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地中海貧血患者心肌、肝臟鐵沉積與血清鐵蛋白相關(guān)性研究

2016-10-21 10:20鄧小強黃海波尹曉林周亞麗管俊覃明
磁共振成像 2016年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:鐵蛋白中度貧血

鄧小強,黃海波,尹曉林,周亞麗,管俊,覃明

地中海貧血患者心肌、肝臟鐵沉積與血清鐵蛋白相關(guān)性研究

鄧小強1,黃海波2*,尹曉林3,周亞麗3,管俊2,覃明2

目的 定量評價地中海貧血患者心臟和肝臟鐵過載,探討心臟、肝臟鐵沉積與血清鐵蛋白(SF)相關(guān)性。材料與方法 應(yīng)用3.0 T磁共振掃描基因確診地中海貧血患者134例(包括中間型73例和重型61例),掃描包括:肝臟冠狀面T2WI及橫斷面T1WI、T2WI、12回波梯度回波(T2*)序列;心臟標準橫斷面T2WI及兩腔位、四腔位及短軸面電影和8回波梯度回波(T2*)成像。測量心肌、肝臟T2*值,所有受試者MRI掃描前1周完成SF檢測。采用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析心肌、肝臟鐵沉積和SF三者間相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 134例地中海貧血患者心肌T2*、肝臟T2*、SF中位數(shù)分別為23.35 (1.88~36.17) ms、1.33 (0.36~16.39) ms、1235.3 (105.1~14673.0) μg/L,心肌-肝臟T2*(rs=0.324,P=0.000)、心肌T2*-SF (rs=-0.491,P=0.000)、肝臟T2*-SF (rs=-0.697,P=0.000) 具有一定相關(guān)性。73例中間型地中海貧血患者心肌T2*、肝臟T2*、SF中位數(shù)分別為26.18 (7.09~36.17) ms、1.81 (0.37~16.39) ms、622.8 (105.1~10807.0) μg/L,心肌-肝臟T2*(rs=0.059,P=0.619)、心肌T2*-SF (rs=-0.166,P=0.161)無明顯相關(guān),但肝臟T2*-SF間中度負相關(guān)(rs=-0.583,P=0.000)。61例重型地中海貧血患者心肌T2*、肝臟T2*、SF中位數(shù)分別為18.80 (1.88~33.11) ms、0.72 (0.36~10.36) ms、3310.0 (313.0~14673.0) μg/L,心肌-肝臟T2*(rs=0.365,P=0.004)、心肌T2*-SF (rs=-0.359,P=0.004)、肝臟T2*-SF (rs=-0.707,P=0.000)具有輕中度相關(guān)性。結(jié)論 在一定范圍內(nèi),地中海貧血患者心鐵沉積與肝鐵含量、SF具有較低或無相關(guān)性,其間相關(guān)性可能隨病情加重而增加,而肝鐵過載則與SF中度負相關(guān)。

地中海貧血;鐵;鐵蛋白類;血清學(xué);磁共振成像

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was part of Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (NO. 2014GXNSFBA118187, 2015GXNSFAA139164).

地中海貧血(thalassemia,TM)為常染色體缺陷導(dǎo)致的一種或多種珠蛋白數(shù)量不足或缺乏,造成紅細胞易被破壞的溶血性貧血。張之南等[1]將TM分為α型、β型和遺傳性胎兒血紅蛋白持續(xù)存在綜合征(HPFH)。臨床上β-重型及中間型(α和β) TM常因反復(fù)輸血引起體內(nèi)鐵沉積而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)分泌腺、肝臟、心臟等損害,患者死亡的最重要因素為心力衰竭[2],因此體內(nèi)尤其心鐵評估有重要意義。

標準水模、動物模型及臨床研究[3-5]證實,MRI可在一定范圍內(nèi)準確評價水?;蛐蔫F、肝鐵濃度,并指出心鐵與肝鐵、SF無相關(guān)或相關(guān)性低,且以SF或肝鐵預(yù)測心鐵沉積不可靠[6]。然而,不同程度與分型TM中心肌、肝臟鐵沉積與SF相關(guān)性研究尚鮮有報道,筆者擬掃描134例TM患者,探討不同程度與分型TM中心肌、肝臟鐵沉積與SF相關(guān)性,以期為臨床干預(yù)提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1資料

