冉玲平,夏黎明
心臟縱向弛豫時間(T1)成像技術(shù)及其臨床應用
冉玲平,夏黎明*
縱向弛豫時間成像(T1 Mapping)技術(shù)能定量顯示心肌組織的T1值,從而準確評價多種心肌病變的心肌組織特征。T1 Mapping現(xiàn)在已有多種采集技術(shù),其中初始T1值可重復性高,能反映心肌纖維化,通過測量初始T1值與增強后T1值還能顯示心肌彌漫性病變。作者就T1 Mapping技術(shù)及其臨床應用進行綜述。
心臟成像技術(shù);磁共振成像
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the general program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81471637).
心臟磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)以其無創(chuàng)、分辨率高的特點,已經(jīng)廣泛應用于臨床評價心臟功能及結(jié)構(gòu)。以往的CMR延遲強化(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE)只能定性或半定量顯示心肌的局部病變,對于心肌彌漫性病變的檢出存在較大局限性。T1 Mapping技術(shù)能定量反映心肌的組織特征,通過測量初始T1值與注射對比劑增強后T1值,可檢測心肌水腫、纖維化、脂肪浸潤、鐵沉積等病理改變。
T1 Mapping成像可通過反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(IR)或飽和恢復(SR)序列來實現(xiàn)。目前其臨床應用多是基于IR序列的采集方法,特別是改良的Look-Locker反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(modifed Look-Locker IR, MOLLI)序列。
最初的T1 Mapping IR序列是由Look和Locker(LL)提出的,它是在準備脈沖施加后,在T1弛豫曲線的多個時間點上進行連續(xù)取樣,但心臟的搏動不允許按逐個體素分別進行T1 Mapping成像,同時也會降低空間分辨率[1]。
Messroghli等[2]在2004年提出了改良的Look-Locker反轉(zhuǎn)恢復序列,即MOLLI序列。標準的MOLLI序列是在第1個與第2個反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖后采集3幅圖像,第3個反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖后采集5幅圖像,2個反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖之間的3次心動周期用于T1磁化矢量的恢復;根據(jù)心電門控(ECG)在舒張末期進行數(shù)據(jù)采集,用17次心動周期采集完成11幅圖像,用符號表示為:3(3)3(3)5。圖像的采集過程依賴于心率,使用小角度激勵能減少患者間心率不同帶來的影響[3]。MOLLI序列優(yōu)勢是可重復性高、信噪比高,但缺點在于采集時間較長,對于一些患者難以完成屏氣要求。此外,由于MOLLI采用穩(wěn)態(tài)自由進動序列(SSFP)進行讀出,所以結(jié)果是恢復時間T1*,這低于真實的T1值[4]。采用選擇性SSFP讀出時,T1*圖像也可用于對有流動血液進入的血池的分析,進而來計算細胞體積分數(shù)(extracelluar volume fraction,ECV)。
冉玲平, 夏黎明, 等. 心臟縱向弛豫時間(T1)成像技術(shù)及其臨床應用. 磁共振成像, 2016, 7(9): 716-720.
有研究者提出新的MOLLI擬合算法(inversion group (IG) ftting)[5],允許任意反轉(zhuǎn)組與間歇期的結(jié)合(無間歇期),采集模式為5(0)3或1(0)2(0)3(0)5,在8次心跳或11次心跳內(nèi)采集圖像。這種新技術(shù)能縮短掃描時間,增加覆蓋率,因此也會減少一些患者圖像的運動偽影。但與傳統(tǒng)的MOLLI相比,它的圖像精度會降低。
另一種縮短掃描時間的方法是縮短的MOLLI序列(shortened MOLLI,ShMOLLI)[6],采集方式為5(1)1(1)1,共需9次心跳,ShMOLLI 序列的優(yōu)勢在于采集時間短、圖像分辨率高,但Roujol等[7]研究表明ShMOLLI與MOLLI序列均會低估心肌T1值。
