趙明明 羅鵬 趙永博 尹豐 費(fèi)舟* (海軍總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科, 北京 00048; 第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,陜西 西安 700; 解放軍第醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,陜西 西安 70054)
·神經(jīng)損傷研究·
自噬抑制劑3-MA對(duì)機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷后神經(jīng)元凋亡的影響
趙明明1羅鵬2趙永博3尹豐1費(fèi)舟2*
(1海軍總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科, 北京 100048;2第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,陜西 西安 710032;3解放軍第323醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,陜西 西安 710054)
目的研究自噬抑制劑6-氨基-3-甲基嘌呤(3-MA)對(duì)機(jī)械性損傷后神經(jīng)元凋亡的影響。方法小鼠皮層神經(jīng)元原代培養(yǎng)2 w后,采用機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷模型,通過蛋白印跡法(Western blot)定量分析損傷后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)自噬相關(guān)分子微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3(LC3)Ⅰ/Ⅱ的表達(dá)情況;通過免疫熒光染色分析機(jī)械性損傷后24 h神經(jīng)元自噬相關(guān)分子LC3的表達(dá)情況;小鼠皮層神經(jīng)元原代培養(yǎng)2 w后,用自噬抑制劑3-MA預(yù)處理1 h,采用機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷模型,通過乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)活性測(cè)定及碘化丙啶(PI)/Hoechst 33342雙染測(cè)定神經(jīng)元損傷程度以及3-MA的保護(hù)作用,并通過Western blot研究凋亡相關(guān)指標(biāo)caspase-3和自噬相關(guān)指標(biāo)微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3 (LC3)和Beclin-1的表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果Western blot方法和免疫熒光組化同時(shí)證明機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷后24 h LC3Ⅱ表達(dá)明顯增加;LDH活性測(cè)定表明3-MA能抑制機(jī)械性損傷造成的LDH活性的增高;PI/Hoechst 33342雙染表明3-MA可以明顯減少機(jī)械性損傷后神經(jīng)元的凋亡;通過Western blot法證明3-MA抑制LC3Ⅱ,并導(dǎo)致cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)明顯降低。結(jié)論自噬抑制劑3-MA可能通過抑制自噬而減少機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷后神經(jīng)元凋亡,進(jìn)而對(duì)機(jī)械性損傷后神經(jīng)元起保護(hù)性作用。
機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷; 凋亡; 自噬
創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷(traumatic brain injury, TBI)是臨床上常見的高致殘、致死性疾病,分為原發(fā)性腦損傷和繼發(fā)性腦損傷,根據(jù)GCS評(píng)分又分為輕度、中度和重度[1,2]。對(duì)TBI后繼發(fā)性腦損傷的合理治療與其預(yù)后密切相關(guān),雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外科學(xué)家針對(duì)TBI繼發(fā)性損傷的機(jī)制做了大量研究,但仍不夠明確,能付諸臨床應(yīng)用的更是少之又少,仍需探索研究,而機(jī)械性損傷模型在一定程度上模擬了TBI對(duì)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損害,為離體條件下研究TBI創(chuàng)造了條件[3]。
自噬是生物進(jìn)化保守的一種能量合理應(yīng)用機(jī)制,在生物的生理和病理狀態(tài)下都發(fā)揮著重要作用,微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3(microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, LC3)Ⅰ/Ⅱ和Beclin-1是兩個(gè)重要的自噬相關(guān)分子,被廣泛地用來研究自噬的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。在正常生理狀況下,哺乳動(dòng)物通過自噬來清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤折疊的蛋白、老化的細(xì)胞器并且轉(zhuǎn)化為能量,以維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)[4],而在病理狀況下(如感染、創(chuàng)傷、神經(jīng)退行性疾病等)中同樣發(fā)揮著重要的作用[5],但在不同病理過程中所發(fā)揮作用的大小不同,甚至相反。已有文獻(xiàn)研究表明,在體創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷、缺血再灌注腦損傷和離體神經(jīng)細(xì)胞化學(xué)性損傷、氧糖剝奪損傷中均有明顯自噬發(fā)生[6~8],然而自噬在TBI后的作用和功能尚不明確,本次實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的在于闡明自噬抑制劑3-MA對(duì)機(jī)械性損傷后神經(jīng)元凋亡的影響。