隨機連續(xù)選取2014年6月至2015年7月解放軍第303醫(yī)院就診138例中間型(TM intermediate)或重型(TM major)地中海貧血患者磁共振心肌、肝臟T2*掃描,掃描前7 d內(nèi)行血清鐵蛋白(SF)檢測,剔除2例嚴重心率失常,1例不能配合,1例心肌測量未達要求外共134例納入研究,中間型(αorβ)型TM 73例,男34例、女39例,年齡(31.3±11.3)歲,重型β-TM 61例,男33例、女28例,年齡(11.4±4.1)歲。納入標準:基因診斷血紅蛋白H病、中間型或重型β-TM;排除標準:資料不完整、嚴重心律失常及不能完成MR有效掃描者。實驗獲醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準,志愿者或其家屬知情并簽署同意書。

1.2設(shè)備與方法

Philips Achieva 3.0 T TX MR掃描儀和16通道體部線圈,頭先進仰臥位、呼氣后屏氣和(或)心舒中末期采集受試者肝門上一層肝實質(zhì)、心室中部短軸面MR T2*圖像,肝臟T2*成像前掃描冠狀、橫斷面T2WI及橫斷面T1WI (參數(shù)略)以確定肝門位置,心肌T2*成像前掃描左室標準橫斷位-兩腔心-四腔心BFFE電影序列(參數(shù)略)并以后兩位置確定心室中部短軸面層面,MR T2*參數(shù)設(shè)置:TR 200 ms,F(xiàn)A 20°,肝臟12回波序列TEmin/max(ms) =0.6~1.3/7.8~16.0,心肌8回波序列TEmin/max(ms) =1.1/12.6,回波間隙為默認最小設(shè)置,余參數(shù)如表1。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理

SF數(shù)據(jù)來自實驗室檢測,肝臟、心臟T2*值由接受良好培訓(xùn)醫(yī)師使用CMRtools和或結(jié)合Excel處理獲得。心肌ROI位于室間隔,肝臟取4~5個ROI (30~50 mm2)且避開偽影及肉眼可見膽管、血管,ROI位于左右葉實質(zhì)內(nèi),如CMRtools測量擬合度小于0.99時協(xié)同EXCEL處理或重新掃描,取三次平均值為結(jié)果。

1.4鐵沉積分級、分度

鐵沉積分級、分度標準根據(jù)文獻[7-8]及結(jié)合本中心研究[5]制定。肝臟(單位:ms):0級(正常) T2*≥3.57,1級(輕度) 1.41≤T2*<3.57,2級(中度) 0.70≤T2*<1.41,3級(重度) 0.47≤T2*<0.7,4級(極重度) T2*<0.47;心肌(單位:ms):0級(正常) T2*≥10.0,1級(輕度) 7.0≤T2*<10.0,2級(中度) 5.0≤T2*<7.0,3級(重度) T2*<5.0;血清鐵蛋白(單位:μg/L):0級(正常) SF男性≤300、女性≤200,1級(輕度) 0級<SF≤1500,2級(中度) 1500<SF≤2500,3級(重度) 2500<SF≤5000,4級(極重度) SF≥5000。

1.5統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

2 結(jié)果

掃描成功率97.1% (134/138),中間型與重型β-TM組間性別無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=1.468,P=0.299),但重型組年齡顯著小于中間型,其間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=4.749,P=0.000)。

134例TM中鐵沉積分度結(jié)果:(1)肝臟正常29例,輕度34例,中度31例,重度25例,極重度15例;(2)心肌正常114例,輕度7例,中度10例,重度3例;(3)血清鐵蛋白正常8例,輕度62例,中度17例,重度35例,極重度12例。

中間型與重型β-TM患者肝臟和心肌鐵沉積、SF分度及分布見表2,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)且重型TM體內(nèi)鐵沉積更明顯。

