cyclin D家族,正向調(diào)控G0/G1期限制點(diǎn),推動(dòng)細(xì)胞從G1期進(jìn)入S期,開始合成DNA,實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞的增殖過程[17]。CCND1的表達(dá)、激活、在核內(nèi)的聚集全都發(fā)生在G1中期[18]。CCND1最初被發(fā)現(xiàn)于甲狀旁腺癌,是一種原癌基因,在乳腺癌、前列腺癌、膀胱癌等多種腫瘤中通過基因擴(kuò)增、基因重排及突變導(dǎo)致過表達(dá)[19-21]。腫瘤細(xì)胞CCND1過表達(dá)可縮短G1期,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞從G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)化,加速細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分裂,引起細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控紊亂,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖異常,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展[22]。在舌鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤中,CCND1對(duì)于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后、提高診斷陽性率均有重要意義[23-25]。但在肺腺癌中,CCND1與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及在肺腺癌中的表達(dá)情況一直存在爭(zhēng)議[26]。本研究中利用雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)證實(shí)了Foxp3可直接與CCND1啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)錄,引起細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控紊亂,加速細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞無限增殖。這與CCND1在乳腺癌、甲狀腺癌、膀胱癌等腫瘤中發(fā)揮促癌作用的結(jié)果是一致的。但Foxp3與CCND1具體的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)還需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
基于上述研究結(jié)果,我們證實(shí)了在人肺腺癌中,腫瘤細(xì)胞Foxp3可直接與CCND1啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)錄,引起細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控紊亂,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞從G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)化,加速細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞無限增殖促進(jìn)其發(fā)展。以細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控分子為靶點(diǎn)的腫瘤治療已成為一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn),F(xiàn)oxp3通過CCND1調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期影響細(xì)胞增殖可為腫瘤治療提供新思路。
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[收稿2015-12-15]
(編輯 許四平)
Effect and mechanism of transcription factor Foxp3 on proliferation and cell cycle of human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549
LIU Ya-Qing,ZHAO Bo,LUO Ya-Dong,LI Yi-Nan,YANG Wei.Department of Immunology,Basic Medical College,Jilin University,Changchun 130021,China
Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of transcription factor Foxp3 on the proliferation and cell cycle of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549.Methods: We knocked down the expression of Foxp3 using siRNA.Foxp3 inhibition was detected by RT-PCR.Cell proliferation was detected by MTT.Cell cycle of A549 cells were detected by flow cytometry after the transfection of siRNA.Cell cycle-related checkpoint genes were filtered by RT-PCR.The regulation of Foxp3 on cell cycle-related checkpoint genes were detected by immunofluorescence and dual-luciferase reporter assay system.Results: The proliferation of A549 cells were inhibited after silencing Foxp3,and A549 cells were arrested in G0/G1cycle.G1/S cycle checkpoint gene CCND1 was down regulated.Mechanism research show that Foxp3 can regulate the expression of CCND1 directly.Conclusion: Foxp3 can promote the proliferation of A549 cell line by up regulating G1/S cycle checkpoint gene CCND1.This provides a new target for the therapeutic targets of lung adenocarcinoma.
Foxp3;CCND1;Lung adenocarcinoma;Proliferation;Cell cycle
10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2016.04.009
劉亞慶(1990年-),女,碩士,主要從事腫瘤免疫學(xué)研究,E-mail:yqliu13@jlu.edu.cn。
及指導(dǎo)教師:李祎南(1988年-),女,博士,主要從事腫瘤免疫研究,E-mail:liyn13@mails.jlu.edu.cn。 楊 巍(1980年-),女,博士,副教授,主要從事免疫耐受方面的研究,E-mail:ywei@jlu.edu.cn。
R730.3
A
1000-484X(2016)04-0490-05