趙艷梅,菅志遠
[湖北省十堰市太和醫(yī)院(湖北醫(yī)藥學院附屬醫(yī)院)肝膽胰外科診療中心,湖北 十堰 442000]
早期輸注20%脂肪乳劑對大鼠急性胰腺炎的影響*
趙艷梅,菅志遠
[湖北省十堰市太和醫(yī)院(湖北醫(yī)藥學院附屬醫(yī)院)肝膽胰外科診療中心,湖北 十堰 442000]
目的探討早期經(jīng)外周靜脈注射20%脂肪乳劑對大鼠急性胰腺炎(AP)嚴重程度的影響及其作用機制。方法以SD大鼠為研究對象,將其隨機分為A組(模型對照組)、B組(脂肪乳劑干預(yù)組)和C組(AP生理鹽水組),每組15只,建立大鼠AP模型。B組在建模手術(shù)后1、3和9 h經(jīng)外周靜脈輸注20%脂肪乳劑,C組在建模手術(shù)后1、3和9h經(jīng)外周靜脈注射生理鹽水。檢測大鼠6、12和24h血清三酰甘油、膽固醇及微循環(huán)相關(guān)因子的變化,并觀察大鼠AP嚴重程度的病理變化。結(jié)果成功建立大鼠AP模型。B、C組6h的病理學評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義;12和24 h的病理學評分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。B組6h的血清三酰甘油、膽固醇、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CR P)、血管緊張素-Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及血栓素B2(TX B2)水平高于C組。B組12 h的血清三酰甘油、膽固醇、CR P及TX B2水平高于C組。B組24h的血清三酰甘油、膽固醇、CR P、AngⅡ及TX B2水平高于C組。結(jié)論大鼠AP早期經(jīng)外周靜脈注射脂肪乳劑可使大鼠的血脂升高,其可能通過影響微循環(huán)使大鼠AP程度加重。
急性胰腺炎;血脂;微循環(huán)
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)患者早期存在胰島素抵抗,因此應(yīng)用葡萄糖作為營養(yǎng)供能受到限制。而高脂血癥是AP的重要誘因和加重因素之一。目前多數(shù)學者認為AP發(fā)生后,在腸外營養(yǎng)治療中,不建議使用脂肪乳劑,以防進一步加重病情[1-2]。然而使用脂肪乳劑后是否真正加重AP病情,以及相關(guān)機制,尚不明確。本研究通過建立大鼠AP動物模型,自外周靜脈輸注20%脂肪乳劑后,觀察大鼠AP病理改變嚴重程度和血脂水平的變化。
1.1實驗材料與試劑
無特定病原體級SD大鼠45只,10~12周齡,體重200~300g,雌雄不限,由湖北醫(yī)藥學院動物實驗中心提供[實驗動物使用許可證編號:SYXK(鄂)2011-0031]。將大鼠隨機分為A組(模型對照組)、B組(脂肪乳劑干預(yù)組)和C組(AP生理鹽水組),每組15只。?;悄懰徕c購自美國Sigma公司,血管緊張素-Ⅱ(human angiotensionⅡ,AngⅡ)和血栓素B2(Thromboxane B2,TXB2)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)試劑盒購自北京尚柏生物醫(yī)學技術(shù)有限公司。
1.2AP動物模型制備
參照Aho法制備大鼠AP動物模型。實驗動物術(shù)前禁食12h,自由飲水。稱重后給予2%戊巴比妥腹腔麻醉。仰臥位固定,腹部正中切口進腹,經(jīng)下腔靜脈穿刺抽血1ml備檢。找到胰管,在顯微鏡下用3.5號細針頭穿刺胰管后插入胰管,近端采用血管夾夾閉。B、C組采用靜脈輸液泵向遠端胰管內(nèi)緩慢注射5%?;悄懰徕c溶液(0.1 ml/100 g),保留針頭5 min,松開血管夾,抽出針頭,關(guān)腹。A組向胰管內(nèi)緩慢注射同等劑量的生理鹽水。
1.3實驗動物的藥物處理
A組術(shù)后1和3h分別經(jīng)尾靜脈注射生理鹽水5 ml/(kg·次),B組術(shù)后第1、3和9 h分別經(jīng)尾靜脈注射20%力能脂肪乳(江蘇華瑞公司)5ml/(kg·次),C組術(shù)后第1、3和9h分別經(jīng)尾靜脈注射生理鹽水5ml/(kg·次)。
各組動物麻醉清醒后均可自由飲水。A組于術(shù)后6h全部處死,B、C組于術(shù)后6、12和24 h分批處死,每批5只,經(jīng)腹主動脈采血進行相關(guān)的血清指標分析。動物處死后首先觀察腹水的量和顏色,并取胰腺組織用福爾馬林固定,蘇木精-伊紅染色法染色。按Kusske法進行胰腺組織的病理學評分,即按照水腫、出血、壞死和炎細胞浸潤程度4個方面進行盲法評分,每項記分根據(jù)無、輕度及重度分別記為0、1和2分,每只大鼠的AP病理學評分為0~8分。每例標本經(jīng)2名病理科醫(yī)師閱片后進行評分,取其平均值作為每只大鼠的最后病理學評分。