134例心肌與肝臟T2*WI均滿足定量要求,心肌T2*均由CMRtools完成測量,肝臟T2*計算由CMRtools完成70例(約52.2%),另64例需協(xié)同Excel測算(約47.8%)(圖1,2),鐵沉積越嚴重則同一回波時間的T2*WI相應(yīng)心肌、肝臟信號越低,而擬合曲線越陡直、下降迅速。全部134例、中間型73例及重型61例TM中心肌、肝臟T2*和SF詳細值如表3。134例TM心肌-肝臟T2*(rs=0.324,P=0.000)、心肌T2*-SF (rs=-0.491,P=0.000)、肝臟T2*-SF (rs=-0.697,P=0.000)具有輕或中度相關(guān)性;中間型73型TM心肌-肝臟T2*(rs=0.059,P=0.619)、心肌T2*-SF (rs=-0.166,P=0.161)無明顯相關(guān),但肝臟T2*-SF間中度負相關(guān)(rs=-0.583,P=0.000);重型61例TM心肌-肝臟T2*(rs=0.365,P=0.004)、心肌T2*-SF (rs=-0.359,P=0.004)、肝臟T2*-SF (rs=-0.707,P=0.000)呈輕或中度相關(guān)(圖3,4)。

表1 梯度多回波序列參數(shù)設(shè)置Tab. 1 Parameters of MRI T2*protocols

表2 中間型與重型β-地中海貧血體內(nèi)鐵沉積程度與分布表Tab. 2 Iron distribution and degree in patients with TM

表3 地中海貧血患者心肌與肝臟T2*及血清鐵蛋白詳表Tab. 3 Myocardiac T2*, liver T2*and SF in patients with TM

3 討論

輸血依賴性患者紅細胞被吞噬后,體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生鐵沉積將不可避免地影響內(nèi)分泌腺體、肝臟以及心臟功能,其中心力衰竭為患者的致命因素,因此心臟與肝臟體內(nèi)鐵含量準確、早期監(jiān)測對患者改善生活質(zhì)量、延長生存周期有積極作用,不僅預(yù)防心肌、肝臟鐵過載發(fā)生發(fā)展,而且還可逆轉(zhuǎn)早期心肌病及大多數(shù)早中期肝纖維化。研究證實肝臟為體內(nèi)儲存鐵的主要部位[9]且MR定量已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為心臟和肝臟鐵沉積診斷的惟一可信方法[10-11],有望替代有創(chuàng)性活檢以減少穿刺創(chuàng)傷、出血、膽瘺等并發(fā)癥,同時提高準確性、可重復(fù)性、受檢者耐受性以及指導(dǎo)患者去鐵治療[12]。

磁共振定量體內(nèi)鐵原理[13]為應(yīng)用自旋或梯度多回波序列采集信號,反映細胞內(nèi)鐵離子、含鐵血黃素等順磁性物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致局部磁場不均勻、質(zhì)子加速失相,采取一定函數(shù)模型計算不同回波時間與信號變化斜率而獲得自旋-自旋弛豫值(T2或T2*),T2或T2*代表組織順磁性物質(zhì)濃度(即濃度越大、弛豫值越低),通過這個機制可重復(fù)地、無創(chuàng)性測量心臟、肝組織鐵濃度并預(yù)測心臟損害程度。龍莉玲等[4]應(yīng)用3.0 T自旋回波(8回波)序列掃描完全模擬人體的鐵超負荷兔動物模型,證實在一定范圍內(nèi),LIC與R2(即1/T2)高度相關(guān)(r=0.948,P<0.05),線性回歸方程為LIC=96.426R2-0.92,R2=0.894。

