王俊峰 付玉東闞強(qiáng)波 侯 波 吉紅波 黃若山 李明學(xué) 賈國(guó)華 趙章勇
(曲靖市第一人民醫(yī)院胸心外科,曲靖 655000)
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·臨床研究·
全胸腔鏡解剖性肺段切除術(shù)30例
王俊峰 付玉東*闞強(qiáng)波 侯 波 吉紅波 黃若山 李明學(xué) 賈國(guó)華 趙章勇
(曲靖市第一人民醫(yī)院胸心外科,曲靖 655000)
目的 探討全胸腔鏡解剖性肺段切除術(shù)治療早期肺癌、肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤和肺良性疾病的可行性。 方法 2011年1月~2016年1月我院行VATS肺段切除術(shù)30例,采用全胸腔鏡三切口,用推結(jié)器絲線結(jié)扎或鈦夾夾閉肺段動(dòng)、靜脈,切割縫合器閉合切斷支氣管,惡性腫瘤最后系統(tǒng)清掃區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)。 結(jié)果 30例成功施行全胸腔鏡解剖性肺段切除術(shù),無中轉(zhuǎn)開胸,其中切除左上肺舌段8例、尖前段1例、左下肺背段9例、基底段2例、右下肺基底段1例、背段9例,無圍術(shù)期死亡。術(shù)后病理:ⅠA期肺癌20例,肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤2例,肺良性疾病8例(其中肺結(jié)核4例,支氣管擴(kuò)張2例,炎性假瘤2例)。ⅠA期肺癌手術(shù)時(shí)間(151.2±31.3)min,術(shù)中出血量(139.5±102.4)ml,術(shù)后拔胸管時(shí)間(4.6±1.3)d,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(5.3±1.4)d。肺良性疾病手術(shù)時(shí)間(143.2±38.3)min,術(shù)中出血量(132.5±102.6)ml,術(shù)后拔胸管時(shí)間(4.1±1.4)d,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(5.2±1.3)d。1例結(jié)腸癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移手術(shù)時(shí)間150 min,術(shù)中出血量136 ml,術(shù)后拔胸管時(shí)間5 d,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間6 d。1例直腸癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移手術(shù)時(shí)間141 min,術(shù)中出血量128 ml,術(shù)后拔胸管時(shí)間4 d,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間5 d。30例術(shù)后隨訪3~12個(gè)月,平均7.1月,均無復(fù)發(fā)及死亡。 結(jié)論 VATS解剖性肺段切除術(shù)安全可靠,在最大限度保留肺功能的前提下應(yīng)用于ⅠA期肺癌、不易行肺楔形切除術(shù)的肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤和肺良性疾病患者,尤其適用于老年低肺功能患者,適合臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
電視胸腔鏡手術(shù); 解剖性肺段切除術(shù); 肺癌; 肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤; 肺良性疾病
1939 年Churchill等[1]首次報(bào)道肺段切除術(shù)治療支氣管擴(kuò)張,隨后又有治療肺癌的報(bào)道[2]。近年來,隨著電視胸腔鏡手術(shù)(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)的不斷進(jìn)步,越來越多的胸外科醫(yī)師將VATS解剖性肺段切除應(yīng)用于臨床[3]。2011年1月~2016年1月我院行VATS解剖性肺段切除治療30例早期肺癌、肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤和肺良性疾病,療效滿意,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
本組30例,男21例,女9例。年齡(59.0±12.4)歲。10例因咳嗽、咯痰、胸痛就診,20例體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)。30例均為單發(fā)病灶,病灶位置:左肺下葉背段9例、基底段2例,左肺上葉舌段8例、尖前段1例;右肺下葉背段9例、基底段1例。術(shù)前常規(guī)胸部增強(qiáng)CT提示腫瘤大小0.5~2 cm,平均1.5 cm,無明顯縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大。術(shù)前常規(guī)頭顱CT、腹部彩超、骨掃描、肺功能檢查等,懷疑肺癌者排除遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。5例年齡70~75歲,平均72.1歲,其中4例有吸煙史, 3例合并慢性肺部感染、肺氣腫、原發(fā)性高血壓等疾病,2例術(shù)前心電圖提示竇性心動(dòng)過速,2例提示不完全右束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯, 5例術(shù)前肺功能檢測(cè)分鐘最大通氣量的實(shí)測(cè)值/預(yù)計(jì)值百分比(MVV%)均<50%,第1秒用力呼吸容積的實(shí)測(cè)值/預(yù)計(jì)值百分比(FEV1%)均<40%。30例臨床診斷:肺毛玻璃樣變或小結(jié)節(jié)20例,結(jié)腸癌術(shù)后肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤1例, 直腸癌術(shù)后肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤1例, 良性疾病8例(臨床表現(xiàn)為咳嗽、咯痰、肺部感染和咯血等)。
病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①肺外周1/3的低度惡性病灶(如術(shù)前肺穿刺活檢診斷原位癌、轉(zhuǎn)移瘤等),直徑≤2 cm,術(shù)中病檢淋巴結(jié)無轉(zhuǎn)移;②惡性腫瘤切緣距腫瘤≥2 cm;③肺外周1/3的良性病灶;④老年低肺功能(MVV%<50%或FEV1%<40%),不能耐受肺葉切除者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①惡性腫瘤直徑>2 cm;②惡性腫瘤切緣距腫瘤<2 cm;③中心型病灶;④拒絕肺段切除者。
1.2 方法
