李凡 曹迎春 粟思橙 黃晶
摘 要:建立并驗(yàn)證了具有主動(dòng)力響應(yīng)的乘員頸部肌肉有限元模型,用于研究頸部肌肉主被動(dòng)響應(yīng)對(duì)后碰撞載荷下乘員頭頸部動(dòng)力學(xué)響應(yīng)及頸部損傷的影響.運(yùn)用50百分位成年男性頸部的MRI數(shù)據(jù)重建了人體頸部肌肉三維數(shù)值模型,采用克里格插值方法將其與頭頸基礎(chǔ)模型進(jìn)行匹配.肌肉材料定義采用Ogden材料和Hill材料相耦合的辦法以分別模擬肌肉的被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)特性.根據(jù)Davidsson等人開(kāi)展的后碰撞臺(tái)車志愿者試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)該頸部肌肉模型進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證.結(jié)果表明,肌肉激活狀態(tài)下與未激活時(shí)比較,頭部質(zhì)心相對(duì)T1位移減小了12 mm,頭部角位移減小了4°,肌肉主動(dòng)力影響顯著.該模型的數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果與志愿者試驗(yàn)結(jié)果吻合較好,模型具有較高的生物逼真度,可應(yīng)用于后碰撞中的乘員頸部損傷研究.
關(guān)鍵詞:肌肉主動(dòng)力;汽車后碰撞;頸部損傷;生物力學(xué);有限元模型
中圖分類號(hào):R318.01 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Abstract:The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an FE model of neck muscle system according to human anatomy structure in order to analyze the influence of neck muscle activation on head-neck dynamic responses and biomechanical responses under rear impact loading condition. A three-dimensional neck muscle model was developed on the basis of the MRI data of a 50th percentile male. The model was then combined with a previously developed and well-validated head-neck FE model in Kriging method. The passive and active behavior of a single neck muscle was defined by coupling Ogden and Hill material models. The neck muscle FE model was validated through volunteer tests of rear-impact conducted in Chalmers University of Technology. The result has shown that, compared with non-activation muscle behavior, the displacement of head CDG to T1 decreases by 12mm while the angle displacement decreases by 4°, which indicates the significant effect of muscle activation on head kinetic responses. The head-neck dynamic responses from the simulations are consistent with the test results. The current neck muscle FE model is of a good biofidelity and can further be used for occupant neck biomechanical research in rear impact loading conditions.
Key words:muscle activation;vehicle rear impact;neckinjuries;biomechanics;FE model
乘員頸部損傷是交通事故中的常見(jiàn)損傷.據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),約85%以上的頸部損傷發(fā)生于低速(ΔV≤25 km/h)追尾碰撞中[1],其中約98%的頸部損傷屬于AIS1級(jí)損傷,即輕度損傷[2].但是,揮鞭傷是最為常見(jiàn)的頸部交通傷,在事故發(fā)生初期往往難以發(fā)現(xiàn)或者損傷輕微,而隨著時(shí)間積累,這種損傷會(huì)慢慢加重甚至造成繼發(fā)性損傷,對(duì)人體危害嚴(yán)重[3].由于目前對(duì)于頸部揮鞭傷的損傷機(jī)理仍未能清楚認(rèn)知,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究者對(duì)頸部損傷進(jìn)行了大量的深入研究,并逐步開(kāi)始重視頸部肌肉主動(dòng)力對(duì)于頸部損傷機(jī)理的重要影響.
為了研究后碰撞中乘員頭頸部的真實(shí)響應(yīng)過(guò)程及頸部損傷機(jī)理,研究者們近年來(lái)進(jìn)行了大量的生物力學(xué)試驗(yàn)研究.Severy等人[4]最早開(kāi)始頸部損傷研究,并進(jìn)行了志愿者碰撞試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)中僅測(cè)得碰撞車輛的加速度曲線,粗略描述了志愿者頭部的運(yùn)動(dòng)響應(yīng),并沒(méi)有詳細(xì)研究頸部如何吸收慣性作用下頭部產(chǎn)生的沖擊能量,也未測(cè)量碰撞過(guò)程中的頭部加速度數(shù)據(jù).之后,在Severy研究的基礎(chǔ)上,Mertz和Patrick[5-6]分別用志愿者、人類尸體及機(jī)械假人進(jìn)行臺(tái)車沖擊試驗(yàn),測(cè)得了頭部的精確加速度,并首次考慮了頸部肌肉對(duì)頭頸部動(dòng)力學(xué)響應(yīng)的影響.在志愿者不發(fā)生損傷的前提下,許多研究者開(kāi)展了類似的研究,并測(cè)得了不同碰撞環(huán)境下頭部加速度曲線及頸部響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)[7-8].Davidsson等人[9]開(kāi)展了志愿者低速后碰撞試驗(yàn),借助13名志愿者進(jìn)行了28次臺(tái)車試驗(yàn),速度為5~7 km/h,并根據(jù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果建立了頸部響應(yīng)通道,該試驗(yàn)所得數(shù)據(jù)被廣泛應(yīng)用于后碰撞假人的驗(yàn)證工作.Szabo等[10]通過(guò)低速后碰撞志愿者試驗(yàn)記錄了志愿者頭頸部的動(dòng)力學(xué)響應(yīng)以及頸部肌肉的肌電活動(dòng).可見(jiàn),志愿者碰撞試驗(yàn)為頸部損傷機(jī)理研究提供了大量的實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),可極大地推動(dòng)頸部損傷的研究進(jìn)展,同時(shí)在碰撞過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)頸部肌肉主動(dòng)響應(yīng)也對(duì)頸部損傷產(chǎn)生一定的影響.