圖1 A~C:女,24歲,中間型α-TM脾切除患者,Liver T2*=0.41 ms,Cardial T2*=24.80 ms,SF=6026.6 μg/L,顯示心肌與肝鐵和SF不平行,肝鐵和SF水平相一致 圖2 女,17歲,重型β-TM患者,Liver T2*=6.22 ms,Cardial T2*=6.67 ms,SF=1479.0 μg/L,提示心鐵與肝鐵、SF三間者均不一致 圖3 A~C:中間型TM組心肌T2*、肝臟T2*、SF間散點圖。A:Scatter plot of cardiac T2-SF for TM inter,rs=-0.059,P=0.619,R sq linear=0.144;B:Scatter plot of cardiac-hepatic T2*for TM inter,rs=-0.166,P=0.161,R sq linear=0.005;C:Scatter plot of hepatic T2*SF for TM inter,rs=-0.583,P=0.000,R sq linear=0.092 圖4 A~C:重型β-TM組心肌T2*、肝臟T2*、SF間散點圖。A:Scatter plot of cardiachepatic T2*for TM major,rs=0.365,P=0.004,R Sq linear=0.015;B:Scatter plot of cardiac T2*-SF for TM major,rs=0.359,P=0.004,R Sq linear=0.15;C:Scatter plot of hepatic T2*-SF for TM major,rs=-0.07,P=0.000,R Sq linear=0.203Fig. 1 A 24-year-old female patient with TM intermediate after surgery of spleen, of hepatic T2*(A, B), cardialT2*(C), SF were 0.41 ms, 24.80 ms, 6026.6 μg/L, respectively. It illustrates that no accordance between cardial iron overload with LIC, and SF as well, however, LIC matchs SF. Fig. 2 A 17-year-old female objective with β-TM major, liverT2*, cardial T2*, SF were 6.22 ms, 6.67 ms, 1479.0 μg/L, respectively. No agreements amongst cardial T2*, liver T2*. Fig. 3 A—C Scatter plots ofhepatic T2*(A), SF (B) against cardial T2*, and hepatic T2*(C) against SF with the linear ft (solid line), for TM intermediate. A: Scatter plot of cardiac T2-SF for TM inter, rs=-0.059, P=0.619, R sq linear=0.144. B: Scatter plot of cardiac-hepatic T2*for TM inter, rs=-0.166, P=0.161, R sq linear=0.005. C: Scatter plot of hepatic T2*SF for TM inter, rs=-0.583, P=0.000, R sq linear=0.092. Fig. 4 A—C Scatter plots of hepatic T2*(A), SF (B) against cardial T2*, and hepatic T2*(C) against SF with the linear ft (solid line), for TM major. A: Scatter plot of cardiac-hepatic T2*for TM major, rs=0.365, P=0.004, R Sq linear=0.015. B: Scatter plot of cardiac T2*-SF for TM major, rs=0.359, P=0.004, R Sq linear=0.15. C: Scatter plot of hepatic T2*-SF for TM major, rs=-0.07, P=0.000, R Sq linear=0.203.

本研究納入滿足要求分型與體內(nèi)鐵沉積不同的134例TM患者應(yīng)用Philips 3.0 T MR掃描,結(jié)果顯示,對所有病例,心肌T2*與肝臟T2*、SF均呈輕度相關(guān)且無明顯規(guī)律,中間型TM組心肌T2*與肝臟T2*、SF未顯示明確相關(guān),其間相關(guān)性與相關(guān)程度在重型β-TM組有所增加。實驗同時發(fā)現(xiàn)不論是否分型,肝臟T2*與SF均中度負相關(guān),提示隨病情加重三個變量間相關(guān)性具有增加趨勢,而分型不同其相關(guān)性不完全一致,這些結(jié)果與以往國內(nèi)外報道均不完全符合[14-16],筆者推測可能與學(xué)者研究病例數(shù)、病例選擇、鐵沉積程度、分型以及使用設(shè)備和實驗設(shè)計等不相一致有關(guān)。吳學(xué)東等[14]應(yīng)用1.5 T研究28例重型β-TM患者提示心肌T2*與肝臟T2*正相關(guān)(rs=0.378,P<0.05)、心肌T2*與SF負相關(guān)(rs=-0.479,P<0.05),肝臟T2*與SF無相關(guān)(rs=-0.163,P>0.05)。彭鵬等[6]以1.5 T掃描58~103例TM患者,結(jié)果認為心肌T2*與肝臟T2*正相關(guān)(rs=0.453,P<0.05)、心肌T2*與LIC低度負相關(guān)(rs=-0.402,P<0.05)且心肌T2*與SF未見線性相關(guān)(rs=-0.240,P>0.05)[15]。黃璐等[16]采用1.5 T磁共振對12只兔心肌鐵超負荷模型掃描,結(jié)果顯示心肌T2*、肝臟T2*、SF三變量間均無顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。由此可見,心肌鐵過載、肝臟鐵沉積和血清鐵蛋白關(guān)系尚存在一定爭議,這還有待于更科學(xué)、嚴謹、合理的實驗設(shè)計進一步探討,但多數(shù)學(xué)者已經(jīng)取得以下初步共識即以SF或肝鐵含量預(yù)測心鐵過載、心功能不十分可靠。本研究結(jié)論支持這種觀點且認為對于不同鐵沉積程度與分型的TM病例,或許需要采用不同的臨床干預(yù)措施與治療方案。