采用全麻下雙腔氣管插管,健側(cè)臥位、單肺通氣。取三孔操作,觀察孔取腋中線第7肋間,大小約1.5 cm,主操作孔取腋前線第4或5肋間,大小3~4 cm,副操作孔取肩胛下角線第8肋間,大小約1.5 cm。術(shù)中先探查確認(rèn)肺段切除可行后,先切除第10、11、13組淋巴結(jié)送術(shù)中冰凍,結(jié)果示淋巴結(jié)均為陰性,遂均行肺段切除術(shù)。靠近肺實(shí)質(zhì)處解剖游離,做到“骨骼化”,用電凝鉤及超聲刀解剖分離靶段靜脈、動(dòng)脈及支氣管,用推結(jié)器絲線結(jié)扎或鈦夾夾閉或Endo-GIA+白釘閉合切斷肺段動(dòng)、靜脈,用Endo-GIA+綠釘閉合切斷支氣管,保證切緣距離腫瘤≥2 cm。惡性腫瘤最后系統(tǒng)清掃區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)。左側(cè)清掃第5、6、7、9、10、11、13組淋巴結(jié),右側(cè)清掃第2、4R、7、9、10、11、13組淋巴結(jié)。用溫碘伏鹽水沖洗胸腔,檢查肺創(chuàng)面無漏氣后,留置1根胸管至胸頂引流,逐層關(guān)閉胸腔。
30例手術(shù)均順利完成,無中轉(zhuǎn)開胸,切除左上肺舌段8例、尖前段1例、左下肺背段9例、基底段2例、右下肺基底段1例、背段9例,無圍術(shù)期死亡。不同病理類型的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后拔胸管時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間見表1。術(shù)后肺漏氣1例, 經(jīng)3 d持續(xù)胸腔沖洗引流治愈;肺不張2例,經(jīng)床旁支氣管鏡吸痰及持續(xù)負(fù)壓吸引后肺復(fù)張。術(shù)后病理:ⅠA期腺癌12例,鱗癌8例,肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤2例(結(jié)腸癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移1例,直腸癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移1例),良性疾病8例(肺結(jié)核4例,支氣管擴(kuò)張2例,炎性假瘤2例)。30例術(shù)后隨訪3~12個(gè)月,平均7.1月,均無復(fù)發(fā)及死亡。
表1 不同病理類型的手術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)
胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)由于創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后疼痛輕、恢復(fù)快、切口美觀等特點(diǎn),在國(guó)內(nèi)外已廣泛開展應(yīng)用[4~8],現(xiàn)已成為治療早期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式[9~14]。VATS解剖性肺段切除術(shù)治療早期肺癌是最精準(zhǔn)的切除腫瘤,體現(xiàn)了精準(zhǔn)手術(shù)治療腫瘤。與VATS肺葉切除相比,VATS解剖性肺段切除具有住院時(shí)間短、肺功能保存好、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢(shì)[15,16]。肺段切除比肺葉切除保留更多的肺組織,當(dāng)肺楔形切除無法完整切除轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤和肺良性病灶而肺段切除可行時(shí),肺段切除就成為首選[17~19]。
結(jié)合美國(guó)國(guó)立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(NCCN)指南,我們總結(jié)VATS解剖性肺段切除術(shù)的適應(yīng)證如下:①肺外周1/3的低度惡性病灶(如原位癌、微浸潤(rùn)性腺癌等),直徑≤2 cm,術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查淋巴結(jié)無轉(zhuǎn)移;②腫瘤切緣距離腫瘤≥2 cm;③肺外周1/3的良性病灶;④老年并低肺功能,不能耐受肺葉切除者。本組5例老年低肺功能,不能耐受肺葉切除,行VATS解剖性肺段切除。VATS解剖性肺段切除因肺段動(dòng)脈較細(xì)小,我們術(shù)中用Endo-GIA+白釘處理血管時(shí),造成血管扭轉(zhuǎn)、受牽拉破裂出血,我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是用推結(jié)器絲線結(jié)扎或用鈦夾夾閉血管較安全。術(shù)中冰凍切片示惡性腫瘤者,給予常規(guī)清掃肺門、縱隔淋巴結(jié),結(jié)果均為陰性。Shapiro等[15]報(bào)道VATS肺葉切除和肺段切除可獲得相同的淋巴結(jié)清掃效果。
VATS肺段切除術(shù)常用于左上肺舌段、保留舌段的左上肺固有段、雙下肺背段及基底段切除[20]。本組切除左上肺舌段8例、尖前段1例、左下肺背段9例、基底段2例、右下肺基底段1例、背段9例。肺段切除的難點(diǎn)在于如何準(zhǔn)確判斷肺段之間的邊界,也是確認(rèn)肺實(shí)質(zhì)切除范圍、切緣距離和手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵所在。由于肺段之間界限不清楚,術(shù)中我們先夾閉肺段支氣管,采用低潮氣量低壓力鼓肺,此時(shí)其他肺段會(huì)迅速膨起,需切除的肺段則膨起較慢,我們據(jù)此來確定需切除肺段的邊緣。肺段切除的難點(diǎn)還在于術(shù)中準(zhǔn)確定位肺結(jié)節(jié)。我們首先術(shù)前胸部CT三維成像檢查,根據(jù)CT判斷肺結(jié)節(jié)在肺部的具體位置。術(shù)中觀察胸膜有無糾集、凹陷或凸起,輔助手指伸進(jìn)胸腔直接探查,也可用肺鉗在相應(yīng)肺段表面探查,發(fā)現(xiàn)肺結(jié)節(jié)后用電凝鉤在肺表面做標(biāo)記,楔形切除肺結(jié)節(jié),并保證切緣距腫瘤有足夠距離,并送冰凍切片。
綜上所述,我們認(rèn)為VATS解剖性肺段切除術(shù)可靠安全,在最大限度保留肺功能的前提下應(yīng)用于IA期肺癌、不易行肺楔形切除術(shù)的肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤和肺良性疾病患者,尤其適用于老年低肺功能患者,適合臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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(修回日期:2016-07-05)
(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)
Total Thoracoscopic Anatomic Pulmonary Segmentectomy in 30 Patients