T1 Mapping 常用的SR序列采集方法有飽和恢復單次激發(fā)采集(saturation recovery single shot acquisition,SASHA),其采集需單次屏氣,在10次心動周期內(nèi)完成,即飽和恢復曲線的多個時間點連續(xù)采集10幅圖像,第1幅圖像是在磁化準備前獲得的,之后的圖像是在飽和脈沖后不同的恢復時間點采集,Chow等[8]研究表明SASHA序列T1值的準確度不受絕對T1值、T2值、心率及翻轉(zhuǎn)角的影響。SASHA序列與MOLLI和ShMOLLI相比準確度較高[7],但信噪比(SNR)會減低,此外,更多的偽影也會降低精度[9]。
T1 Mapping技術(shù)包括初始(增強前)T1 Mapping及增強后T1 Mapping。
初始T1 Mapping是以非注射對比劑的掃描方式,測量心肌的T1值,該技術(shù)可重復性高,不受對比劑注射的影響,適用于腎功能不全或?qū)Ρ葎┻^敏的患者。
增強后T1 Mapping是通過注射0.15~0.20 mmol/kg劑量的釓對比劑,注射后至少15 min采集T1 Mapping圖像[9],測量心肌增強后T1值,但增強后T1值受多種因素影響[10],如對比劑劑量、濃度、注射速率及注射后采集時間等。
心肌組織初始T1值的增加出現(xiàn)在兩種情況:(1)心肌損傷或心肌炎癥導致的細胞水腫或細胞壞死;(2)心肌淀粉樣變性或纖維化(心肌梗死瘢痕、肥厚型心肌病、擴張型心肌病等)導致的細胞外間隙擴張[11]。而T1值的減低見于心肌脂肪浸潤(如Anderson-Fabry病)及心肌鐵沉積性疾病。
3.1心肌炎(myocarditis)
診斷心肌炎的組織特征包括心肌水腫、充血及壞死或纖維化[12]。心內(nèi)膜下活檢是確診心肌炎的重要方法,但它可能會引起并發(fā)癥或不良后果。近年來CMR已成為診斷可疑心肌炎患者優(yōu)先選擇的無創(chuàng)性檢查[13],但心肌炎累及全心時常規(guī)CMR很難發(fā)現(xiàn),而定量T1 Mapping可以診斷累及全心的彌漫性心肌炎。Ferreira等[14]研究表明急性心肌水腫節(jié)段的初始T1值(1113 ms)高于正常心肌節(jié)段(944 ms) (1.5 T ShMOLLI),并發(fā)現(xiàn)初始T1 Mapping診斷急性心肌水腫的準確性較T2W-CMR高。
3.2心肌梗死(myocardial infartion,MI)
急性MI期心肌細胞以水腫為主,慢性MI期隨著細胞外膠原增加,心肌細胞被瘢痕或纖維替代。急性和慢性心肌梗死時T1的變化不同,初始T1 Mapping能在心肌節(jié)段水平評估急性心肌損傷的程度[15],其檢測急性MI敏感性和特異性分別為96%、91%[16]。慢性MI心肌節(jié)段的初始T1值(1314 ms)高于正常心肌節(jié)段(1099 ms)(3.0 T MOLLI)[17],而增強后T1 Mapping 檢測慢性MI的敏感性和特異性較急性MI高[16]。Dall'Armellina等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MI時心肌T1值與局部心肌運動功能有關,無運動與運動減低的心肌節(jié)段初始T1值均高于正常運動的心肌節(jié)段(分別為1368 ms、1299 ms、1196 ms),在微小心肌梗死的患者中,T1 Mapping檢測心肌損傷的能力優(yōu)于T2WI。
3.3心肌淀粉樣變性(cardiac amyloidosis,CA)
淀粉樣變性是由于蛋白質(zhì)錯誤折疊形成不溶性纖維,積聚在細胞外間隙并破壞許多組織器官的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的系統(tǒng)性疾病,心臟是原發(fā)性輕鏈(AL)淀粉樣變性最常受累的器官[18]。近年來已經(jīng)證實CMR,特別是LGE,是發(fā)現(xiàn)淀粉樣變性累及心臟的方法。然而,系統(tǒng)性淀粉樣變性患者常合并腎功能不全,由于有腎源性系統(tǒng)性纖維化的風險,釓對比劑的使用受限[19]。初始T1 Mapping是一種相對快速簡單的掃描方式,Karamitsos等[20]研究表明CA患者的心肌初始T1值(1140 ms)明顯高于正常組(958 ms,P<0.001)和主動脈瓣狹窄患者(979 ms,P<0.001)(1.5 T ShMOLLI),甚至在不確定淀粉樣變性是否累及心臟時,心肌初始T1值也會增加(1048 ms)(圖1)。
3.4肥厚型心肌?。╤ypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)
