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動物繁殖相關(guān)lncRNA的研究新進展

2016-11-01 11:27賀小云胡文萍王翔宇劉秋月儲明星
畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報 2016年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:卵母細胞胚胎調(diào)控

賀小云,狄 冉,胡文萍,王翔宇,劉秋月,儲明星

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新重點實驗室,北京 100193)

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動物繁殖相關(guān)lncRNA的研究新進展

賀小云,狄冉,胡文萍,王翔宇,劉秋月*,儲明星*

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新重點實驗室,北京 100193)

長鏈非編碼RNA(Long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)是一類長度大于200 nt,且不具有蛋白編碼潛能的RNAs,在真核生物基因表達調(diào)控中發(fā)揮著重要作用。不同物種性染色體和部分印記基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄能力受到lncRNA的順式調(diào)控作用。尋找與繁殖相關(guān)的lncRNA分子,研究這些lncRNA分子及其靶基因的生物學(xué)功能,闡明lncRNA在動物繁殖中的調(diào)控機制,是動物繁殖研究的一個熱點。本文主要對繁殖過程中配子發(fā)生、胎盤形成和妊娠建立、激素調(diào)節(jié)、早期胚胎發(fā)育以及性別決定和性腺發(fā)育等重要階段lncRNA 的研究進行綜述,為深入探究動物繁殖調(diào)控機制提供參考。

lncRNA;繁殖;配子發(fā)生;激素調(diào)節(jié);妊娠

隨著高通量測序技術(shù)的發(fā)展運用和大量基因組學(xué)研究的不斷深入,傳統(tǒng)遺傳學(xué)所認為的基因表達調(diào)控模式已不能完全的解釋生物的功能運轉(zhuǎn)。自2000年人類基因組測序順利完成以后,科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)在人體中存在大量的非編碼RNA(Non-coding RNA,ncRNA),這些ncRNA約占基因組全部轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物的98%,雖然被轉(zhuǎn)錄,卻不具有蛋白翻譯功能[1]。

lncRNA是長度大于200 nt,且不具有蛋白編碼功能的RNAs[2]。在生物體內(nèi),lncRNA的表達水平比正常的編碼蛋白基因低,且功能多樣。根據(jù)其在基因組上位置的不同,可以將lncRNA分為5類:雙向(Divergent)lncRNA、正義鏈(Sense)lncRNA、反義鏈(Antisense)lncRNA、基因間(Intergenic)lncRNA、內(nèi)含子間(Intronic)lncRNA[3]。部分lncRNA已被證實在基因表達調(diào)控等方面扮演著重要的角色,由于其來源和作用方式的不同,主要參與了生物體的X染色體失活、染色質(zhì)重塑、組蛋白修飾、轉(zhuǎn)錄水平及轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控[4-11]等重要生命活動。對于其它動物及生物lncRNA的功能研究尚處于起步階段,借助從人類醫(yī)學(xué)上所取得的研究成果,科學(xué)家們通過高通量RNA-seq技術(shù)結(jié)合現(xiàn)代分子生物學(xué)等方法在模式動植物和畜禽中對lncRNA展開了全面的研究,本文主要對模式動物及畜禽中繁殖相關(guān)領(lǐng)域lncRNA的功能研究現(xiàn)狀及方法進行綜述,以期為深入研究與動物繁殖相關(guān)的lncRNA作用機制和功能,多層次、全面揭示動物生命活動提供參考。

1 lncRNA的作用機制

lncRNA作為基因表達調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵因子,通過不同的作用方式對基因表達進行調(diào)節(jié)[12-13](圖1)。例如,lncRNA可以作為分子骨架抑制(如HOTAIR、PRC2)或激活(如Trithorax group)染色質(zhì)修飾,從而抑制或激活目標基因表達[14-16];lncRNA在轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)控作用也被廣為關(guān)注,主要集中在mRNA剪接[17]、翻譯[18]和降解[19-20]。此外,還有部分lncRNA可以抑制miRNA的功能,間接地促進被miRNA下調(diào)的目標基因的表達,發(fā)揮促表達作用等[21-24],lncRNA作用機制的多樣性使其在生物體不同生命進程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。

圖1 lncRNA的作用機制[12]Fig 1 Mechanisms of lncRNA function[12]