WangJunfeng,FuYudong,KanQiangbo,etal.
DepartmentofCardio-thoracicSurgery,FirstPeople’sHospitalofQujing,Qujing655000,China
Correspondingauthor:FuYudong,E-mail:wjf541100@sina.com
Objective To investigate the feasibility of total thoracoscopic atatomic pulmonary segmentectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer, pulmonary metastasis and benign lung diseases. Methods There were 30 cases of total thoracoscopic atatomic pulmonary segmentectomy in our hospital from January 2011 to January 2016. The surgery was performed by using three totally thoracoscopic incisions. Segmental artery and vein were managed with node pushing silk ligature or titanium clipping. The bronchus was cut and closed with the cutter stapler. The malignant tumor in the end system was managed with cleaning regional lymph nodes. Results Thirty patients successfully underwent total thoracoscopic atatomic pulmonary segmentectomy, including 8 cases of left upper lobe lingular segment and 1 case of apical and anterior segment, 9 cases of left lower lobe dorsal segment and 2 cases of basal segment, 1 case of right lower lobe basal segment and 9 cases of dorsal segment. There was no conversion to thoracotomy or perioperative mortality. Postoperative pathological examinations showed 20 cases of stage ⅠA lung cancer, 2 cases of lung metastases, and 8 cases of benign diseases (including 4 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 2 cases of bronchiectasis, and 2 cases of inflammatory pseudotumor). For stage ⅠA lung cancer, the operation time was (151.2±31.3) min, the amount of bleeding during the operation was (139.5±102.4) ml, the postoperative time of chest tube drainage was (4.6±1.3) d, and the time of postoperative hospital stay was (5.3±1.4) d. For benign lung diseases, the operation time was (143.2±38.3) min, the amount of bleeding during the operation was (132.5±102.6) ml, the postoperative time of chest tube drainage was (4.1±1.4) d, and the time of postoperative hospital stay was (5.2±1.3) d. For 1 case of plumonary metastasis of colon carcinoma, the operation time was 150 min, the amount of bleeding during the operation was 136 ml, the postoperative time of chest tube drainage was 5 d, and the time of postoperative hospital stay was 6 d. For 1 case of plumonary metastasis of rectal carcinoma, the operation time was 141 min, the amount of bleeding during the operation was 128 ml, the postoperative time of chest tube drainage was 4 d, and the time of postoperative hospital stay was 5 d. All the patients were followed up for 3-12 months (mean, 7.1 months). No recurrence or death occurred. Conclusions Total thoracoscopic atatomic pulmonary segmentectomy is safe and reliable. With the maximum retention of pulmonary functions, it can be applied to stage ⅠA lung cancer, and lung metastatic tumors and benign diseases inapplicable to pulmonary wedge resection operation, especially suitable for the elderly patients with low pulmonary functions. It is suitable for clinical application.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; Atatomic pulmonary segmentectomy; Lung cancer; Plumonary metastasis; Benign lung disease
A
1009-6604(2016)11-1013-03
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.11.015
2016-04-17)
* 通訊作者, E-mail:wjf541100@sina.com