所有的血液標本采集后立即注入抗凝管,1 000 r/min離心5 min,分離血清置入-20℃冰箱冷凍保存待檢。血清淀粉酶、三酰甘油、血清膽固醇、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的測定由十堰市太和醫(yī)院檢驗科采用血液生化儀測定,AngⅡ和TXB2采用ELISA法測定。ELISA法步驟:將稀釋的血清標本0.1 ml加入已經(jīng)準備的反應(yīng)孔中,以空白為對照,37℃孵育1 h,洗滌后加入稀釋的酶標抗體0.1ml,37℃孵育45min,洗滌后加入3,3',5,5'-四甲基聯(lián)苯胺底物溶液進行顯色,然后37℃孵育30 min后,加入2mol/L硫酸0.05ml終止反應(yīng),檢測各組的光密度(optical density,OD)值,計算血清中AngⅡ和TXB2濃度。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(±s)表示,用t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1AP模型
6 h處死的大鼠中,A組大鼠只有少量腹水,B、C組可見明顯的腹水。病理學檢查:A組胰腺組織未見明顯的水腫和充血;B、C組可見胰腺間質(zhì)、被膜下水腫,血管充血,炎癥細胞浸潤等AP病理改變。B、C組大鼠AP模型建立成功。見圖1。
2.2B、C組各時間胰腺炎病理改變及評分
B、C組術(shù)后6h主要表現(xiàn)為胰腺間質(zhì)、被膜下水腫,血管充血,炎癥細胞浸潤。隨者時間延長,病理改變程度加重,24h時胰腺壞死的范圍、水腫程度均較12h嚴重,可見胰腺呈片狀凝固性壞死、實質(zhì)局灶性壞死及間質(zhì)血管壞死出血表現(xiàn)。而在相同時間點,B組大鼠的AP程度較C組嚴重。兩組胰腺炎嚴重程度的組織病理學切片比較,經(jīng)2名病理科醫(yī)師閱片后進行評分。6h時處死大鼠,B、C組的病理學評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(t=2.121,P=0.067);12 h時,B組的病理學評分高于C組(t=2.456,P=0.040);24h時,B組的病理學評分仍高于C組(t=3.130,P= 0.014)。見表1和圖2。
圖1 造模后3組大鼠胰腺組織的病理切片(×100)
表1 B、C組大鼠不同時間的病理學評分比較(±s)
表1 B、C組大鼠不同時間的病理學評分比較(±s)
組別6h12h24h B組4.30±0.575.80±0.676.30±0.76 C組3.70±0.274.40±1.084.90±0.65 t值2.1212.4563.130 P值0.0670.0400.014
圖2 B、C組12和24 h大鼠胰腺組織的病理學切片(×200)
2.3B、C組各時間大鼠血清血脂比較
分別對6、12和24h處死的大鼠抽取血液,進行血清三酰甘油、膽固醇及CRP檢驗,結(jié)果顯示,B組大鼠的血清三酰甘油和膽固醇含量高于C組(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 B、C組大鼠不同時間的指標比較(±s)
表2 B、C組大鼠不同時間的指標比較(±s)
組別血淀粉酶/(IU/L)6h12h 24h24h三酰甘油/(mmol/L)6h12h膽固醇/(mmol/L)6h12h24h B組1448.80±458.90 1514.80±375.60 2167.80±196.50 3.60±0.855.97±0.707.00±1.272.81±0.262.98±0.302.88±0.45 C組1126.80±450.40 1008.20±98.801685.80±661.40 1.00±0.151.19±0.151.60±0.791.48±0.332.06±0.432.28±0.26 t值1.1202.9171.5626.70514.9928.0897.0013.9352.595 P值0.2950.0290.1570.0000.0000.0000.0000.0040.032組別6h CRP/(mg/L)12h6h 24h AngⅡ/(ng/L)12h6h 24h TXB2/(ng/L)12h24h B組1028.80±316.601368.40±286.301898.20±319.60914.60±45.10 986.00±105.701038.80±46.40 498.80±65.90 554.80±47.60 578.20±51.10 C組582.60±98.80931.20±283.70 1208.80±164.60828.80±38.10 903.00±14.50 903.40±19.10 357.60±40.10 412.60±24.50 449.40±34.30 t值3.0092.4264.2883.2491.7406.0344.0945.9424.679 P值0.0170.0410.0030.0120.1200.0000.0030.0000.002