2 動物繁殖領(lǐng)域lncRNA的研究現(xiàn)狀

對lncRNA的發(fā)現(xiàn)、數(shù)目、功能和研究方法,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)進行了詳述[25-29],lncRNA對干細胞的維持和分化等發(fā)育過程[30-32]的調(diào)控以及性染色質(zhì)的劑量補償機制[33-35]也有了相應(yīng)的總結(jié)。在人類疾病和模式動物繁殖現(xiàn)象的研究中,lncRNA在動物早期生殖細胞形成、早期胚胎的著床和發(fā)育以及有關(guān)激素調(diào)節(jié)中扮演著必不可少的角色(表1),深入了解各個階段lncRNA的功能和作用能為人們更加準確的闡述繁殖機理提供幫助。

2.1卵子發(fā)生過程中的lncRNAs及部分功能

在哺乳動物中,處于發(fā)育狀態(tài)的卵母細胞通過細胞間隙與其周圍的卵丘細胞進行物質(zhì)運輸和信息傳遞。利用RNA-Seq技術(shù),通過對人卵丘細胞、卵丘卵母細胞復(fù)合體的lncRNAs進行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)大量差異表達的lncRNAs,其中有45個反義lncRNAs,44個基因間lncRNAs,雖然對這些lncRNA的功能還沒有進行研究,但反義lncRNA的存在暗示其對不同時期卵丘卵母細胞復(fù)合體的發(fā)育具有調(diào)控作用[58-60]。A.D.Macaulay等[61]利用共聚焦透射電子顯微鏡和RNA-Seq發(fā)現(xiàn)牛卵母細胞周圍的卵丘細胞為成年母牛的卵母細胞運輸大量的營養(yǎng)和物質(zhì),包括mRNA和lncRNA。在果蠅中,E.Nicolas等[62]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢營養(yǎng)細胞將RNA和細胞質(zhì)的其它物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移到卵母細胞中。在小鼠中,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了和果蠅中同樣的現(xiàn)象,并指出這些外來體參與了lncRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控等過程[63-65],由于卵母細胞及其周圍細胞細胞質(zhì)間的信息傳遞和物質(zhì)運輸方式有限,暗示這些差異表達的lncRNA可能對卵子的發(fā)生具有重要作用。

表1lncRNAs在繁殖中的功能

Table 1LncRNAs with identified functions in reproduction

繁殖過程Reproductiveprocess參與的lncRNAslncRNAsinvolved機制Mechanisms參考文獻References卵子發(fā)生OogenesisOskar影響卵母細胞極性的早期建立[36-38]精子形成SpermiogenesisTsx抑制粗線期精母細胞凋亡[39]ALKBH5影響睪丸大小和生精作用[40]胎盤形成PlacentationH19通過NOMO1調(diào)控胎盤生長[41-42]SPRY4-IT1控制滋養(yǎng)層細胞的遷移和凋亡[43]妊娠PregnancyNeat1參與黃體形成和妊娠維持[44]性腺激素應(yīng)答GonadalhormoneresponseER增強子附近eRNAs控制ER調(diào)節(jié)的增強子活動[45]PCGEM1連接AR和PRNCR1[46]PRNCR1連接AR和甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶[46]KLK3增強子簇中的eRNA招募介質(zhì)和AR到KLK3和KLK2[47]胚胎發(fā)育EmbryonicdevelopmentSRA連接和調(diào)節(jié)ER、AR、PGR[48-52]Meg3抑制胚胎發(fā)育相關(guān)基因表達[53]性腺發(fā)育GonaddevelopmentHPAT5調(diào)節(jié)細胞多能性及相關(guān)基因表達[54]性別決定SexdeterminationSxl啟動子附近的lncRNAs激活Sxl和招募染色質(zhì)修飾[55]Sry作為miRNA誘餌競爭結(jié)合miR138[56]Dmr調(diào)節(jié)dmrt1的可變剪接[57]