HCM患者會出現(xiàn)局部或彌漫性的心肌纖維化[21],通常可以通過LGE-CMR評估,LGE多表現(xiàn)為肥厚心肌的斑片狀或多發(fā)心肌中央強化[22],且LGE的診斷是依據(jù)局部損傷心肌與正常區(qū)心肌的對比,只能顯示局灶性或嚴重的心肌纖維化,因此很難檢測彌漫性心肌纖維化。定量T1 Mapping技術(shù)能更好地評價心肌纖維化嚴重程度,尤其是早期輕度的心肌纖維化[23]。初始T1 Mapping為最簡單易行的技術(shù),可用于非增強評估HCM心肌纖維化,Dass等[24]研究表明HCM患者心肌的初始T1值高于正常者(分別為1209 ms、1178 ms,P<0.05,3.0 T ShMOLLI),每個心肌節(jié)段的T1值與LGE呈正相關(r=0.32,P<0.005)。增強后T1 Mapping能無創(chuàng)性定量評估彌漫性心肌纖維化,Ellim等[25]測量的HCM患者增強后心肌T1值(498 ms)低于正常組(561 ms)(1.5 T),但增強后HCM肥厚心肌與非肥厚心肌的T1值無差別(分別為503 ms、497 ms,P=0.7),證實了彌漫性心肌纖維化(圖2)。
3.5擴張型心肌?。╠ilated cardiomyopathy,DCM)
DCM患者通常由于膠原積聚在心肌細胞外間隙,而導致不可逆的心肌纖維化[26],可通過T1 Mapping技術(shù)定量檢測。Puntmann等[27]研究表明DCM患者心肌初始T1值高于正常組(分別為1239 ms、1070 ms,P<0.01,3.0 T MOLLI),初始T1 Mapping診斷DCM的敏感性為100%,特異性為96%,診斷準確度98%,而增強后20 min,T1值DCM組低于正常組(分別為355 ms、440 ms,P<0.01)。Mordi等[28]研究了早期DCM患者(LVEF 45%~55%)與運動生理適應者(LVEF 45%~55%)的心肌T1 Mapping,發(fā)現(xiàn)早期DCM患者心肌初始T1值較運動者高(分別為1017 ms、957 ms,P<0.001,1.5 T MOLLI),T1 Mapping可應用于鑒別早期DCM患者與運動員心臟(圖3)。
3.6Anderson-Fabry?。ˋnderson-Fabry disease,AFD)
AFD是由于α-半乳糖苷酶A缺乏,導致鞘糖脂積聚在多個組織器官的細胞內(nèi),心臟受累較常見,表現(xiàn)為左室壁向心性肥厚,AFD進一步發(fā)展的典型特征為心肌纖維化,首先局限于左室基底段下側(cè)壁的中層心肌,進而蔓延至透壁纖維化[29]。由于脂質(zhì)能縮短心肌的T1值,AFD患者室間隔初始T1值較正常志愿者低(分別為882 ms、968 ms,P<0.001,1.5 T ShMOLLI),心肌節(jié)段分析顯示有些AFD患者的左室下側(cè)壁會出現(xiàn)T1值正?;蛟龈撸c局部纖維化相關[30]。Pica等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)AFD患者(有、無左室壁增厚)組初始T1值低于正常對照組(分別為853 ms、904 ms、968 ms,P<0.001),左室壁增厚之前T1值的降低與早期超聲測得左室舒張或收縮功能改變相關。
圖1 心肌淀粉樣變性患者T1Mapping圖,左室壁心肌初始T1值呈彌漫性增高(1413 ms) 圖2 肥厚型心肌病患者初始T1 Mapping圖,室間隔心肌肥厚,且初始T1值(1365 ms)明顯高于左室側(cè)壁心肌(1281 ms) 圖3 擴張型心肌病患者初始T1 Mapping圖,前間隔及下間隔心肌T1值增高(箭頭),分別為1351 ms、1373 ms 圖4 肌營養(yǎng)不良患者T1 Mapping圖,左室前側(cè)壁心肌初始T1值增高(1291 ms)(箭頭)。正常對照組左室壁心肌初始T1值為1248 ms, 3 T MOLLIFig. 1 T1 Mapping in cardiac amyloidosis patient, the native T1 of left ventricular wall was diffuse increased (1413 ms). Fig. 2 T1 Mapping in HCM, ventricular septal myocardial hypertropthy, and the native T1 value (1365 ms) was higher than LV lateral wall (1281 ms). Fig. 3 T1 Mapping in DCM, the anteroseptal and inferoseptal T1 was increased (arrow), 1351 ms, 1373 ms, respectively. Fig. 4 T1 Mapping in muscular dystrophy patient, the LV anterolateral wall native T1 was increased (1291 ms)(arrow). The native T1 value of left ventricular wall in bealthy volunteer was 1248 ms, 3 T MOLLI.