一、材料
孕14~16 d 昆明小鼠(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心),激活caspase-3(Cleaved caspase-3)、Beclin-1抗體和β-actin抗體購于美國(guó)CST公司,微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3(microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, LC3)抗體、6-氨基-3-甲基嘌呤(3-methyladenine, 3-MA)、多聚賴氨酸(polylysine, PLL)和二甲基亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)購于美國(guó)sigma公司,神經(jīng)元基質(zhì)培養(yǎng)基(neurobasal, NB)、B27、10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine Serum, FBS)和改良Eagle培養(yǎng)基(Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium, DMEM)購于美國(guó)Gibco公司,山羊抗兔二抗(北京鼎國(guó))。
二、方法
1.小鼠腦皮層神經(jīng)元原代培養(yǎng)及分組
神經(jīng)元培養(yǎng):孕14~15 d昆明小鼠,頸椎脫臼,腹部皮膚常規(guī)消毒,分層剪開皮膚和腹肌,暴露腹腔,無菌狀態(tài)下快速取出小鼠胚胎,放入盛有D-Hanks并置于冰盒上的培養(yǎng)皿。解剖顯微鏡下剝離小鼠胚胎大腦皮層,置于預(yù)冷至4℃的、新鮮的D-Hanks液中,仔細(xì)剝?nèi)ツX膜及血管組織,將分離之大腦皮層用D-Hanks液漂洗1次。剪碎腦皮層,加入1.25 g/L胰蛋白酶消化液,置于37℃、5% CO2孵箱中消化組織塊20 min。吸去消化液,將消化后的腦皮質(zhì)組織塊轉(zhuǎn)移至離心管中,加入含10%胎牛血清的DMEM,室溫下終止消化10 min。棄去終止液,將皮層腦組織塊用DMEM培養(yǎng)液再漂洗1次,用移液管在含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中將消化后的組織塊吹打成細(xì)胞懸液。室溫靜置5 min,取少許細(xì)胞懸液滴于血球計(jì)數(shù)板上,顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù)。以2.5×105個(gè)細(xì)胞/cm2將細(xì)胞接種于35 mm培養(yǎng)皿或者共聚焦小皿(培養(yǎng)皿預(yù)先用多聚賴氨酸包被24 h,三蒸水漂洗后晾干備用),培養(yǎng)液中加入青鏈霉素使其終濃度為100 000 u/lL,谷氨酰胺終濃度為0.5 mmol/l。將細(xì)胞置于37℃、5% CO2孵箱中培養(yǎng)24 h后,棄去培養(yǎng)液,用37℃的DMEM小心漂洗細(xì)胞,更換含20 ml/L B27添加劑的NB培養(yǎng)液,每天觀察細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)狀況,以后每隔3 d半量更換含20 ml/L B27添加劑的NB培養(yǎng)液。神經(jīng)元體外培養(yǎng)2 w,備用。
分組情況:對(duì)照組(contorl group, 即神經(jīng)元體外培養(yǎng)2 w未作任何處理);損傷組(trauma group, 即神經(jīng)元體外培養(yǎng)2 w后,分別在提取蛋白前1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h給予機(jī)械性損傷);T24 h+雙蒸水(double distilled H2O, ddH2O)組(由于抑制劑3-MA由 ddH2O溶解配置,設(shè)該組為與3-MA組對(duì)照,即神經(jīng)元體外培養(yǎng)2 w,在損傷前1 h加入1 μl/ml的ddH2O 37℃孵育,損傷后24 h提蛋白);抑制劑組(3-MA組,即神經(jīng)元體外培養(yǎng)2 w,在損傷前1 h加入用ddH2O配置的濃度為5 mmol/l的3-MA ,37℃孵育,損傷后24 h提蛋白),以上實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次以上。
2.神經(jīng)元總蛋白提取:棄去培養(yǎng)皿中NB培養(yǎng)基,用磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered solution, PBS)輕柔洗滌去除雜質(zhì),按每皿50 μl加入含2%苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, PMSF)的蛋白裂解液,冰上裂解5 min,收集裂解產(chǎn)物超聲破碎10 min后4 ℃12 000 rpm離心30 min。收集上清蛋白液,采用二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid, BCA)法對(duì)蛋白含量定量后備用。
3.體外培養(yǎng)神經(jīng)元機(jī)械性損傷:參考Faden的方法[3],以10 μl的微量移液器塑料槍頭于35 mm培養(yǎng)皿內(nèi)劃割,造成神經(jīng)元機(jī)械性損傷,劃傷道寬度為1 mm,兩相鄰劃傷道間隔4 mm。依據(jù)預(yù)先在培養(yǎng)皿底面畫好的標(biāo)記線(9×9)劃割培養(yǎng)好的神經(jīng)元,標(biāo)記線均勻分布在培養(yǎng)皿底面,保證同一組內(nèi)的神經(jīng)元損傷程度和范圍一致。這種方法制作的損傷模型穩(wěn)定,能夠在體外模擬機(jī)械性腦損傷的病理生理過程[9]。