L.Yan等[66]利用單細胞測序技術(shù)在人著床前的胚胎和四分體時期(Metaphase-II)的卵母細胞中篩選出8 700個母系lncRNAs,其中差異表達的lncRNAs有660個。在小鼠著床前的胚胎中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量lncRNAs,這些lncRNAs可能對卵子到早期胚胎這一轉(zhuǎn)化過程中某些基因的活化有調(diào)控作用,同時研究者在早期胚胎中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了至少1 000對lncRNA/mRNA對,其中發(fā)現(xiàn)一部分啟動子相關(guān)ncRNAs(Promoter-associated noncoding RNAs,pancRNAs)[67-68]。J.B.Brown等[69]在對果蠅的卵巢研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量與啟動子相關(guān)的反義lncRNAs,這些lncRNAs可能調(diào)控其同源基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活,對早期胚胎著床前發(fā)育有重大意義。目前,已經(jīng)證實部分lncRNAs在卵子發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要功能。例如,oskarmRNA就具有編碼和不編碼蛋白質(zhì)的雙重功能,oskarmRNA翻譯后,其3′調(diào)控區(qū)介導(dǎo)發(fā)揮lncRNA功能,招募各種調(diào)控因子影響卵子形成后期極性的建立[36-38]。哺乳動物中,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)與果蠅oskar相似的lncRNA,可能是由于其結(jié)構(gòu)不適合哺乳動物,但并不排除在哺乳動物中存在相似的lncRNA在卵子發(fā)生過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。

2.2lncRNA對精子生成至關(guān)重要

lncRNA以一種動態(tài)表達的模式影響精子的發(fā)生:精原細胞轉(zhuǎn)錄水平大大提高使細胞進入減數(shù)分裂,隨著精母細胞增加,產(chǎn)生精子細胞,在精子細胞向精子轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中,細胞內(nèi)大量的RNA被消耗[70-73]??茖W(xué)家在對精子形成不同階段進行分析時發(fā)現(xiàn),這些被消耗的RNA可能部分以lncRNA 的形式在精子發(fā)生中發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用。

2013年,M.Soumillon等[74]發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA在初生小鼠與成年小鼠睪丸精原細胞中的數(shù)量基本一致,在減數(shù)分裂過程中,精母細胞中大量lncRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄。例如,在粗線期,睪丸特異性lncRNATsx高表達,Tsx敲除后小鼠睪丸體積減小,并且在該時期精母細胞的凋亡增加,但并不影響繁殖后代[39]。除此之外,敲除ALKBH5也會使小鼠的睪丸體積減小,影響精子產(chǎn)生[40]。最近關(guān)于成熟精子核內(nèi)及其周圍細胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),精子的RNA大部分位于細胞質(zhì)而不是細胞核(大約34%)中,而MALAT1在成熟精子的細胞核中顯著高表達,暗示它可能是調(diào)節(jié)雄性生殖細胞核染色質(zhì)組裝的主要lncRNA之一。特定時期精子內(nèi)的lncRNA還不能夠確定是否對配子產(chǎn)生或受精后的胚胎的功能有調(diào)節(jié)作用,需要進一步探索。

2.3lncRNA促進動物胎盤形成和妊娠建立

胎盤是母體妊娠建立后胎兒生長發(fā)育的主要場所,是動物繁殖的關(guān)鍵器官。雖然與之相關(guān)的lncRNA研究數(shù)據(jù)較少,但部分lncRNA已經(jīng)進行了準確的定位和功能研究,并且取得了顯著地成果。例如,H19基因,轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物為 2.3 kb的非編碼RNA分子,可以作為miR675的前體,而miR675可以直接負調(diào)控節(jié)點調(diào)制器1(Nodal modulator,NOMO1),抑制滋養(yǎng)層細胞增殖[41-42]。正常的胎盤中H19和miR675抑制NOMO1介導(dǎo)的滋養(yǎng)層細胞增殖,而在驚厥前期的孕婦胎盤中,H19和miR675表達受到抑制,導(dǎo)致滋養(yǎng)層細胞大量增殖,胎盤過度生長,妊娠受阻??焖偕L發(fā)育因子同源蛋白4的內(nèi)含子轉(zhuǎn)錄本1,SPRY4-IT1(Sprouty homolog 4,intronic transcript 1,)是胎盤中表達的另一個lncRNA,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其在驚厥前期的孕婦胎盤過量表達,siRNA干擾后,其表達恢復(fù)正常[43]。黃體的形成是雌性動物妊娠的重要標志,N.Shinichi等[44]研究胚胎著床前發(fā)育時發(fā)現(xiàn),Neat1基因在黃體組織中高表達,Neat1基因敲除的雌性小鼠黃體功能發(fā)生障礙,體內(nèi)孕酮功能低于正常妊娠水平,導(dǎo)致雖然能正常排卵的雌性小鼠不能妊娠,這暗示Neat1基因?qū)τ邳S體形成至關(guān)重要,是雌性動物妊娠建立和維持必不可少的一部分。