3.7 其他系統(tǒng)性代謝類疾?。I養(yǎng)不良癥、甲狀腺功能減退癥、糖尿病等)
很多系統(tǒng)性疾病會累及心臟,導致心肌結(jié)構(gòu)或功能發(fā)生變化。肌營養(yǎng)不良癥患者心臟受累時可進展為心肌纖維化,有研究表明Duchenne型肌營養(yǎng)不良癥心臟受累患者的心肌初始T1值(1045 ms)高于對照組(988 ms,P=0.001)[32](圖4)。Gao等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺功能減退癥(hypothyroidism,HT)患者的心肌初始T1值高于正常對照組,尤其是有心包積液的HT患者,其初始T1值(1216 ms)高于無心包積液的HT患者(1148 ms),且T1值的增加與游離三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)呈明顯負相關(r=-0.55,P<0.001),因此T1 Mapping可用于評價HT導致的彌漫性心肌損傷。T1 Mapping技術(shù)還可定量評估糖尿病患者心肌纖維化的程度,糖尿病患者心肌增強后T1值明顯低于正常者(分別為425 ms、504 ms,P<0.001)[34]。
T1 Mapping技術(shù)可定量評估心肌組織的變化,但尚存在一些局限性,不同磁場強度及T1 Mapping掃描序列下獲得的T1值明顯不同,增強后T1值的測量還受對比劑注射劑量、測量時間等影響,缺乏標準的成像及后處理方法,因此很難進行縱向隨訪及不同研究中心結(jié)果間的對比。測量心肌T1值時還會受部分容積效應的影響,如心肌-血池交界或心肌-脂肪交界處[4]。盡管有不足之處,T1 Mapping技術(shù)以其無創(chuàng)定量的優(yōu)勢可作為常規(guī)CMR檢查的一部分,應用于臨床懷疑心肌病的患者。
[References]
[1] Everett RJ, Stirrat CG, Semple SIR, et al. Assessment of myocardial fbrosis with T1 mapping MRI. Clin Radiol, 2016, 71(8): 768-778.
[2] Messroghli DR, Radjenovic A, Kozerke S, et al. Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high-resolution T1 mapping of the heart. Magn Reson Med, 2004, 52(1): 141-146.
[3] Messroghli DR, Greiser A, Frohlich M. Optimization and validation of a fully-integrated pulse sequencefor modified look-locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping of the heart. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2007, 26(4): 1081-1086.
[4] Kellman P, Hansen MS. T1-mapping in the heart: accuracy and precision. J Cardiovasc Magn R-eson, 2014, 16(1): 2.
[5] Sussman MS, Yang IY, Fok KH, et al. Inversion group (IG) ftting: a new T mapping method for modifed look-locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) that allows arbitrary inversion groupings and rest periods (including no rest period). Magn Reson Med, 2015, 75(6): 2332-2340.
[6] Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, Dall'Armellina E, et al. Shortened Modifed Look-Locker Inversion recovery (ShMOLLI) for clinical myocardial T1-mapping at 1.5 and 3 T within a 9 heartbeat breathhold. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2010, 12(2): 69.
[7] Roujol S, Weingartner S, Foppa M, et al. Accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of four T1 mappingsequences: a head-to-head comparison of MOLLI, ShMOLLI, SASHA, and SAPPHIRE. Radiology, 2014, 272(3): 683-689.
[8] Chow K, Flewitt JA, Green JD, et al. Saturation recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA) for myocardial T(1) mapping. Magn Reson Med, 2014, 71(16): 2082-2095.
[9] Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE. T1 mapping: technique and applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2015, 23(1): 25-34.
[10] Mewton N, Liu CY, Croisille P. Assessment of myocardial fbrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 57(8): 891-903.
[11] Germain P, El Ghannudi S, Jeung MY, et al. Native T1 mapping of the heart - a pictorial review. Clin Med Insights Cardiol, 2014, 8(Suppl 4): 1-11.
[12] Park CH, Choi EY, Greiser A, et al. Diagnosis of acute global myocarditis using cardiac MRI with quantitative t1 and t2 mapping: case report and literature review. Korean J Radiol, 2013, 14(5): 727-732.