4.乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活性測(cè)定:每培養(yǎng)皿收集100 μl培養(yǎng)基用于LDH活性測(cè)定,方法按照試劑盒說明書操作,反應(yīng)結(jié)束后在440 nm測(cè)定樣品吸光度計(jì)算LDH活性。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以每克乳酸脫氫酶蛋白37℃與基質(zhì)作用15 min,反應(yīng)體系中產(chǎn)生1 μmol丙酮酸記為1 U LDH活性。
5.碘化丙啶(PI)/Hoechst 33342雙染:含PI(終濃度為10 μg/ml)/Hoechst 33342(終濃度為μg/L)的染色液室溫下染色15 min,棄去染色液后PBS洗滌3次,每次5 min。4%多聚甲醛固定后封片,熒光顯微鏡下觀察。正常神經(jīng)元呈胞漿淡紅、胞核均質(zhì)藍(lán)色,損傷神經(jīng)元呈全細(xì)胞亮紅、胞漿均質(zhì)藍(lán)色,其中凋亡神經(jīng)元呈全細(xì)胞亮紅、胞核亮藍(lán)色,核固縮明顯。
6.免疫熒光組化:將原代皮層神經(jīng)元種植于共聚焦小皿內(nèi),2 w后給予機(jī)械性損傷,損傷后24 h用多聚甲醛固定,置入LC3抗體(羊血清和LC3抗體1:30比例配成)于4℃環(huán)境中達(dá)24 h,然后棄掉抗體PBS洗三遍,加入熒光二抗常溫下避光放置4 h,棄掉熒光二抗,PBS洗三遍后加入Hoechst 33342染液,常溫避光放置10 min,然后在共聚焦顯微鏡下隨機(jī)選取視野觀察拍照。此過程對(duì)照組和損傷組個(gè)各重復(fù)三遍,斑點(diǎn)樣LC3聚集體少于等于5個(gè)的算作正常細(xì)胞,大于5個(gè)的算作自噬激活細(xì)胞,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)分析對(duì)照組和損傷組中自噬激活細(xì)胞所占比例[10]。
7. Western blot檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá)量變化:定量過的樣品按每泳道30 μg蛋白含量進(jìn)行聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,結(jié)束后用濕轉(zhuǎn)法將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)至硝酸纖維素膜上,5%脫脂奶粉室溫下封閉1 h,加入一抗(兔抗小鼠LC3,1 ∶1 500;β-actin,1 ∶1 000;兔抗小鼠Beclin-1,1 ∶1 000;兔抗小鼠Cleaved caspase-3,1 ∶500),4 ℃過夜。山羊抗兔二抗(1 ∶20 000)室溫下1 h,化學(xué)法發(fā)光,壓片后分析結(jié)果。最后用SPSS 13.0圖像分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)定各條帶灰度值,以此反映各分子表達(dá)量變化。
8.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,各組數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,進(jìn)行方差分析和t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05認(rèn)為在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上有顯著性差異。
一、機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷后有顯著的自噬發(fā)生
1.Western blot結(jié)果表明: 對(duì)照組(contorl group)LC3Ⅱ表達(dá)較低,損傷后3 h LC3Ⅱ表達(dá)開始增加,且隨時(shí)間變化逐漸增高,其中損傷后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h LC3Ⅱ較對(duì)照組有顯著性差異(P<0.05, 圖1)。
2.免疫熒光組化結(jié)果表明:對(duì)照組神經(jīng)元胞質(zhì)中LC3呈均勻的低水平表達(dá),而機(jī)械性損傷后24 h的神經(jīng)元胞質(zhì)中LC3表達(dá)明顯增加,并且呈斑點(diǎn)樣聚集。對(duì)照組中自噬激動(dòng)神經(jīng)元所占比例為10%±2.098%,而機(jī)械性損傷后24 h的自噬激動(dòng)神經(jīng)元所占比例為61%±3.728%,與對(duì)照組有顯著差異(P<0.05, 圖2)。
二、乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活性測(cè)定
T24 h組為(613.2±14.6)μ/L,與T24 h+ddH2O組(620.3±11.2)μ/L神經(jīng)元LDH活性無明顯差異,而兩者的LDH活性顯著高于與對(duì)照組(203.5±13.7)μ/L。加入3-MA可以顯著抑制機(jī)械性損傷造成的LDH活性的增高,與T24 h組和T24 h+ddH2O組相比有顯著性差異(P<0.05, 圖3)。
圖1 Western blot檢測(cè)機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ的表達(dá)
Fig 1 Detection of LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ expression at different time points after mechanical neuronal injury by Western blot
aP<0.05,vscontrol group.