2.4lncRNA介導(dǎo)性腺激素發(fā)揮功能

目前,主要采用雌激素受體(ER)、孕酮受體(PGR)、雄激素受體(AR)等核受體研究lncRNA對性腺類固醇激素的調(diào)節(jié)。lncRNA主要是通過G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體和胞漿信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的級聯(lián)效應(yīng)發(fā)揮作用,而作為信號分子刺激促性腺激素(LH和FSH)還沒有相關(guān)報道。

關(guān)于ER和AR應(yīng)答的lncRNA功能研究主要集中在增強子RNAs(eRNA)和其它lncRNAs。W.Li等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)ER連接的增強子轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)生的eRNAs招募轉(zhuǎn)錄激活物致使ER基因附近效應(yīng)基因的表達。同樣AR與PCGEM1(前列腺特異轉(zhuǎn)錄本)和PRNCR1(前列腺癌相關(guān)的lncRNA)也有著同樣的作用模式,敲除PCGEM1和PRNCR1使得很多AR的靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄水平降低,與此同時啟動子與增強子間的相互作用也有所減弱[46]。2014年,C.L.Hsieh等[47]在前人的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)現(xiàn),在前列腺特異抗原3(Kallikrein-related peptidase 3,KLK3)啟動子區(qū)上游4 kb有一簇增強子,AR以一種激素依賴方式連接在增強子上發(fā)揮作用,并且這些增強子產(chǎn)生的eRNA可以增加KLK3及其下游KLK2的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。這些研究暗示ER和AR的其它靶基因可能也受到lncRNAs的調(diào)節(jié)。

類固醇受體RNA激活劑(Steroid receptor RNA activator,SRA)是研究人類PGR時最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的lncRNA[48],后來研究證明SRA直接作用于激素受體(ER、AR、PGR)調(diào)節(jié)其活性[49-50],同時它還可以剪接后翻譯產(chǎn)生SRA蛋白(SRAP),增強類固醇激素對基因表達的調(diào)控作用[51]。為了深入了解SRA的生理機制,G.P.Vicent等[52]在乳腺癌細胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),PGR和其它核染色質(zhì)修飾因子(如CBX5/HP1、KDM1A/LSD1和HDAC、RCOR1/CoREST)組成的抑制組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物與SRAP協(xié)作致使部分激素誘導(dǎo)基因沉默。盡管SRAP可以增強各種類固醇激素受體的活性,但是對于SRA自身轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控和剪切翻譯產(chǎn)生SRAP的機制還不清楚,需要進一步研究。

2.5lncRNA參與動物早期胚胎發(fā)育

科學(xué)家們通過RNA-Seq對人、小鼠、牛、豬等受精卵與受精前的配子、不同發(fā)育階段的早期胚胎間的比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)大量與不同胚胎發(fā)育時期相關(guān)的lncRNAs[66-67,75-78]。關(guān)于早期胚胎發(fā)育的研究主要集中在胚胎干細胞,體外培養(yǎng)的小鼠胚胎干細胞至少表達226個 lncRNAs,其中137個lncRNAs已經(jīng)被證明能夠影響基因表達,26個lncRNAs能夠抑制胚胎干細胞分化和維持其多能性[79]。例如,Meg3與JARID2基因互作從而招募PRC2以反式作用抑制胚胎發(fā)育相關(guān)基因表達[53]。同時,靈長類特異的ncRNAHPAT5可以調(diào)節(jié)細胞多能性及某些相關(guān)基因的表達,在人類胚胎著床前發(fā)育和細胞核重編程中起重要作用[54]。

2.6lncRNA性別決定和性腺發(fā)育

多方面研究顯示,lncRNA對于性別決定和性腺發(fā)生有著重要作用,性染色質(zhì)的數(shù)量和同源性是決定性別的典型遺傳因素。例如,雌性果蠅的發(fā)育依賴于性別致死基因(Sex-lethal,Sxl)的早期表達,而Sxl的表達取決于X染色體與常染色體的比率。如果常染色體數(shù)大于X染色體,某些特定的蛋白質(zhì)會結(jié)合到Sxl啟動子區(qū)抑制其表達,而在該基因啟動子區(qū)上游約1 000 bp存在的lncRNAs對Sxl表達具有激活作用[77]。