[13] Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 53(17): 1475-1487.
[14] Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall'Armellina E, et al. Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2012, 14(1): 42.
[15] Dall'Armellina E, Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance by non contrastT1-mapping allows assessment of severity of injury in acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2012, 15(6): 15.
[16] Messroghli DR, Walters K, Plein S, et al. MyocardialT1 mapping: application to patients withacute and chronic myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med, 2007, 58(1): 34-40.
[17] Okur A, Kantarci M, Kizrak Y, et al. Quantitative evaluation of ischemic myocardial scar tissu-e by unenhanced T1 mapping using 3.0 Tesla MR scanner. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2014, 20(5): 407-413.
[18] Banypersad SM, Moon JC, Whelan C. Updates in cardiac amyloidosis: a review. J Am Heart Assoc, 2012, 1: e 000364.
[19] Karamitsos TD, Neubauer S. T1 mapping and amyloid cardiomyopathy: how much better can it get? Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(4): 203-205.
[20] Karamitsos TD, Piechnik SK, Banypersad SM, et al. Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of car diac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(4): 488-497.
[21] Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:the interrelation of disarray, fbrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart,2000, 84(5): 476-482.
[22] Green JJ, Berger JS, Kramer CM. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(4): 370-377.
[23] Lu M, Zhao S, Yin G, et al. T1 mapping for detection of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a preliminary study. Eur J Radiol, 2013, 82(5): e225-231.
[24] Dass S, Suttie JJ, Piechnik SK, et al. Myocardial tissue characterization using magnetic resonance noncontrast t1 mapping in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(6): 726-733.
[25] Ellims AH, Iles LM, Ling LH, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, and is associated with left ventricular diast olicdysfunction. J Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2012, 14(3): 76.
[26] Siepen FA, Buss SJ, Messroghli D, et al. T1 mapping in dilated cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance: quantifcation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and comparison with endomyocardi al biopsy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2015, 16(2): 210-216.
[27] Puntmann VO, Voigt T, Chen Z, et al. Native T1 mapping in differentiation of normal myocardium from diffuse disease in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(4): 475-484.
[28] Mordi I, Carrick D, Bezerra H. T1 and T2 mapping for early diagnosis of dilated non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in middle-aged patients and differentiation from normal physiological adaptation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2015, 17(7): 797-803.
[29] Seydelmann N, Wanner C, Stork S. Fabry disease and the heart. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrin-ol Metab, 2015, 29(2): 195-204.
[30] Sado DM, White SK, Piechnik SK, et al. Identification and assessment of Anderson-Fabry disease bycardiovascular magnetic resonance noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(3): 392-398.
[31] Pica S, Sado DM, Maestrini V, et al. Reproducibility of native myocardial T1 mapping in the assessment of Fabry disease and its role in early detection of cardiac involvement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2014, 16(1): 99.
[32] Soslow JH, Damon SM, Crum K, et al. Increased myocardial native T1 and extracellular volume in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2016, 18(1): 5.
[33] Gao X, Liu M, Qu A, et al. Native magnetic resonance T1-mapping identifes diffuse myocar-dial injury in hypothyroidism. PLoS One,2016, 11: e0151266.
[34] Ng AC, Auger D, Delgado V, et al. Association between diffuse myocardial fbrosis by cardi-ac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping and subclinical myocardial dysfunction in diabetic patients a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(1): 51-59.
Cardiac longitudinal relaxation time (T1) imaging technique and its clinical applications
RAN Ling-ping, XIA Li-ming*
Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
*Correspondence to: Xia LM, E-mail: cjr.xialiming@vip.163.com
T1 Mapping technique can obtain the myocardial T1 value quantitatively, and evaluate the myocardial histological features in various cardiomyopathy accurately. Many image acquisition technologies have been used to T1 Mapping sequences, and the native T1 which may refect myocardial fbrosis has good reproducibility. It may detect diffuse myocardial injury by measuring native T1 value and post contrast T1 value. This review aims to introduce the T1 Mapping technique and its clinical applications.
Cardiac imaging techniques; Magnetic resonance imaging
20 June 2016, Accepted 16 Agu 2016
國家自然科學基金面上項目(編號:81471637)
華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬同濟醫(yī)院放射科,武漢 430000
夏黎明,E-mail:cjr.xialiming@ vip.163.com
2016-06-20接受日期:2016-08-16
R445.2;R711.75
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.09.017