Fig 2 激光共聚焦顯微鏡觀察自噬特異性蛋白LC3的表達(dá)(×600)
圖2 Observation of autophagy protein LC3 expression by laser scanning confocal microscope (×600)
A:Hoechst 33342 staining of control group;B:LC3 staining of control group;C:Merge of A and B;D:Hoechst 33342 staining of trauma group;E:LC3 staining of trauma group;F:Merge of D and E.
aP<0.05,vscontrol group
圖3 LDH活性檢測(cè)
Fig 3 LDH activity in each group
aP<0.05,vsT24 h+ddH2O group;bP<0.05,vscontrol group.
圖4 PI/Hoechst 33342雙染(×400)
Fig 4 Immunofluorescence double staining of PI and Hoechst 33342 (×400)
Propidium iodide (PI) staining of control group (A), T24 h group (D), T24 h+ddH2O group (G) and T24 h+3-MA (J);Hoechst 33342 staining of control group (B), T24h group (E), T24h+ddH2O group (H) and T24 h+3-MA(K);Double staining of propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 33342; C: Merge of A and B; F: Merge of D and ; I: Merge of G and H; L: Merge of J and K.
Arrowhead indicates karyopycnosis.
三、碘化丙啶(PI)/Hoechst 33342雙染
對(duì)照組可見神經(jīng)元胞核均質(zhì)、圓滿,對(duì)PI不著色,胞漿對(duì)PI著淡紅色,清晰可見。機(jī)械性損傷后24 h,可見大量神經(jīng)元出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞核固縮,對(duì)PI著色,胞漿結(jié)構(gòu)消失。機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷的同時(shí)使用自噬抑制劑3-MA可以明顯減少發(fā)生胞膜損害和胞核固縮的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量,正常神經(jīng)元比例明顯增加(圖4)。
四、Western blot法檢測(cè)自噬抑制劑3-MA對(duì)凋亡相關(guān)因子Cleaved caspase-3及自噬相關(guān)分子(LC3、Beclin-1)蛋白表達(dá)的影響
Western blot分析表明,與T24 h組和T24 h+ddH2O組相比,抑制劑組(T3 h+3-MA) LC3Ⅱ和Beclin-1顯著下調(diào)(P<0.05),同時(shí)Cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)明顯降低(P<0.05, 圖5)。
圖5 Western blot檢測(cè)自噬抑制劑(3-MA)預(yù)處理對(duì)自噬相關(guān)分子和Cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)變化的影響
Fig 5 Detection of Cleaved caspase-3, Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ-protein in each group by Western blot
A:LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰratio; B:Beclin-1/β-Actin ratio;C:Cleaved caspase-3/β-Actin ratio;D:Expression of LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ,Beclin-1 and Cleaved caspase-3 were measured by Western blot.
aP<0.05,vsT24 h+ddH2O group;bP<0.05,vscontrol group.