實驗過程還發(fā)現(xiàn),體內(nèi)鐵沉積嚴重64例(約47.8%)需由CMRtools協(xié)同Excel完成肝臟T2*測算,說明3.0 T掃描儀對鐵沉積檢出敏感的同時還存在嚴重病例定量準確性難于保證的缺點(圖1),這是鐵定量超高場強臨床應(yīng)用需要特別注意的一點。為了解決該問題,筆者根據(jù)常規(guī)圖像初步判斷,正常和輕中度異常采用TEmin/max(ms)=1.3/16.8、嚴重病例則應(yīng)用TEmin/max(ms)=0.6/7.8序列對肝鐵過載不同程度患者掃描并觀察CMRtools擬合曲線(當(dāng)R2<0.99)協(xié)同EXCEL計算肝T2*值,結(jié)果本實驗所有肝T2*值測算均滿足定量要求,此為研究創(chuàng)新點之一。同時筆者另一項研究證實[3],重度鐵沉積病例利用縮小首回波時間值的優(yōu)化T2*序列可明顯提高定量準確性和可信度。Wood等[17]實驗證明,一般組織可測量的最小T2值大約為最短TE的5/7即更小首回波TE值可提高鐵含量檢測上限。

此外,需要說明的是,基于1.5 T的肝臟和心肌T2*參考值[7-8]為業(yè)內(nèi)標準,且國內(nèi)外至今尚無廣泛認可的3.0 T鐵沉積分級分度標準,因此本實驗心鐵診斷標準擬定大約為1.5 T的1/2、肝鐵過載則參照本中心3.0 T標準水模掃描結(jié)果即PhC=7.008R2*+0.036[3],此亦為本研究將肝T2*代表鐵含量而未轉(zhuǎn)換為LIC的主要原因。

本研究創(chuàng)新點還包括,首次按基因?qū)⒉煌中团c分度基數(shù)較大的TM病例納入研究,以及首先發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌鐵沉積、肝臟鐵過載、血清鐵蛋白間相關(guān)性隨病情加重而增加,且分型不同其間相關(guān)性不相一致。

綜上所述,不同程度與分型TM中,心鐵與肝鐵、SF間相關(guān)性不完全一致,隨病情加重其相關(guān)性有增加趨勢,臨床處理或許需要采用不同干預(yù)措施與方案,但總體而言,以肝鐵或SF作為預(yù)測心鐵異常和心功能狀態(tài)不十分可靠,而以SF預(yù)估肝鐵尚有一定價值。

本研究不足之處及展望:MR定量心肌、肝臟鐵沉積具有無創(chuàng)性、無X線損害且可反復(fù)實施等諸多優(yōu)點,但心律不齊、理解力低下、呼吸配合不良者尚難于完成掃描或心肌和肝臟T2*測量易受運動干擾,同時鐵過載嚴重病例3.0 T掃描常出現(xiàn)CMRtools肝臟T2*計算失真尚需結(jié)合Excel給予糾正。此外,鐵磁物置入、幽閉恐怖、微量泵等亦限制此技術(shù)全面應(yīng)用,而受TEmin與磁敏感限制,3.0 T設(shè)備檢測鐵沉積上限不如1.5 T機型且易出現(xiàn)磁偽影。但相信在不久將來,隨著軟硬件開發(fā)與進步,這些問題可逐步得到解決,鐵過載監(jiān)測與療效評估必將迎來新的高度并為臨床干預(yù)提供可靠證據(jù)。

[References]

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[16] Huang L, Han R, Li ZW, et al. Quantitative assessment of iron load in myocardial overload rabbit model: preliminary study of MRI T2*map. Chin J Radiol, 2014, 48(3): 236-240.黃璐, 韓瑞, 李志偉, 等. MRI有效橫向弛豫時間圖對兔心肌鐵超負荷模型鐵負荷定量的初步研究. 中華放射學(xué)雜志, 2014, 48(3): 236-240.