2.4B、C組各時間大鼠血清AngⅡ、TXB2比較
B組大鼠的AngⅡ水平在6、12和24 h逐漸升高,C組大鼠的AngⅡ水平在術(shù)后6~12 h明顯升高,而12~24 h幾乎無變化。B組大鼠的AngⅡ水平在6和24h高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。而B、C組的TXB2在6、12和24 h逐漸升高,B組各時間的血清TXB2水平均高于C組(P<0.05)。見表2。
國內(nèi)外對血脂水平與AP的關(guān)系已經(jīng)進行大量研究。目前認為,高脂血癥是AP發(fā)病的重要危險因素之一,而AP發(fā)生后,往往存在脂質(zhì)代謝異常,部分AP患者伴有三酰甘油的升高[3-4]。因此多數(shù)學者認為,高脂血癥既是AP的病因,又是AP代謝紊亂的表現(xiàn),兩者形成惡性循環(huán),因此常常將脂肪乳劑作為AP患者應(yīng)用的禁忌證[4-5]。另有學者認為,在應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,機體的葡萄糖代謝受到抑制,脂肪成為體內(nèi)主要的能源,應(yīng)用脂肪乳劑為主的腸外營養(yǎng)治療可減少葡萄糖的利用,有利于AP患者血糖的控制,若應(yīng)用適當,對AP的治療利大于弊[6-7]。目前,對于AP早期是否應(yīng)用脂肪乳劑,尚存在較大爭論。本研究中,筆者成功建立AP大鼠模型。B組在造模后1、3和9h分別經(jīng)尾靜脈注入大劑量20%脂肪乳劑,結(jié)果顯示,在6、12和24h,血清三酰甘油和膽固醇的含量明顯高于C組,而兩組大鼠的胰腺炎病理學評分中,B組大鼠12和24 h胰腺炎嚴重程度的評分均較C組高。本研究結(jié)果顯示,B組大鼠的CRP較C組明顯升高,而CRP作為AP嚴重程度和炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征的一個重要指標[8-9]。因此,筆者認為,大鼠AP早期應(yīng)用大劑量的脂肪乳劑,可使血脂升高,加重AP程度。
關(guān)于輸注脂肪乳劑加重AP的相關(guān)機制,筆者推測主要原因可能為脂肪乳劑中的脂肪酸引起血脂升高。有研究認為,游離脂肪酸可通過誘發(fā)酸中毒、激活胰蛋白酶、對腺泡細胞膜的直接毒性作用,以及影響微循環(huán)等多個途徑使AP加重[10-11]。除此之外,脂肪酸和膽固醇可通過直接影響胰腺微循環(huán),激活血小板產(chǎn)生具有強烈縮血管作用的血栓素,造成胰腺腺泡的壞死[12-13]。筆者從病理切片發(fā)現(xiàn),12和24 h胰腺炎病理學評分增高的主要原因是胰腺壞死范圍增加,其是否與上述因素相關(guān)尚需進一步明確。
胰腺缺血在導致水腫性胰腺炎向壞死性胰腺炎發(fā)展的過程中起重要作用。研究認為,AP發(fā)生時,腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)的激活可影響胰腺的血供,而AngⅡ是該系統(tǒng)的重要因子[14-16]。前列腺素類的平衡失調(diào)是影響胰腺微循環(huán)障礙的另一重要原因。AP時磷脂酶A2的釋放加速花生四烯酸產(chǎn)生,后者可生成大量血栓素A2,血栓素A2是強烈的血小板凝聚劑和血管收縮劑,可導致胰腺微循環(huán)障礙[17]。由于血栓素A2代謝較快,常通過檢測其中穩(wěn)定的代謝產(chǎn)物TXB2來反映其水平。筆者前期實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),通過抑制AngⅡ和TXB2可改善大鼠重癥急性胰腺炎的嚴重程度[18]。本研究中,檢測大鼠血清中的AngⅡ和TXB2水平,結(jié)果顯示,B組大鼠輸注脂肪乳劑后,血清中AngⅡ和TXB2水平較C組升高,提示在AP早期,大劑量輸注脂肪乳劑,客觀上使大鼠胰腺的微循環(huán)進一步惡化,加速胰腺炎由輕型向重型轉(zhuǎn)化。
綜上所述,在大鼠AP早期,通過外周靜脈大劑量輸注脂肪乳劑可使大鼠的血脂水平升高,可能通過相關(guān)的因子導致胰腺的微循環(huán)障礙,加重大鼠AP程度,但需進行深入的實驗研究。
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(童穎丹編輯)
Influence of intravenous injection of 20%fat emulsion at early stage on acute pancreatitis of rat model*
Yan-mei Zhao,Zhi-yuan Jian
(Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Center,Taihe Hospital,Hubei Medical University,Shiyan,Hubei 442000,China)