Y染色體編碼基因Sry的表達對于雄性性別決定十分重要。小鼠體外試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),Sry基因的RNA以miRNA海綿的作用機制競爭結(jié)合miR138,從而對雄性小鼠的形成發(fā)揮正調(diào)控作用[78]。另外,在許多脊椎動物和非脊椎動物中,dmrt1已被證實對性別決定起著重要作用。如在小鼠中,dmrt1的轉(zhuǎn)錄本和lncRNAdmr參與反式剪接,產(chǎn)生一個新的轉(zhuǎn)錄本,該轉(zhuǎn)錄本編碼一個羧基末端改變的新蛋白,在原始足細胞中過表達dmr,使得羧基端改變的新蛋白的數(shù)量增加,導(dǎo)致dmrt1靶基因的表達受損,表現(xiàn)出dmrt1功能喪失的表型[79]。雖然這些研究并不能完全揭示lncRNAs在性別決定中的作用,但lncRNA在性別決定中發(fā)揮著不可替代的功能。

3 小結(jié)與展望

雖然lncRNAs已經(jīng)公認是調(diào)控生殖細胞命運和功能的重要介質(zhì),但與繁殖相關(guān)的lncRNAs大多基于描述和假設(shè),并且主要是集中在特定生物的特定生殖現(xiàn)象中,對于大多數(shù)動物繁殖相關(guān)lncRNAs功能的深度解析尚未開始。想要準確定位和更多挖掘lncRNAs的功能,從3方面入手:(1)采用過表達和敲除等方法改變其表達量來觀察表型的變化;(2)采用生物信息學(xué)分析、RNA純化的染色質(zhì)分離(Chromatin isolation by RNA purification,CHIRP)和RNA結(jié)合蛋白免疫沉淀技術(shù)(RNA immunoprecipitation,RIP)等科學(xué)的方法確定lncRNAs在體內(nèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點,闡明化學(xué)修飾等對其發(fā)揮功能的影響;(3)準確識別與lncRNAs相關(guān)的蛋白和其它作用因子,開展聯(lián)合分析。通過多物種間及個體差異的研究,有助于揭示生物進化過程中影響繁殖和遺傳變異的lncRNAs調(diào)節(jié)機制和生物功能?,F(xiàn)階段對于人類和模式動物繁殖相關(guān)lncRNAs的研究表明,研究其對家畜繁殖等重要經(jīng)濟性狀的調(diào)控作用機理,深層次理解家畜繁殖機制,對改善家畜繁殖力提供重要的理論基礎(chǔ)。

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(編輯程金華)

New Research Progress in Animal Reproduction-related Long Noncoding RNAs

HE Xiao-yun,DI Ran,HU Wen-ping,WANG Xiang-yu,LIU Qiu-yue*,CHU Ming-xing*

(KeyLaboratoryofFarmAnimalGeneticResourcesandGermplasmInnovationofMinistryofAgriculture,InstituteofAnimalScience,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100193,China)

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is one kind of RNA which is longer than 200 nt and does not show the potential of coding protein.It has been known to play vital roles in eukaryotic gene regulation.Transcriptional capacities of sex chromosomes and some imprinted genes is regulated incisby lncRNAs which vary among species.The researches of lncRNAs regulation in reproduction mainly focused on screening lncRNAs candidates,identifying their target genes and the biological functions,clarifying the molecular mechanisms of those lncRNAs regulation.The present review concerned with the role of lncRNAs in processes vital to reprodution,such as gametogenesis,placentation and pregnancy,sex hormone responses,early embryonic development,sex determination and gonad development stages during reproduction process.These results can give scientists new insights into the regulation mechanism of animal reproduction.

lncRNA;reproduction;gametogenesis;hormone regulation;pregnancy

10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.09.002

2016-04-25

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(31472078;31402041;31572371);寧夏農(nóng)林科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新先導(dǎo)資金項目(DWJLC-2016001);中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS13);國家肉羊產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系專項(CARS-39);中央級公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費專項(2013ywf-zd-1;2015ywf-zd-2;2015ywf-zd-8);內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)科技重大專項;內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展專項資金計劃

賀小云(1990-),男,山西運城人,碩士生,主要從事動物分子育種研究,E-mail: hedayun@sina.cn

劉秋月,博士,副研究員,E-mail: liuqiuyue@caas.cn;儲明星,博士,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事羊優(yōu)異繁殖性狀的分子機理研究,E-mail: mxchu@263.net

S821.3

A

0366-6964(2016)09-1749-08

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