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Correlation between myocardial iron deposit, liver iron concentration and serum ferritin in patients with thalassemia

DENG Xiao-qiang1, HUANG Hai-bo2*, YiN Xiao-lin3, ZHOU Ya-li3, GUAN Jun2, QIN Ming2

1Department of Radiology, Guangxi CAPE Hospital, Nanning 530003, China

2Department of Medical Imaging, 303rdHospital of PLA, Nanning 530021, China

3Department of Haematology, 303rdHospital of PLA, Nanning 530021, China

*Correspondence to: Huang HB, E-mail: jackie000528@163.com

Objective: To quantify the myocardial iron overload and liver iron concentration (LIC) in thalassemia (TM) patients and discuss the relationships amongst myocardial iron overload, LIC and serun ferritin (SF). Materials and Methods: Study protocol was approved by local ethics committee, informed consent was obtained. A total of 134 patients with TM (Intermediate, 73. Major, 61) diagnosed by gene were enrolled. A multiple fast-feld echo (mFFE) within a single breath-hold was performed using a 3.0 tesla MR unit to acquire 8 or 12 T2*weighted images in the heart or liver. T2*values of myocardium and liver were quantified based on mFFE-T2*protocol by a welltrained physician repectively, SF was obtained within 7 days before MRI. Spearman rank correlation was applied to analyse the relationships. Results: The median (range) of myocardial T2*, liver T2*and SF in 134 patients were 23.35 (1.88—36.17) ms, 1.33(0.36—16.39) ms, 1235.3 (105.1—14673.0) μg/L, respectively. There was weakly correlation between myocardial T2*and liver T2*(rs=0.324, P=0.000), as well as myocardial T2*and SF (rs=-0.491, P=0.000), moreover, liver T2*and SF were moderately linear related (rs=-0.697, P=0.000). Furthermore, the median (range) of myocardial T2*, liver T2*and SF in 73 TM inter mediate were 26.18 (7.09—36.17) ms, 1.81(0.37—16.39) ms, 622.8 (105.1—10807.0) μg/L, respecttively. There was no linear correlation between myocardial T2*and liver T2*(rs=0.059, P=0.619), likewise myocardial T2*and SF (rs=-0.166, P=0.161), however, liver T2*and SF was moderately related (rs=-0.583, P=0.000). The median (range) of myocardial T2*, liver T2*and SF in 61 TM major were 18.80 (1.88—33.11) ms, 0.72 (0.36—10.36) ms, 3310.0 (313.0—14673.0) μg/L, respectively. There was weak correlation between myocardial T2*and liver T2*(rs=0.365, P=0.004), and myocardial T2*and SF as well (rs=-0.359, P=0.004), in addition, liver T2*and SF was moderately related (rs=-0.707, P=0.000). Conclusions: Within a certain LIC limits, cardiac excess iron was weak or no linear correlation with LIC and SF, which might increase with condition worsed or its types, however, it showed a moderate negative relationship of LIC to SF.

Thalassemia; Iron; Ferritins; Serology; Magnetic resonance imaging

23 June 2016, Accepted 12 Aug 2016

廣西壯族自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金(編號:2014GXNSFBA118187;2015 GXNSFAA139164)

1. 武警廣西總隊醫(yī)院放射科,南寧530003

2. 解放軍第303醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,南寧 530021

3. 解放軍第303醫(yī)院血液科,南寧530021

黃海波,E-mail:Jackie000528@163. com

2016-06-23

接受日期:2016-08-12

R445.2;R730.264

A

10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.09.006

鄧小強, 黃海波, 尹曉林, 等. 地中海貧血患者心肌、肝臟鐵沉積與血清鐵蛋白相關(guān)性研究. 磁共振成像, 2016, 7(9): 669-674.

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