Objective To observe the effect of intravenous injection of 20%fat emulsion at early stage on the severity of the rat acute pancreatitis(AP).Methods Experimental pancreatitis model of SD rats were induced by an retro-pancreatic duct injection of Sodium Taurocholate,and the experimental rats were divided into model group(group A),study group(group B)and control group(group C)with 15 rats in each group. At the 1st,3rd and 9th hour after the modeling surgery of acute pancreatitis,the rats in the group B were injected with the 20%fat emulsion through the caudal vein,while those in the group C were injected with normal saline.At the 6th,12th and 24th hour after the modeling operation,serum triglyceride,cholesterol and the factors related to the microcirculation were examined by ELISA,and the score of the pathological grade of the AP severity was calculated.Results The rat AP model was successfully induced.There were significant differences in the pathological grade score between the group B and the group C at the 12th and 24th hour but not at the 6th hour after the modeling operation.At the 6th hour after the modeling operation,the serum levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,C-reaction protein(CPR),angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ)and thromboxane B2(TXB2)in the group B were significantly higher than those in the group C.At the 12th hour,the serum levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,CPR and TXB2 in the group B were obviously higher than those in the group C.And at the 24th hour after the operation,the serum levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,CPR,AngⅡand TXB2 in the group B were significantly higher than those of the group C.Conclusions Peripheral intravenous injection of 20%fat emulsion at early stage could induce rat hyperlipidemia,which could increase the severity of rat acute pancreatitis possibly by affecting pancreatic microcirculation.
acute pancreatitis;blood lipid;pancreatic microcirculation
R 657.51
A
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2016.19.005
1005-8982(2016)19-0023-05
2016-02-14
湖北省十堰市科技項目(No:ZD2011008)
菅志遠,E-mail:jianzhiyuan2001@163.com;Tel:0719-8801497