自噬是一種生物進(jìn)化保守的細(xì)胞內(nèi)溶酶體降解途徑,于1963年由比利時(shí)科學(xué)家Christian de Duve首先命名提出,根據(jù)其發(fā)生過程的不同分為三類:巨自噬(macroautophagy)、微自噬(microautophagy)和伴侶-介導(dǎo)的自噬(chaperone-mediated autophagy)[11]。Diskin等在2005年首先報(bào)道了創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷可以誘導(dǎo)自噬的發(fā)生,發(fā)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷后自噬相關(guān)分子Beclin-1在神經(jīng)元和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞上呈顯著高表達(dá),并認(rèn)為過表達(dá)Beclin-1進(jìn)而激活自噬可能發(fā)揮保護(hù)性作用[12]。Clark等在TBI患者腦組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)大量的自噬相關(guān)分子LC3的表達(dá)[13]。雷帕霉素是一種通過抑制哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶點(diǎn)(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)來上調(diào)自噬的激動(dòng)劑,Erlich等在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)在小鼠創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷后4 h給予雷帕霉素治療可以明顯改善小鼠的功能恢復(fù),同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)雷帕霉素的干預(yù)顯著上調(diào)了Beclin-1在腦組織中的表達(dá)[14]。與此同時(shí),也有部分研究表明,降低TBI誘導(dǎo)的自噬有保護(hù)性作用。Yichen Lai等在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)使用γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸乙酯(γ-glutamylcysteinyl ethyl ester, GCEE)降低自噬的同時(shí)可以改善TBI后小鼠的功能缺失[15]。Luo等通過使用自噬抑制劑3-MA和巴佛洛霉素(bafliomycin A1, BFA)抑制TBI后小鼠的自噬水平,可以降低腦損傷面積和功能缺失[16]。由此可知,目前在自噬與TBI的關(guān)系方面的研究中出現(xiàn)較大分歧,需繼續(xù)探索和研究。
我們的前期研究證實(shí),機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷后有顯著的自噬發(fā)生,并受PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)。本次實(shí)驗(yàn)著重研究了自噬抑制劑3-MA對(duì)機(jī)械性損傷后神經(jīng)元凋亡和細(xì)胞活性的影響[17]。通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),自噬抑制劑3-MA抑制自噬可以顯著降低神經(jīng)元的LDH釋放,PI/Hoechst 33342雙染發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制自噬可以降低機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷中神經(jīng)元的凋亡,同時(shí)通過Western blot法證明,抑制自噬可以降低活化的caspase-3的表達(dá)。由此可知,抑制機(jī)械性神經(jīng)元損傷中的自噬可以在一定程度上減少神經(jīng)元的凋亡,進(jìn)而對(duì)損傷后神經(jīng)元發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。Gavin等在小鼠大腦皮層離體神經(jīng)元H2O2損傷中的研究表明,抑制自噬可以減少神經(jīng)元凋亡;Grishchuk等也在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),Beclin-1非依賴的自噬導(dǎo)致皮層神經(jīng)元的凋亡,3-MA抑制自噬可以減少神經(jīng)元凋亡,與我們的研究結(jié)果基本一致[18]。
迄今為止,國(guó)內(nèi)外科學(xué)家已在自噬與腦損傷的關(guān)系方面做了大量研究,在取得很大進(jìn)步的同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些問題和矛盾,本研究為進(jìn)一步探索TBI后自噬的作用和功能提供理論依據(jù)。
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Theeffectofautophagyinhibitor3-MAonapoptosisinducedbymechanicalneuronalinjury
ZHAOMingming1,LUOPeng2,ZHAOYongbo3,YINFeng1,FEIZhou2
1DepartmentofNeurosurgery,NavyGeneralHospitalofPLA,Beijing100048;2DepartmentofNeurosurgery,XijingHospital,FourthMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Xi'an710032;3DepartmentofNeurosurgery,The323thHospitalofPLA,Xi'an710054, China
ObjectiveThe effect of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on apoptosis induced by mechanical neuronal injury is investigated.MethodsMouse cortical neurons were cultured for 2 w in vitro. After establishment of mechanical neuronal injury model, the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)Ⅰ/Ⅱ was measured by Western blot. LC3, as an autophagy related molecular, was detected by immunofluorescence staining in the neurons at 24 h after mechanical neuronal injury. Neurons were pre-treated with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA for 1 h before mechanical neuronal injury model. Then, cell viability was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay and immunofluorescence double staining of propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 33342. The expressions of caspase-3, LC3, and Beclin-1 were measured by Western blot.ResultsWestern blot and immunofluorescence staining indicated that the significant increase of LC3 expression at 24 h after mechanical neuronal injury. LDH assay showed that pre-treatment of 3-MA suppressed mechanical injury-induced elevation of LDH activity. PI/Hoechst double staining suggested that pre-treatment of 3-MA also decreased the neuronal apoptosis after mechanical injury. Furthermore, Western blot indicated that 3-MA inhibited the expression of LC3 II and then resulted in the decrease of cleaved caspase-3.ConclusionAutophagy inhibitor 3-MA might attenuate mechanical neuronal injury-induced neuronal apoptosis via inhibiting autophagy, thereby leading to the neuroprotective effects after mechanical neuronal injury.
Mechanical neuronal injury; Apoptosis; Autophagy
R 322
A
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(30930093);全軍醫(yī)學(xué)科技青年培育基金資助項(xiàng)目(13QPN026)
趙明明,醫(yī)師,E-mail: mingming157@163.com
*通訊作者: 費(fèi)舟,教授、主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail: feizhou@fmmu.edu.cn
2015-03-16;
2015-08-10)